hello delegates, - bjmun 2015 e.r.a enthusiasm. reciprocity. advancement 1 welcome letter hello...

BJMUNC 2015 E.R.A Enthusiasm. Reciprocity. Advancement

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Welcome Letter

Hello delegates,

Welcome to the United Nations Security Council.

It’s our great honor to be your dais, and we are excitedly expecting your splendid performances

during our four-day conference. Regardless of your previous Model UN experience, we hope to

see you all reaching for the stars and shining through.

With the most dangerous waters in the world located off the coast of Somalia, problems in

Somalia have drawn worldwide attention as one of the areas where severe conflicts regarding

piracy frequently take place. The Security Council is obliged to take global issues seriously and

maintain international peace.

Although preparing for a Model UN conference can be an arduous time, it is yet also a fulfilling

experience. We do expect you to read the background guide carefully, do additional research and

complete your assignments. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us.

So delegates, this is your time to change the current situation, to eradicate Somali piracy and save

countless suffering, innocent lives. The Somali piracy issue can well be solved with your

negotiation and collaboration.

Looking forward to meeting you at BJMUNC 2015!

Warm regards,

Dais members of BJMUNC2015-UNSC


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Table of Content

WELCOME LETTER ............................................................................................................................................ 1

TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................................................... 2

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE .......................................................................................... 4

1.1 THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL ................................................................................................. 4

1.2 FUNCTIONS AND POWERS ....................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 COUNTRY DISTRIBUTION ......................................................................................................................... 5

1.4 TIME FRAME ......................................................................................................................................... 5

2 HISTORY OF PIRACY IN SOMALIA ................................................................................................. 6

2.1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................ 6

2.2 OUTCOME OF CIVIL WAR ........................................................................................................................ 7

2.3 TIMELINE .............................................................................................................................................. 7

3 CURRENT SITUATION ................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................ 9

3.2 REGIONS OF CONFLICT ......................................................................................................................... 10

3.3 SUPPORT FROM SOMALI POPULACE ........................................................................................................ 10

3.4 FAST FACTS ......................................................................................................................................... 10

4 CAUSES AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 11

4.1 MILITARY FACTORS ............................................................................................................................... 12

4.2 POVERTY ............................................................................................................................................ 12

4.3 SPECIAL GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION ............................................................................................................. 12


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5 VI. BLOC POSITIONS .................................................................................................................. 13

5.1 FRANCE .............................................................................................................................................. 13

5.2 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ........................................................................................................... 13

5.3 RUSSIAN FEDERATION ........................................................................................................................... 14

5.4 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ............................................................................................................... 14

5.5 REPUBLIC OF INDIA .............................................................................................................................. 14

5.6 JAPAN ................................................................................................................................................ 15

5.7 YEMEN ............................................................................................................................................... 15

5.8 SAUDI ARABIA ..................................................................................................................................... 15

6 ASSIGNMENT ............................................................................................................................ 16

7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 16


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1 Introduction to the Committee

1.1 The United Nations Security Council

Under the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of

international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. All Member

States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.

The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of

aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends

methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to

imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace

and security.

A chief concern is to focus action on those responsible for the policies or practices condemned

by the international community, while minimizing the impact of the measures taken on other parts

of the population and economy.

1.2 Functions and powers

The functions and powers of the Security Council are: to maintain international peace and security

in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations; to investigate any dispute

or situation which might lead to international friction; to recommend methods of adjusting such

disputes or the terms of settlement; to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate

armaments; to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to

recommend what action should be taken; to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and

other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression; to take military action

against an aggressor as well as other administrative powers irrelevant to this conference.

When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Council’s first action is

usually to recommend that the parties try to reach agreement by peaceful means. The Council

may: set forth principles for such an agreement; undertake investigation and mediation; in some

cases, dispatch a mission; appoint special envoys; or request the Secretary-General to use his

good offices to achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute.

When a dispute leads to hostilities, the Council’s primary concern is to bring them to an end as

soon as possible. In that case, the Council may: issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an

escalation of the conflict; dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce

tensions, separate opposing forces and establish a calm in which peaceful settlements may be

sought.

Beyond this, the Council may opt for enforcement measures, including: economic sanctions, arms


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embargoes, financial penalties and restrictions, and travel bans; severance of diplomatic relations;

blockade; or even collective military action.

Countries directly involved, regardless of having membership of the Security Council or not, will

be invited to join the discussion of the Security Council under consideration as observing states,

but will not have the right to vote.

1.3 Country distribution

Permanent Member States:

China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, United States of America

Member States:

Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Gabon, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria,

Turkey, Uganda

Observing States:

Denmark, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Netherlands, Oman, Republic of Korea, Saudi

Arabia, Ukraine, Yemen

1.4 Time frame

Starting time: November 14th, 2010 8:00AM (GMT+8)


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2 History of Piracy in Somalia

2.1 Overview

Because of the power and reach of the United States Navy and other first world naval forces of

the world, attacks on ships and international shipping lanes by pirates, also known as sea bandits,

are rare. One major exception is the waters near Somalia, where pirates have been attacking and

hijacking ships since the turn of the 21st century. Pirate attacks have occurred from as close as

the Somali coast line to the Arabian Sea, close to the coast line of India. Somali piracy has cost

the world between $6 and $12 billion per year.


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2.2 Outcome of Civil War

When the Somali Democratic Republic collapsed in 1991 during the outbreak of a civil war,

Somalia's navy fell apart and disbanded. In addition to the outflow of weapons to the populace,

which eminently provided the basic arms infrastructure for Somali pirates; this left Somalia’s

coast line unprotected, and as a result fishing vessels from other countries started to poach in the

region? In addition, other ships came and started using the unguarded Somali waters as a dumping

area for toxic waste, including radioactive nuclear waste. In some cases, foreign ships even

rammed Somali fishing boats to destroy them. Somali fishermen and other citizens appealed for

international help to deal with the illegal fishing and dumping, but no action was taken. The

damage from these activities devastated Somali fishermen and threatened the food supply for the

people of the war-torn region. Unable to find remedy in the international community, the local

fishermen took up arms to attack the commercial ships in the region, in an attempt to stop the

stealing of fish and the dumping of toxic waste. As the international community started efforts to

put an end to the attacks on ships passing through the area, Somali militia joined forces with the

fishermen. From that point forward, the Horn of Africa, also known as Somalia, became the

breeding ground for what is now known internationally as the Somali piracy situation.

2.3 Timeline

July 1, 1960

The new country of Somalia is formed through the union of newly independent

territories British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland.

1969

Mohamed Siad Barre leads a bloodless coup and becomes dictator.

January 1991

President Barre is forced into exile after the United Somali Congress (USC) overthrows

his military regime in Mogadishu. Civil war breaks out.

December 1992

Faction leader Ali Mahdi Mohammed and warlord General Mohammed Farah Aidid

sign a cease-fire brokered by U.S. envoy Robert Oakley.

December 1992

Operation Restore Hope is launched by U.N. coalition forces and led by the United


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States in an attempt to restore enough order to ensure food distribution to the Somali

people.

October 3-4, 1993

The Battle of Mogadishu: Two Black Hawk UH-60 helicopters are shot down during a

raid on Aidid's high-level staff at Mogadishu's Olympic Hotel. Hundreds of Somalis are

also killed.

October 9, 1993

Aidid calls for a cease-fire with U.N. forces.

March 2, 1995

The last of the U.N. peacekeepers are evacuated.

June 27, 2005

Pirates hijack the MV Semlow, a ship carrying U.N. food aid, and hold the vessel for

100 days.

October 12, 2005

Another U.N. ship carrying aid, the MV Miltzow, is hijacked and held for 30+ hours.

October 2005

Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi calls on neighboring countries to send

warships to patrol Somalia's coast.

November 27, 2005

Pirates free a Ukrainian cargo ship seized 40 days prior off the coast of Somalia.

April 4, 2006

The South Korean ship Dongwon-ho 628 is seized off the coast of Somalia. Four

months later, the crew is released after a ransom is allegedly paid.

April 2006


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Somalia grants the U.S. Navy permission to patrol coastal waters.

February 25, 2007

Pirates hijack the MV Rozen, a cargo ship delivering U.N. food aid to Somalia. The ship

and crew are released after 40 days.

2008

The U.S. designates Al-Shabaab, a militant group in Somalia linked to al Qaeda, a

foreign terrorist organization.

June 2008

The U.N. Security Council unanimously votes to allow countries to send warships into Somalia's

waters to combat piracy.

September 25, 2008

The Ukrainian ship, the MV Faina, is attacked. Its cargo consists of 33 T-72 tanks, rocket

launchers and small arms. The ship is released in February after pirates claim they

have received a $3.2 million ransom payment.

3 Current Situation

3.1 Overview

The international community has struggled to deal with the piracy problem, and has made

appreciable progress. The United States, Russia and India, among other nations, have fielded

warships and Navy Special Forces teams to deal directly with pirates and pirate ships. Various

government entities in Somalia have also worked to stop piracy by attacking their bases on land.

The lack of success has also dried up the various sources of funding that pirates have been able

to secure for their operations.

Piracy in Somalia began as a result of the collapse of Somalia and the onset of foreign dumping

and illegal fishing. Because of the depletion of fishing stocks around the Somali coast, piracy

became a way for fishermen to not only replace their lost income but to also scare off intruders.

The success of the international community's war on piracy has depended heavily on military

intervention, but the rejuvenation of fish populations and the cooperation of Somali authorities

has proven to be equally as effective. While Somali piracy is on the decline, its complete


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elimination may not occur as long as Somalia remains a failed state.

3.2 Regions of Conflict

As of 2005, the pirate threat region mostly included the area closest to the Somali coast line. This

area, however, was adjacent to Yemen and Oman, which border Saudi Arabia. It also involved

the Gulf of Aden, where over 30,000 commercial ships pass. These include oil tankers as well as

other forms of commercial shipping. One out of every ten gallons of oil shipped in tankers, passes

through this region. Over the years, however, pirate attacks have spread far beyond the Somali

coast line, toward the Maldives islands and the Indian Ocean as of 2010.

3.3 Support from Somali Populace

Somali piracy has considerable support from the Somali populace. It has evolved from a defensive

reaction against illegal dumping and illegal fishing, to a criminal enterprise. Typical Somali pirate

attacks involve attacking commercial ships, taking hostages, and demanding high ransoms, often

in the millions of dollars. The attacks involve fishing trawlers which launch small attack boats,

known as skiffs, to seize larger cargo ships. Somali pirates are often armed with rocket-propelled

grenade launchers and assault rifles. Somali fishermen are typically the masterminds of the

operation, and they often have the help of former civil war militiamen. When confronted with a

modern naval force, pirates will throw their weapons overboard to eliminate evidence. This has

helped make it difficult to prosecute them in international courts of law. Pirates got their funding

from various sources, including from within Somali, but also from Yemen and other foreign

places. Pirate operations were so successful that they were receiving funding from local stock

exchanges, where investors would trade shares in pirate groups. Effectively this meant that they

were funding and speculating on the success of future pirate attacks. The profits from pirate

attacks rose to an estimate of well over $200 million as of 2010. The benefits of piracy to local

Somali communities have manifested in the form of business from pirates spending their money

at local businesses. In addition, pirate attacks have succeeded in fending off illegal foreign fishing

in some places, resulting in improved fishing harvests for local fishermen.

While only a small number of pirates do the actual hijacking, there are a large number of Somalis

that profit from the piracy. As such, there is an entire industry that revolves around piracy in

Somalia.

3.4 Fast Facts

3.4.1 Ransom and Hostages

Somali pirates do not seize a ship primarily for the value of the ship and its cargo. Piracy in

Somalia is focused on the value of the ship's crew as hostages, as they realize the cultural value

other countries place upon the life of the crew.


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While most pirate attacks do not result in the harming of the hostages that the pirates take, Somali

pirates are suspected in the killing of four Americans on board a yacht in 2010. Pirates killed a

Chinese sailor in 2007 when their ransom demands were not met. There have also been reported

incidents of torture, and the use of hostages as shields against defensive fire.

Somali pirates continue to hold the passengers and crews of hijacked vessels for ransom. As of

December 2010, there were almost 700 people being held as hostages by the pirates.

3.4.2 Weapons

The modern-day Somali pirates are well-armed. The Somali pirates are armed with rocket-

propelled grenades and heavy weapons. The Somali pirates also use modern communication

devices to coordinate attacks.

3.4.3 Lawlessness

The pirates of Somalia are operating in a lawless country. As of 2010, the country of Somalia had

not had a functioning government for 20 years.

3.4.4 Ships Hijacked

Somali pirates are still active. Somali pirates captured more vessels in 2010 than they did in 2009.

As of December 2010, more than 40 foreign-owned vessels were being held by Somali pirates.

3.4.5 Economy

The economy is booming in the Somali coastal region of Puntland where piracy flourishes. There

are expensive homes and cars being purchased with the money brought in from Somali pirates.

Restaurants specialize in feeding hostages taken by the Somali pirates. The ransom money

received by Somali pirates is spread around.

4 Causes and Analysis

Ban Ki-moon was quoted to have said at an UN-sponsored donors' conference that "Piracy is a

symptom of anarchy and insecurity on the ground", and that "More security on the ground will

make less piracy on the seas."

Somali President Sharif Ahmed pledged at the conference that he would fight piracy and to loud

applause said that "It is our duty to pursue these criminals not only on the high seas, but also on

terra firma".

The Somali government has not gone after pirates because pirate leaders currently have more

power than the government.

Experts estimate that in 2008 the pirates gained about $80 million through ransom payments.


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4.1 Military factors

Many countries fear that international cooperation would threaten its sovereignty. Furthermore,

the dispute about sovereignty and maritime resources exists amongst many adjacent coastal States.

Criminal jurisdiction over disputed waters is still unknown; cross-border crime control

mechanisms are inadequate.

Involved countries have not reached agreement on the united action to pirates and terrorism.

During the much heated debate of the drafting of UN Resolution 1816, France wanted the

agreement to apply to the fight against rampant piracy of all waters, but was opposed by Indonesia,

Vietnam and other countries. Indonesia worried that it could set precedence in foreign

interference of internal affairs.

Resolution 1816 eventually resulted in actions that are limited to Somalia and Somalia only; the

actions shall not be treated as customary international law.

4.2 Poverty

Somalia is one of the least developed countries in the world.

During the early 1970s, as a result of nationalization policy excesses and natural disasters, the

country suffered severe economic difficulties. Years of unending war brought endless disaster to

the Somali people. