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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Henschel

Herder

e so-called " Hep 1 Hep 1" riotsof1819atFrankfort-

Gesch.

e.g.

on Aug. 2, 1819, by anti-Semitic stu

term of reproachtoProfessor

endel of tha t university, who had w ritten in favor

he Jews. The students themselves claimed that

e word was derived from Hierosolyma est per-

a ";others claim that it is a contractionfor " He-

while a further attempt has been made to

ve i tfrom " Hab Hab " The brothers Grimm,

their dictionary, trace it from a call to animals in

toJews because of their

rds. Their earliest quotation is from W. Hauff

Aperson namedBrouse isstated to have

en condemned to three months' imprisonment for

ing used the expression against a Jew and his

Isr."

1848, p . 47). During the anti-

movement in Germanyapamphlet appeared

favor of the Jews with the title" Hepp 1 Hepp I

in1Vorschrei und 7 Gejohlen

acobs, Th e Jewish Q uestion, No. 25). The ex

eak against the Jews, and is thus used by George

"

The Modern

He-1 Hep Hep 1"

Impressions

of Theophrastus Such. It

is

stated

of" Hep Hep 1"with the similarly sounding

e

of

" Jep Jep "

meaning

" Jesus

est perditus

and Queries, 4th series, iii. 580).

J .

H E P H E R : 1. A son of Gilead (Num. xxvi. 32,

ii. 1; Josh. xvii. 2-3). The clan was known as

eHepherites (Num. xxvi.32). 2. Oneof David's

ains (I Chron. xi. 36). 3 . Member of the tribe

4. Royal city of the

(Josh.xii.

K.a.II. M.Sc.

HEPHZI-BAH (m~>xan, " my

delight in her ):

be bornebytherestored Jerusalem (Isa.

4), in token that God will not abandon it. 2 .

fManasseh (II Kings xxi. 1).

E. G.

H.

M.

SEL.

HEPNER, ADOLF:

German-American jour

ndBerlin.

He becamea socialist in 1868, and two years later

s associated w ith Liebknecht andBebelin editing

socialistic paper at Leipsic. Soon afterward he

asaccused with them of high treason, but was ac

tted in 1872. Being expelled from Leipsic in

e following year, he removed to Breslau, and be

publisher, bu t failed in business.

In1882Hepner emigrated to the United States,

w (1903)

living. Up to 1897 he edited the daily

abor paper St. Louis Tagebla tt, and since tha t

beentheeditor of the" WestlichePost.

Besides many essaysforthepapersofhispolitical

rty, Hepner has written Good N ight, Schatz,

a one-actplay (1894).

A.

F. T. H.

H E R A L D R Y . See COAT OF ARMS.

H E R B S . See BOTANY.

HERCZEGHY, MORIZ : Hungarian physician

and autho r; born in Budapest Aug. 19, 1815; died

in Vienna Dec. 23, 1884. He studied medicine in

Budapest and Vienna, and afterward took part in the

Revolution of

1848

in the latter

city. He

went from

Vienna to Paris, and thence in 1860 to Italy, where

he became chief physician in Garibaldi's army. He

returned to Hungary in 1865, but left again in 1868

for Constantinople, where for eight years

he

acted as

chief military physician. Being severely wounded

during the Russo-Turkish war, he had to give up

his practise, and then traveled in Europe and in the

East.

The more

important of

Herczeghy'sliterary

works

deal with political topics, and include: Weder

Deutsch noch Russisch, Sondern Oesterreichisch,"

Vienna, 1849; Das Bombardement des Ftirsten

Windischgratz

zu Prag,

ib.

1849;

"Mein

Tagebuch

1848-50, ib .1850; "Memoires sur Mon Sejour a

Paris, Milan, 1853. He wrote also treatises on cre

tinism (1864) and on epidemics (1874).

Herczeghy's chiefwork,however, was a sociolog

ical study on the woman question, published in

French (Paris, 1864) and in H ungarian (Budapest,

1883).

BIBLIOGRAPHY :

PallasLex.

s.

L. V.

HERCZEL, MANd DE SZENTP^TERI:

Hungarian physician; born in Szegedin July 1,

1861; studied successively in his native city, in

Ujvidek, in Budapest, in Vienna, in Strasburg, and

in Paris. After having taken his degree of M.D.

