hevs as environmental friendly vehicles nobuo iwai japan automobile research institute, jari the 4th...
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HEVs as Environmental Friendly Vehicles
Nobuo IWAI Japan Automobile Research Institute, JARI
The 4th FEALAC Working Group
on Science and Technology29 - 30 June 2006, Bangkok
Battery
Inverter
Generator
Motor/Generator
Engine
What's The Environmental Friendly Vehicles ?
Priority1. Air Pollution Control2. Global Warming (Energy Saving)3. Sustainable Mobility Future Fuel, Energy Diversification, Renewable Energies
EnvironmentEconomy Energy
3E
Regulations on Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust Emissions in Japan
CO: 2.7%@2005/1965
HC: 0.8%@2005/1969
NOx : 1.6%@2005/1971
Regulation on Diesel Vehicle Exhaust Emissions in Japan
NOx: 12%@2005/19735%@2009/1973
PM: 3%@2005/19731%@2009/1973
Vehicle Exhaust Emission Problems Could Be Solved Until 2010 in Japan
Next big issues are Energy saving and Energy Diversification
2006 Fuel Economy Guide Lists Top 10 Vehicles
1 Honda Insight 60/66 mpg2 Toyota Prius 60/51 mpg3 Volkswagen New Beetle TDI (manual) (tie)
Volkswagen Golf TDI (manual) (tie)4 Volkswagen J etta TDI(manual) 36/41 mpg5 Ford Escape Hybrid FWD 36/31 mpg6 Volkswagen New BeetleTDI (automatic) (tie)
Volkswagen J etta TDI (automatic) (tie)7 Volkswagen Golf TDI (automatic) 33/44 mpg8 Ford Escape Hybrid AWD (tie)
Mercury Mariner Hybrid AWD (tie)9 Lexus RX 400h 2WD (tie)
Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2WD (tie)10 Toyota Corolla 32/41 mpg
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
37/44 mpg
35/47 mpg
33/29 mpg
33/28 mpg
http://www.mlit.go.jp/jidosha/nenpi/nenpilist/05-1.pdf
Conv. GasolineHEVLean BurnSIDI2010 Regulation
F.E. km/L
Fuel Economy of Gasoline Vehicles
GVW kg
(年度末)
(台)
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16
ハイブリッド車保有台数推移
原付自転車( )二輪・四輪軽自動車
特殊車
乗合車
貨物車
乗用車
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Years
Vehicle Numbers
HEVs in USE in Japan
Load
Efficiency
Energy Loss : High Efficient Engine Operation →Generator→ Bat. Storage →Traction Motor
Engine Driven3.MotorDriven
Engine Weak Point Is Low Efficiency at Low Load
Principle of HEV Operation
1. Engine Stop at Idling2. Recovered Brake Energy
++
En
erg
yE
ner
gy
Energy supply to Energy supply to make up for shortagemake up for shortage
Engine output energy Engine output energy with maximum efficiency with maximum efficiency
Energy Storage(Battery)Energy Storage(Battery)
Recovery of Recovery of braking energybraking energy
Storage of Storage of excess energyexcess energy
TimeTime
Acceleratio
n
Acceleratio
n
DecelerationDeceleration
Engine turns offEngine turns off
--
0
20
40
60
-120
-80
-40
0
40
80
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Dri
vin
g w
he
el p
ow
er
(kW
)
Time sec
Drive work: 1.0
Deceleration work: 0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Veh
icle
spe
ed
(km
/h)
Recovery of Deceleration
Energy
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rat
e %
Average vehicle speed km/h
Fuel consumption rate
Time rate during vehicle stop
No engine idling at vehicle stop is effective for energy saving
Vehicle speed
Averagevehicle speed
Veh
icle
V
ehic
le
Sp
eed
Sp
eed
StopStop StartStart AccelerationAcceleration CruisingCruising DecelerationDeceleration StopStop
Motor/Generator
Engine
Battery
Motor/Generator
Generator
Engine
Battery
Motor/Generator
Engine
Battery
Motor/Generator
Generator
Engine
Battery
Motor/Generator
Generator
Engine
Battery
IdlingStop
Motor runMotor +
Engine runEngine run
+ GenerationMotor
regeneration
Operation on HEVs
GeneratorGenerator
Driving Modes
Fuel Economy Improvement Ratio Under the Different Driving Modes
EngineM/G
Inverter
GE
Fuel Tank
Energy
Storage
System
(ESS)
EngineM/G
Inverter
GE
Fuel Tank
ESSHigh Capacity
Low Capacity
Plug-in HEVs for the future Recharge from an electric outlet Daily trip is running as a BEV. Long trip is running as a Conv. HEV.
