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Henry wanted Pope Clement VII to

annul his marriage to Catherine of

Aragon (Spanish); the real reasons

being because she was too old to

provide a male heir, and he now

wished to marry Anne Boleyn. The

pope would not grant it (1533) and so

Henry appointed a new archbishop of

Canterbury and declared himself head

of Church of England (1534). Act of Supremacy 1534

What did Henry do with the

Catholic Church’s property?

Closed the monasteries and sold

rich buildings and lands to his

subjects

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What friend of Henry VIII

remained loyal to the pope and

what was the result?

Sir Thomas More; Henry had him

beheaded

41.These events were the beginning

of what in England?Protestantism

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42. Why did some feel that the new

church “was not reformed

enough”?

Because it was merely a copy of

Catholicism

43.What idea was formed during

this time “which is still the

foundation of most Protestant

churches”?

That religion was solely a matter

between the individual and God

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44.Tudor King Henry VIII reigned

during what times and had how

many wives (name them)?

1509-1547; six wives: Catherine of

Aragon; Anne Boleyn; Jane

Seymour; Anne of Cleves;

Catherine Howard; Catherine Parr

45. How did a “jingle” summarize

“the fates of these unfortunate

women” :

Divorced, beheaded, died,

divorced, beheaded, survived

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46. What did Henry VIII create and

why was it important?

The Royal Navy; helped to spread

British political power, language,

and literature around the globe

47. Why does Henry VIII deserve

the title “Renaissance Man”?

He wrote poetry; played numerous

instruments; a champion athlete and hunter;

supported the new humanistic learning

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48. Henry VIII was survived by

how many children and what were

their names and who were their

mothers?

3; Mary (Catherine of Aragon);

Elizabeth (Anne Boleyn); Edward

(Jane Seymour)

49. According to the laws of

succession, what had to happen?

A son had to be crowned first

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50.Describe the rule of Henry,

Edward VI:

Crowned at age 9; 1547-1553; intelligent

but sickly; ruled in name only; died of TB

51. Describe Queen Mary and her

rule.

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1553-1558; Devout, strong-willed

Catholic determined to avenge the

wrongs done to her mother; restored

pope’s power; ruthlessly hunted down

Protestants; Lost support of her people

for burning 300 subjects at the stake

and marrying Philip II, king of Spain.

Was nicknamed “Bloody Mary’ for

executions. Died of fever; childless.

52.What was the reign of Queen

Elizabeth I?

1558-1603

53. Why was “her first task” to

“restore law and order”?

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The kingdom was torn by fierce

religious feuds. 54. How did she do the above?

She reestablished the Church of England;

rejected pope’s authority who then

excommunicated her; she pretended that

she might marry widowed brother-in-law

King Philip of Spain

55. By resisting marriage for her

entire life, she “officially

remained” what and what is that

title’s significance to the United

States?

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“Virgin Queen”; colony/state of Virginia

56. Elizabeth “knew that her

strength lay” where?

In her independence and ability to

play one suitor off against the other

57. Who “initiated” several plots

against her?

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Mary Queen of Scots;

her cousin and heir to the throne58.Describe the events leading up

to Mary’s eventual end and what

that end was.

Deposed from her throne for being

Catholic; put under house arrest in

royal exile; carefully watched by

Elizabeth who after putting up with

her for 20 years eventually sent to

the chopping block.

Then she, lying very still upon the block, one of the executioners holding her slightly with one of his hands, she endured two strokes of the other executioner with an axe, she making very small noise or none at all, and not stirring any part of her from the place where she lay: and so the executioner cut off her head, saving

one little gristle, which being cut asunder, he lift up her head to the view of all the assembly and bade God

save the Queen…her face in a moment being so much altered from the form she had when she was alive, as few could remember her by her dead face. Her lips

stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off.

—Robert Wynkfielde, eyewitness to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1587)

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59. Describe the events involving

the Spanish Armada.

King Philip of Spain uses Mary’s

execution as an excuse to invade

England; vast fleet of ships Spanish

Armada; England’s Royal Navy with

the help of nasty weather in the Irish

Sea defeats the armada; assured

England and all of northern Europe’s

from powerful Catholic Mediterranean

countries; Elizabeth’s finest moment.

Protestant Wind:

'He blew with His winds, and they

were scattered'.

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60.Why was the defeat of the

Spanish Armada such “a great

turning point in history”?

All of north America might be

speaking Spanish like South

America

61.What brought on the “flood” of

English literature after the defeat of

the Spanish Armada?

Firmly established religious and

national identity; adoration of

Elizabeth

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62.Describe King James I and his

reign.

