henrike rau & richard manton consensus conference 21 ......mobility biographies and milestones key...

Mobility biographies and milestones

Key concepts, methodological innovation &

initial insights

Henrike Rau & Richard MantonHenrike Rau & Richard MantonCONSENSUS Conference

21-22nd May 2015NUI Galway

Outline

1. Background – CONSENSUS mobilities research (WP3)(WP3)

2. Key concepts – Mobility biographies, life events &

mobility milestones

3. Methodological innovation

4. First findings4. First findings

5. Conclusions

Background

• CONSENSUS #1mobility research on modal shift & ‘virtual’ mobility‘virtual’ mobility

• Results showed need to research mobility

practices across life course

• When/what are the turning points in travel

behaviour?behaviour?

• Effect of life events and mobility milestones

Key concepts

• Mobility biography – series of stages capturing both continuity and change in capturing both continuity and change in mobility practices across the life course

• Life events – reflect social, political and economic construction of the life course

• e.g. residential relocation, childbirth

• Mobility milestones – reflect wider mobility system such as social norms or infrastructure

• e.g. getting a driving licence, buying a car

Social, economic & infrastructuralconditions; governance & policy

environment

Social & cultural normsrelated to life course &

mobility; specific policies thatinfluence life course & mobility; availability of

mobility tools

Individual mobilitymobility

biography

(reflects sociallynegotiated life

events & mobilitymilestones)

Interactions between LE & MM

Life events

��

Mobility milestones

��

Author(s) Life Events Mobility Milestones

Leavin

g fam

ily

hom

e

Change in

Education

Resid

ential

Relo

cation

Change in

Em

plo

ym

ent

Cohabitation

Marr

iage

Child

-birth

Change in

household

Retire

ment

Illn

ess/inju

ry/

Health c

hange

Drivin

g lic

ense

Car

ow

ners

hip

/

availa

bili

ty

PT

ticket

ow

ners

hip

Bic

ycle

ow

ners

hip

Tra

ffic

accid

ent

Cyclin

gskill

s

Cyclin

g

environm

ent

PT

environm

ent

Literature review

Leavin

g fam

ily

hom

e

Change in

Education

Resid

ential

Relo

cation

Change in

Em

plo

ym

ent

Cohabitation

Marr

iage

Child

Change in

household

Retire

ment

Illn

ess/inju

ry/

Health c

hange

Drivin

g

Car

ow

ners

hip

/

availa

bili

ty

PT

ow

ners

hip

Bic

ycle

ow

ners

hip

Tra

ffic

accid

ent

Cyclin

g

Cyclin

g

environm

ent

PT

env

Adjei & Behrens X X X X X X X

Behrens & Del Mistro ~ ~

Beige & Axhausen X X X X X X X X X X X

Brunner X X

Chatterjee et al. X X X ~ ~ X X X X X

Harms & Lanzendorf X X X

Klöckner X X X X X X X X X X X X

Lanzendorf X X X X X X X X X XLanzendorf X X X X X X X X X X

Oakil et al. X X X X X X X X X X

Scheiner & Holz-Rau X X X X

Schoenduwe et al. X X X X X X X

Stanbridge & Lyons X

van der Waerden et al. X X X X X X X X

van der Waerden &

TimmermansX X X X X X X X X X ~ ~ X X ~

Verhoeven et al. X X X X X X

Previous methodologies

Lanzendorf (2003), Chatterjee et al. (2013), Beige & Axhausen (2012), Adjei & Behrens (2013)

Previous results

• Key Life Events: residential relocation,

changes in employment, changes in educationchanges in employment, changes in education

