Here to Stay: Designing for Here to Stay: Designing for Psychological Well-Being for Psychological Well-Being for Long Duration Stays on Moon Long Duration Stays on Moon

and Marsand Mars

Sheryl L. Bishop, PhDSheryl L. Bishop, PhD

Key FactorsKey Factors

1. Reliance on technology

2. Physical/social isolation & confinement

3. High risk & cost of failure

4. High physiological, psychological, psychosocial & cognitive demands

5. Need for human-human, human-technology & human-environmental interfaces

6. Need for team coordination, cooperation & communication

1. What are the effects? 2. Do they impair

functioning? 3. Are they self-limiting

or progressive? 4. Are they reversible

and when? 5. What are the

countermeasures?

Key QuestionsKey Questions

Research AreasResearch Areas

Individual Characteristics Personality Hardiness Stress/Coping Leadership Style Interpersonal Orientation Performance

Group Characteristics Group Dynamics (relationships, conflict, cooperation,

compatibility) Group Composition (Gender, Skills, Nationality) Group Performance Group Identity Group Fission and Fusion Factors

Key ConceptsKey Concepts Impact of isolation and confinement underestimated

Group/social interaction and well being in isolated, confined environments have commonalities. Allows extrapolation from analogs (polar bases, submarines, closed chambers) to spaceflight

US

Reported Problems Mir Space Subs Polar Sims

Interper. conflict: x x x x x

Somatic Complts: x x x x x

Sleep Disturbance: x x x x

Boredom, restless: x x x x x

Decrements in perf: x x x x x

Decline in group

compatibility: x x x x x

Substance abuse: - - ? x -

Summary Across ExpeditionsSummary Across Expeditions

   Cave Divers   Antarctica  Australia Polar Expeditions

Simulations

RESULTS

Mixed Gendered,

Inter-national

Males Only, Monoculture

Mixed Gendered,

Inter-national

Males Only,

Monoculture

Mixed Gendered,

Monoculture

+/- Personality XX XX XX XX XX

Mismatches b/w stress

  -- XX XX XX --

Differential Group Morale

X X  XX XX XX XX

Performance decrements

XX   XX XX XX XX

Duration 6+ w6+ w 11 m11 m 10 d10 d 2-4 w2-4 w 2-4 w2-4 w

Behavioral Health & DesignBehavioral Health & Design Since 1980’s, 14 behavioral issues with design implications

have been repeatedly identified as critical issues related to space Sleep Personal Hygiene Clothing Exercise Leisure activities Medical support Food Group interaction Habitat aesthetics Outside communication Privacy and personal space Waste disposal and management Onboard training, simulation and task preparation Behavioral issues related to microgravity environments

Habitat esthetics and well beingHabitat esthetics and well being

Structural layout and habitat design can address behavioral issues Maximize habitable volume with configurations that are

perceived as more spacious. Utilize multiple compartments for variety and segregated

use. Use color & lighting to enhance desirable moods, reduce

feelings of crowding & physiological normality (e.g., entrain sleep cycles)

Use methodologies to counter feelings of confinement and monotony, provide visual depth.

Multiple uses of plant production spaces: food production, leisure activities, stress reduction, crafts, gardening, small group interaction, exposure to full spectrum lighting, natural fractals..

Group InteractionGroup Interaction

Group Fusion: social bonding, group identification, social support

Group Fission: tension, conflict, discord, social isolation, scapegoating, miscommunication.

Privacy and Personal SpacePrivacy and Personal Space

Separation of private functions from public is critical

Need flexible, definable & redefinable interior environments meet needs for solitude, privacy limit social interaction & individual control over

amount of contact with others provides for group as well as individual activity moderates feelings of crowding, confinement allows for individual personalization (e.g.,

decoration) and individual differences

SleepSleep

Closed loop environments are inherently noisy due to dependency on life support and result in significant impacts to sleep.

Countermeasures: Use of phase shifting to reset synchronicity or Prevention via entrainment of sleep with artificial

light/ dark cues, scheduled meals, exercise and other activities, pharmaceutical assists.

HygieneHygiene

No. of Impact

Mission Phase incidents Low Mod. High

Preflight Training 9 6 3 0

Inflight Operations 26 9 12 5 Payload/Experiments 4 1 3 0 Housekeeping 5 1 3 1 Personal Hygiene 5 1 3 1

Postflight Activities 7 3 4 0

Totals 42 18 19 5

Santy PA, Holland AW, Looper L and Marcondes-North R. 1993

• Adherence to hygiene standards considered important for health and self-esteem as well as enhanced morale and standards of personal decorum and respect for others.

• Previous habitats characterized by facilities that were laborious to use, lacked privacy, cumbersome and cramped.