Non Plug-in HEVsConventional HEVs
Source:US National HighwayTravel Survey 2001
Daily trip distance is not so long
Conv. HEV
Conv. HEV
BEV operation
BEV operation
Using engine at high load
Distance
Power
Distance
Power
Plug-in HEV Operation ModesStarts as a BEV then transition to HEV
Starts like a conventional HEVs・ Drive as a BEV at low load like a commuter・ Drive by engine at high load
Required ultra large batteries large motor and power electronics
Required large batteries to meet daily drive
Source: US National HighwayTravel Survey 2001
Source: EPRI-Car Co’s.-DOE Labs study ”Comparing HEVs options”-Conv. and hybrids P0,P20,P60 for a 1500kg car
Fuel costs, CO2, Fuel economy & Emission of Plug-in HEVs
Energy storage systems are biggest problems
Fuel Cycle Energy, Annual Gasoline Use & Purchase Costs for Midsize 1350kg car
Source: EPRI study
FlywheelBattery
CapacitorLi-ion
BatteryNi-MH
BatteryLead
battery
Charge/discharge mechanism
Flywheel rotation
Electriccharge
Chemical reaction
SOC trackingFlywheel
rpmVoltage (1/2CV2)
Voltage Current integration
Self-discharge
Large Low
Life Semi-permanent 1000-10000 500
Temperature dependency
Low High
Power density High Very high High High Low
Energy density
Low Low High High Medium
Characteristics of Characteristics of Various Energy Storage SystemsVarious Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Engine
PCU
Motor &Generator
Honda Multimatic
INSIGHT (Honda)
Honda IMA System(Integrated Motor Assist)
Production HEVs in Japan
CIVIC(HONDA)
Parallel HEVsParallel HEVs
Engine +Motor Assist
Motor Assist
THSTHS(Toyota Hybrid System)(Toyota Hybrid System)
Gasoline engine
Power split
deviceGenerator
InverterMotor
Battery
PRIUS(TOYOTA)
Series/Parallel HEVsSeries/Parallel HEVs
Production HEVs in Japan
THS-IITHS-II(Toyota Hybrid System)(Toyota Hybrid System)
HARRIER(TOYOTA)
Gasoline engine
Power split
deviceGenerator
InverterMotor
Battery
Front wheel Rear wheel
Rear Mot
KLUGER(TOYOTA)
Series/Parallel HEVsSeries/Parallel HEVs
Production HEVs in Japan
Engine 155kWSystem 200kW
THS-C THS-C (Toyota Hybrid System-CVT)(Toyota Hybrid System-CVT)
BatteryBattery
Inverter RrInverter Rr
RearRearMGMGCVTCVT
Inverter FrInverter Fr
EngineEngine
Fr. MGFr. MG
Front WheelFront Wheel Rear WheelRear Wheel
St. MGSt. MG
ESTIMA(TOYOTA)
ALPHARD(TOYOTA)
Series/Parallel HEVsSeries/Parallel HEVs
Production HEVs in Japan
Series/Parallel HEVsSeries/Parallel HEVs
Production HEVs in JapanLEXUS GS450h (TOYOTA)
Engine 218kWMotor 147kWFront Engine/Rear Drive
Capacitor Hybrid M.D. Diesel TruckCapacitor Hybrid M.D. Diesel Truck
Nissan Diesel EDLC SystemNissan Diesel EDLC System( ( Super Power CapacitorSuper Power Capacitor TM TM ))
Max. 346V,583WhMax. 346V,583WhInverterInverter
Diesel EngineDiesel Engine
Electronic Control Mechanical A/TElectronic Control Mechanical A/T
Electronic Control Brake SystemElectronic Control Brake System
EDLC* SystemEDLC* System(*Electric Double Layer Capacitor)
Motor / Generator x 1Motor / Generator x 1Max. 55kWMax. 55kW
Electronic Control Mechanical ClutchElectronic Control Mechanical Clutch
GearboxGearbox
Production HEVs in JapanParallel HEVsParallel HEVs
(NISSAN DIESEL)
A - BA - B
22×C×C
Incentive for introductionIncentive for introduction
A: Price of a HEV
B: Price of a CV
C: Coefficient of Reduction
0.9 for Light-duty HEVs
0.97 for EVs and the other HEVs
=
Summary
• Vehicle exhaust emission problems could be solved on a next decade.• The next key issue is energy saving.• HEV’s technologies are major keys for vehicle energy saving.• Discussion on Plug-in HEVs due to use clean electricity are just started for the future energy/fuel saving and energy diversification.• Energy Storage systems, such as a battery are major technologies for downsizing and cost down of HEV systems for wide spread introduction.