• Key Mobility Milestones: getting a driving

licence, changes in mobility tool ownership

• Should consider interactions between events, • Should consider interactions between events,

causation & role of attitudes

Baselines Life course calendar

Survey

Event effects

Go

t a

dri

vin

g l

ice

nc

e

Invo

lve

d i

n t

raff

ic a

cc

ide

nt

So

ld m

y c

ar

Bo

ug

ht

a b

icyc

le

Bo

ug

ht

a c

ar

Mil

es

ton

es

On foot Bicycle Public transport Motor car: passenger Motor car: driver

Mode of analysis

Sta

rte

d c

oll

eg

eS

tart

ed

co

lle

ge

Mo

ve

d h

om

e/t

ow

nS

tart

ed

fir

st

job

Mo

ve

d h

om

e/t

ow

n

Be

ca

me

un

em

plo

ye

dGo

t a

dri

vin

g l

ice

nc

e

Invo

lve

d i

n t

raff

ic a

cc

ide

nt

So

ld m

y c

ar

Bo

ug

ht

a b

icyc

le

Bo

ug

ht

a c

ar

Eve

nts

M

ob

ilit

y M

ile

sto

ne

s

Sta

rte

d c

oll

eg

eS

tart

ed

co

lle

ge

Mo

ve

d h

om

e/t

ow

nS

tart

ed

fir

st

job

Go

t m

arr

ied

Ha

d a

ch

ild

Mo

ve

d h

om

e/t

ow

n

Be

ca

me

un

em

plo

ye

d

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Lif

e E

ve

nts

RESULTS

LIFE EVENTS, MOBILITY MILESTONES &

MODAL SHIFT

IRELAND THROUGH BOOM AND BUST: IMPACTS ON MOBILITY BIOGRAPHIES

Sample characteristics

• 444 responses, 324 complete

• 56% female• 56% female

• Average age: 39 years old

• 31% live in Dublin City or County

• 48% married

• Average household size: 3.1• Average household size: 3.1

• 48% drive, 21% cycle, 13% PT, 11% walk

• 93% third level education

Life Eventsn % who increased mode usage after event

Bike Walk PT Driver Pass

Started college 213 36 71 69 14 13

Moved home/town 168 30 48 43 35 22Moved home/town 168 30 48 43 35 22

Started first job 135 13 18 36 54 15

Changed job 110 23 32 38 48 15

Had a child 50 18 44 10 76 36

Moved in with partner 29 21 28 28 55 62

Became unemployed 12 17 58 25 25 25

Illness / disability 9 0 22 56 44 44Illness / disability 9 0 22 56 44 44

Separated from partner 7 43 14 14 29 14

Retired 5 60 80 80 0 0

Child(ren) moved out 2 50 50 0 50 0

740

Life Event n Modal shifts %

Started college 213 141 66

Moved 168 71 42

First job 135 62 46

Associated modal shifts

Direction?First job 135 62 46Changed job 110 36 33

Childbirth 50 13 26

Cohabitation 29 5 17

Unemployed 12 2 17

Illness/disability 9 2 22

Separation 7 1 14

Direction?

Separation 7 1 14

Retired 5 0 0

Child(ren) moved 2 0 0

Old modeTotal

Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other

Starting college


Ne

w m

od

e

Walk 7 8 6 10 0 31

Bike 7 8 10 5 1 31

PT 12 12 12 12 1 49

Driver 5 7 7 7 0 26

Passenger 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 2 1 0 1 0 4Other 2 1 0 1 0 4Total 26 27 23 29 34 2 141

Old modeTotal


First job


Ne

w m

od

e

Walk 1 0 1 0 0 2

Bike 2 2 1 0 0 5

PT 4 5 3 2 0 14

Driver 10 11 11 4 1 37



Old modeTotal


Residential relocation


Ne

w m

od

e

Walk 1 3 2 2 0 8

Bike 4 6 8 1 1 20

PT 5 3 5 3 0 16

Driver 3 6 13 2 0 24



Mobility milestonesn % who increased mode usage after event

Bike Walk PT Driver Pass

Bought a car 153 1 2 1 99 12Bought a car 153 1 2 1 99 12

Bought a bike 103 100 14 9 2 1

Got a driving licence 110 5 7 4 94 7

Gained access to a car 40 5 5 3 88 43

Learned to cycle 29 93 0 0 0 0

Got a public transport pass 27 19 59 96 4 11

Lost access to a car 12 58 67 83 17 17

Sold my car 13 62 62 85 8 23

Got a mobile device 9 11 33 67 0 0

Had a traffic accident 4 0 75 50 0 0

500

Mobility milestone n Modal shifts %

Bought car 155 68 44

Licence 110 55 50

Associated modal shifts

Licence 110 55 50

Bought bike 103 50 49

Gained car access 40 20 50

Learned to cycle 29 7 24

PT pass 27 11 41

Sold car 13 5 38

Lost car access 12 5 42Lost car access 12 5 42

Mobile device 9 2 22

Accident 4 2 50

Old modeTotal


Buying a car


Ne

w m

od

e

Walk 0 1 0 1 0 2

Bike 1 4 0 0 0 5

PT 0 0 2 0 0 2

Driver 10 15 29 2 1 57



Old modeTotal


Getting a driving licence


Ne

w m

od

e

Walk 2 2 3 0 0 7

Bike 2 1 3 0 0 6

PT 2 4 1 1 0 8

Driver 6 10 10 5 1 32



Old modeTotal


Buying a bicycle


Ne

w m

od

e

Walk 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bike 19 8 11 3 0 41

PT 2 1 2 1 0 6

Driver 0 1 0 0 0 1



THROUGH BOOM AND BUST: IMPACTS ON MOBILITY BIOGRAPHIESIMPACTS ON MOBILITY BIOGRAPHIES

EVIDENCE FROM IRELAND 2006-2015

Through boom and bust:

Ireland 2006-2015

• Unprecedented boom (mid-1990s–2000s), followed by recession in 2008

– Increasing car-dependence during the boom– Stagnation/drop in car use during recession & policy

change

– Recent recovery of car sales and driving– Recent recovery of car sales and driving

• Is the last decade a story of three periods?• How strong is the link between car-use and

economic growth? What role for policy?

Car sales and distance travelled

32,500

33,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

Pri

vate

car

VK

T (

millio

ns k

m)

New

pri

vate

cars

lic

en

sed

30,500

31,000

31,500

32,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

Pri

vate

car

VK

T (

millio

ns k

m)

New

pri

vate

cars

lic

en

sed

30,000

30,500

0

20,000

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Pri

vate

car

VK

T (

millio

ns k

m)

New

pri

vate

cars

lic

en

sed

Source: CSO

Key questions

1. What do CONSENSUS mobility biographies

reveal about boom-bust-recovery decade reveal about boom-bust-recovery decade

2006-2014?

2. How do LE, MM & policy interact? Is it

possible to disaggregate their effects on

individuals’ mobility biographies?individuals’ mobility biographies?

3. What policy lessons?

60

70

2006-2014 mobility biographies

20

30

40

50

Walk

Bike

PT

Driver

Passenger

Other

0

10

2006-2008 2009-2011 2012-2014

Celtic Tiger

tail

Recession

& Bailout

Recovery?

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

New Private Cars (1954-2013)

Recession & pro-PT era?

Boom & pro-car era?

Recession,

recovery &

policy shift?

1955-59 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-14

New Cars 94055 166814 224996 303164 406382 386690 312964 358379 626741 829289 721199 411804

Pro-car policies 3 2 3 3 1 0 1 3 2 5 6 0

Anti-car policies 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 1

Pro-PT policies

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

Pro-PT policies 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 0 2 1 3 0

Anti-PT policies 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Pro-walking policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Anti-walking policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pro-cycling policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Anti-cycling policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Conclusions

• Disaggregation of LE and MM → high policy relevance

– e.g. key life events and modal shift to/away from car; mobility tool acquisition and modal use

• Examples: Bike to Work, car sales & economic growth,

driving licences & Generation Y

• Evidence from Ireland confirms international findings

regarding importance of specific LE and MMregarding importance of specific LE and MM

• Ireland – suitable location for in-depth study of impacts of

recession on mobility biographies

Further steps

1. Linking transport policy & mobility biographies �recommendationsrecommendations

2. Segmentation of individual mobility biographies

3. Focus on particular events/milestones

– e.g. starting college, transition from education to work,

driving license

4. Potential for international roll-out & comparative

research

Publications

• Rau, H. and Manton, R. (2015) Life events and mobility milestones: Advances in mobility

biography theory and research. Journal of

Transport Geography (under review).

Acknowledgement

This research is funded by the

Environmental Protection Agency

Contacts

[email protected]

[email protected]

henrike rau & richard manton consensus conference 21 ......mobility biographies and milestones key...

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