1603- 1625; Second cousin of

Elizabeth; was opposite of Elizabeth in

many ways; was essentially a foreigner

when Elizabeth was a complete

Englishwoman; tried hard: wrote books

and patronized Shakespeare; sponsored

new translation of the bible; admirable

and a benevolent, peaceful ruler;

relationship with many subjects bad

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63. Describe King Charles I and his

reign.

1625-1649; James’ son; remote,

autocratic, and self-destructive; beheaded

by powerful subjects in 1649

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64.Who ruled England for eleven

years after the death of Charles I?

Parliament and the Puritan dictator

Oliver Cromwell

65. Why did the Renaissance in

England essentially end?

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Renaissance values gradually

eroded and the energies gradually

gave out.

Elizabethan Life

• High Society. Society began to form along new lines in the Tudor years. If feudal England was an age of community, Tudor England was one of individuality. Nobility and knights were still at the top of the social ladder, but the real growth in society was in the merchant class.

• Nobles old and new. Within the nobility there was a distinction between old families and new. Most old noble families were Catholic, and most new noble families were Protestant. The upper classes were exempt from the new oaths of allegiance to the Church of England, and many Catholic families maintained private chaplains.

• The new merchant class. The Tudor era saw the rise of modern commerce with cloth and weaving leading the way to an emerging and prosperous merchant class.

• The prosperity of the wool trade led to a surge in building in the active wool areas. The importance of the wool trade in late medieval and Tudor England cannot be overstated. Witness the inscription carved on a monument in a “wool church”: "I thank God and ever shall, it was the sheep that payed for all".

http://www.britainexpress.com/

History/Elizabethan_life.htm

1485 to 1603

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*Women were taught from birth they were inferior to men.

The concept of female inferiority predates Christianity. But

Medieval and Renaissance society was shaped by the Church

in ways that Westerners find hard to fathom nowadays. And

the Church was shaped by Paul's teachings.

*Women were taught, and believed, they were instruments

of the devil. Females were the authors of original sin who

lured men away from God and salvation.

*Women were the only imperfection in God's creation.

*"Woman in her greatest perfection was made to serve and

obey man", John Knox, First Blast of the Trumpet against

Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558

http://tudors.crispen.org/tudor_women/

*Young girls were given hardly any personal freedom.

*Religion was at the very center of life in Tudor England. And

girls were raised to obey their parents without question.

*Girls were taught their only function in life was to marry and

bear children.

*They learned they were commanded by God to render

unquestioning obedience to their husband and to learn in

silence from him in all subjection, the same way they behaved

at home to their parents.

*Upper-class women tended to stay at home, or, if they were members of a royal household, at the court.

*They spent much of their time supervising the household staff and overseeing their children's education.

*They left home only to visit the market or to attend religious or civic events, and only in the company of others.

*Middle-Class women played roles in some of the emerging professional occupations, such as tending shops or performing craft work like sewing and weaving; however, their main responsibility remained within the home.

*Like most poor, poor women worked either as servants or farm laborers.

http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/rens_02/rens_02_00136.html

• Men of the noble classes spent their time at court or managing their estates.

• During wartime, military campaigns often kept them away from home for long periods .

• Those who lived in cities and towns sometimes engaged in business activities.

• Upper-class men also dominated politics and public affairs.

Men During the Renaissance

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• Middle- and lower-class individuals spent much of their time working in various professions such as lawyers, doctors, merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers.– (Women played roles in some of these

occupations, such as tending shops or performing craft work like sewing and weaving)

• The poor often worked as farm laborers or as servants, jobs common to both men and women.

http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/rens_02/rens_02_00136.html

• The Queen was not above the law, but had to act in accordance with it

• No law could be passed without her consent

• She could decide the religion of the country, decide when parliament was going to sit and what they could discuss, decide when and if the country was going to go to war, make decisions about education, the welfare of her people, even what food her people could eat and the clothes they were to wear

• Everyone in the country had to obey her. Not to obey her was against the law, and could be treason, for which the penalty was death.

• Elizabeth governed the country with the help of two very important institutions. The Privy Council, and its daughter bodies the Council of the Marches and the Council of the North, and Parliament.

• The main function of Parliament was to pass laws and grant the Queen money when she needed it

• The Queen could make laws without Parliament's consent, in what were called ROYAL PROCLAMATIONS

• Tudor monarchs tended only to summon Parliament for major governmental reforms or for money, and money was the main reason that Elizabeth summoned hers

http://www.elizabethi.org/us/power/

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• Humanists would study ancient texts in the original, and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence.

• Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind."

Some more Notes on Humanism