ClothingClothing

Variety and stimulation enhanced by ‘personal décor’.

Recommendations: minimum of weekly changes of outer garments, daily changes of undergarments, clothing for exercise

Variety of colors and adjustable. Laundry facilities improves opportunity

for variability and reinforces hygiene.

ExerciseExercise

Exercise primary countermeasure for bone decalcification and muscle atrophy.

Amt of exercise required in lunar gravity is under investigation.

Need exercise systems & equipment that are intrinsically motivating & inherently fun.

Equipment located close to hygiene facilities & related work (e.g., studies) but away from sleep facilities & labs concerned with biological or vibration contamination.

FoodFood Food and eating are central events and major sources of

stimulation and variety Variety and quality of food important Meals promote orientation to group welfare, provide

opportunities for face-to-face social exchange & associates satiation of physiological needs with group interaction.

Need individual selection, snacking, sharing of food preparation tasks.

Opportunities to contribute to food resources through individual gardening activities provide sources of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and group recognition.

LeisureLeisure Leisure activities should not include overtly interpersonally

competitive activities. Beating personal bests, activities that offer opportunities for

growth or testing and improving mission related skills preferred.

Use of immersive virtual reality systems may provide stimulating games or pleasurable activities.

Listening to music or viewing movies – both privately and as a group.

Preparing media, presentations will be strong work-leisure activity.

Events and holidays should be scheduled as well as spontaneous.

Groups will develop own variety of ‘sports’, games and holidays.

Provisions for crafting and gardening important.

CommunicationCommunication Private send & receive, full fidelity audio/video/3D

immersion via virtual reality/telepresence technology Minimally, personal encryption codes to ensure

confidentiality, open channels to Earthside, maximized use of email, store and forward/retrieve audio/video with family/ friends/ colleagues.

Protocols for communication of negative news should be in place, understood and agreed upon by crews.

Maintenance of remote command and control relationship with MC is critical & requires attention/ training on both sides.

Work, Training, Simulation & PreparationWork, Training, Simulation & Preparation

EVAs will be major source of stimulation All members should have EVA roles and participate in scientific

discovery. Personal growth opportunities will be critical for learning new

skills relevant to the mission & personal interests. Facilities on-site should provide for training, access of

databases, applications accessible from labs, workspaces and private quarters.

Schedules should be oriented on achieving goals; leave timing and micromanagement to crew.

Protection of non-work and leisure time must be in place and enforced.

Use of production spaces and maintenance tasks must be shared equitably.

Monitoring and supportMonitoring and support Distance key- Mars requires greater self-

support and monitoring capabilities than Moon

Moon requires more than previous stations Monitoring & support is both passive and

active Need real-time feedback capability for crew

self monitoring to enable first line crew control and response for adaptation & implementation of countermeasures (e.g., stress).

Mars Polar Base: 5 modules (+smaller consumables cache module) arranged around a 6th central growth module provides maximum accessibility and multiple choices for traffic flow, reducing potential conflicts over intrusions and accessibility restrictions.

Project BoreasProject Boreas

Project BoreasProject Boreas

Recreation / private

Recreation / communal

Work

Communal work / recreation

Plant & greenery in Growth Module provides:

• ecological fractal properties,

• terrestrially familiar and restful surroundings,

• stress reduction,

• full spectrum Earth normal lighting (required for plants),

•water features (dual use of hydroponics system),

• workbench for creative construction and crafting activities,

•spaces between plantings for semi-private gatherings.

Project Boreas –Sleep ModuleProject Boreas –Sleep Module• Each module core

decorated in different environmental theme (e.g., forest, cityscape, prairie, mountains, seashore).

• Fostered perceptions of changing environment going from one module to another.

• Use of immersive & virtual reality systems in a Biotrope system: digital reality themed media (e.g., sounds of ocean waves) linked to real environments on Earth & updated periodically or in continuous real-time transmission provided greater variety and stimulus.

Project BoreasProject Boreas

• Windows in both side walls and ceilings in most chambers at different heights provides visual variety. Exterior lighting outside hab provides visual detail and wayfinding elements.

• Each module core decorated in different environmental theme. • http://www.bis-spaceflight.com/sitesia.aspx/page/170/id/980/l/en

ConclusionsConclusions

Habitat design can significantly contribute to psychosocial countermeasures

Attention to mission scheduling and protocols to minimize overwork, command & control conflicts, displacement, communication breakdowns.

Enabling technology should minimize burdensome tasks, maximize immersive capabilities and group & individual performance.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Project BoreasProject Boreas

Mark GreeneMark Greene

ANY. Limited. Design studios.ANY. Limited. Design studios.

University of the Arts, London, EnglandUniversity of the Arts, London, England

Questions?Questions?

Mona Lisa Project, MDRS, May 2005