(1884), he practised for two years in Nothnagel's

clinic in Vienna, and was thereafter for five years

assistant to Czerny at Heidelberg, where in1889he

became privat-docent in surgery. In 1892

he

was

appointed chief of the Szt.IstvanHospital in Buda

pest. His specialty is the treatment of diseases of

the kidneys.

Herczel is the author of the following works:

Ueber die Wirkung des Anilin, Acetanilin und

Kam pheranilin, Vienna, 1887; Ueber Operative

Behandlung der Nierensteine, Vienna, 1887;

Ueber die Operative Fixation derWanderniere,"

Vienna, 1892; Ueber Grosse Defecte der Blasen-

Scheidewand, Vienna, 1894.

In

1902

Herczel

was

elevated by Emperor F rancis

Joseph I. to the Hungarian nobility, andhe assumed

the name of Szentpeteri.

BIBLIOGRAPHY : Szinnyel,

Magyar Irbk Elete.

s. L. V.

HERDER,

JOHANN

GOTTFRIED VON:

German Protestant theologian, poet, and writer;

born at Mohrungen, East Prussia, Aug. 25, 1744;

died a t Weimar Dec. 21, 1803. Hestudied theology,

philosophy, and the humanities at the University of

Konigsberg,where he acquired a vast knowledge of

German and foreign literature. In 1764-69 he was

teacher and preacher at Riga; in 1771-76, court

preacher and member of the consistory of Biicke-

burg; from 1776 until his death, court preacher and

member, laterpresident,oftheconsistory of W eimar.

His works on Hebrew Biblical literature exercised

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Heredla

Heresy

THE JEW ISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 35 2

great influence. His Die Aelteste Urkunde des

Menschengeschlechts "

(Riga, 1774-76) develops the

idea that the oldest Biblicalpoemsthehistory of

Creation, of the Flood, and of

Mosesare

to be con

sidered Oriental national songs. The usual inter

pretation ofthe Mosaichistory of Creationas adivine

revelation appears to Herder not only indefensible,

but pernicious, since it

fills

he mind w ith false ideas

and leads to persecution of the physical scientist.

In1778 hewrote Lieder der Liebe, in which he

divested theCanticlesof a ll mystical and allegorical

accretions. In these deeply felt love-songs he rec

ognizedthenatural expressions of Jew ish sentiment.

After having, in his letters on theology, extended

this view to the whole Bible, he published (Dessau,

1782-83) his famous Vom Geiste derEbraischen

Poesie. In ale tte rto Hamann

he wrote

that since

his childhoodhehad nourished it inhis breast." He

says that Hebrew poetry is the world's oldest, sim

plest, and most soulful poetry,fullof the inner feel

ing of nature and of the poetic consciousness of

God. He translated many of the Hebrew poems.

According to

Gratz

( Gesch. xi. 249), Herder,

although

filled

with admiration for Jewish antiquity

and for the Hebrew people of the Biblical age, and

foretelling a time when Christian and Jew would

work together for the development and refinement

of civilization, felt a dislike for the Jews which

manifested itself in his earlier relations with Moses

Mendelssohn. Not until after Lessing's death did

he become more friendly toward Mendelssohn.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :Hettner,Literaturgesch. des Achtzehnten

Jahrhunderts vol. v., Brunswick, 1872.

D. S. MAN.

HEREDIA, PAULTJS PABLO) DE: Span

ish anti-Jewish

writer;

born about

1405

in

Aragon;

died at an advanced age after 1486. Baptized late

in life,heattacked Judaism, though he had at one

time defended it and his former coreligionists. In

order to assail the Talmud and its commentators,

which he had studied in his youth, he wrote a mys

tical work, Iggere t ha-Sodot, which he ascribed

to the Mishnaic teacher Nehunya ben ha-Kana and

his alleged son Ha-Kana, asserting that he had

found it and translated it into Latin. In his igno

rance, Paulus de

Horedia

put into the mouth of

Nehunya passages from the work of Judah ha-Nasi,

who lived much later, and in the work" GalieRa-

zaya"made him answer eight questions, addressed

to him byhis imperial friend Antoninus, in an en

tirely Christian sense.

He

admits

the

chief mysteries

of Christianity, e.g. the doctrine of the Trinity.

Nehunya, who is made to say, " Ego ex iis unus

sum qui crediderunt in

eum

et baptisatus fui et

am-

buloin viisrectis,"fin llyexhorts his son to recog

nize Jesus as

thesMessiah.

Heredia's works" De Mysteriis Fidei" and" Co

rona Regia, on the immaculate conception (the lat

ter dedicated to Pope Innocent VIII.), were also in

tended to convert the Jews. The latter, however,

whom he assailed in the work Ens is Pauli"with

all the fire of a fanatical neophyte, vouchsafed no

reply to his gross attacks on their faith. Paulus de

Heredia was alleged to have collaborated on the

Complutensian polyglot, issued under the auspices

of Cardinal Ximenez.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Nic. Antonio,Bibl. Hispania i.216;

Bibl.Hebr.

il.,iii.,1687;Rios,

Estudios

pp.456

et s

idem.Hist.iii. 413, 424 etseq.;Gratz, Gesch. viii. 231 et

K. M. K.

HEREFORD: County town of Herefordshire,

England, situated on the River Wye, of some com

mercial importance in earlytimes. When Richard I.

returned from captivity, ten Jews of Hereford con

tributed 15lis. lid. to a " donum " made by the

Jews of England a t Northampton (1194). They

were under the jurisdiction of the sheriff, notwith

standing the Bishop of Hereford claimed the right

to judge them (Tovey,"Anglia Judaica, pp. 78-

79). In1275the" archa " was removedfrom Worces

ter to Hereford, where it remained till the Expul

sion. From some of the

bonds

still extant the Jews

of Hereford appear to have adopted the corn trade

when refused permission by the sta tute of Juda

ism"in 1275 to take usury, but this may have been

merely an evasion of the statute. Twenty-fourof

the burghers of Hereford were appointed in

1282

as

special guardians of the peace in favor of the Jews

(Cal.Patent Rolls,1282-92,p. 15).

Four3'ears later one of the important Jew s of

Hereford invited

some

of his Christian friends to the

wedding of his daughter. This attractedthenotice

of Bishop Swinfeld, who refused permission, and

threatened excommunication to any of h is

flock

who

attended the wedding ( Household Expenses of

Bishop Swinfeld, Camden Society, pp. cix.-cxi.,

127). When the Jews were expelled in 1290 the

king seized the debts due to the fortyJewsof Here

ford, composing about twenty families. The chief

person seems to have been Isaac of Worcester, who

had apparently moved there in 1275; he, with four

of his sons and two of his daughters, was engaged

in money-lending. The largest individual lender,

however, appears to have been Aaron, son ofElias

leBlund. Abraham " theChaplain"is mentioned,

with two Evesques. Thirteen houses and the syna

gogue also fell into the hands ofthe king,with rent

als amounting to55s.6d. Since tha t timethere has

been no congregation at Hereford.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :Jacobs,Jews

of

Angevin England pp.

376;

Transactions Jew. Hist. Soc. Eng.

i. 136-159; R.

son, Customs

of Hereford

pp. 70-71.

J.

HEREM See EXCOMMUNICATION.

HERES

: 1. City in Egypt, mentioned in Isa.

xix.

18: "

In that day there shall be five cities in the

land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan,

and swear to the Lord of

hosts;

one shall be called

'Ir ha-Heres" (A. V. the city of destruction ;

R. V. margin, He res ). The Masoretic text,

Aquila, Theodotion, and Peshitta read

Dinn TJi

City of Destruction. Symmachus, the Vulgate, j

Men. 110a, Saadia, and some Hebrew manuscripts

readDinnTJJ ("City of the Sun").The Septuagint

has rrofac daedex ( City of Righteousness ). Ther

are many differences of

opinion

regarding

the

proper

reading of this name. It is, however, probable that j

" Heres " is the

correct reading, and that

HELIOPOLIS,

in Egypt,is referredto by Isaiah. Thealterationof

'Ir ha-Heres"(City ofthe Sun) into "'I rha-Heres "

(City of Destruction)

was

influenced

by

a later antag

onism toward the Onias temple. On theother hand,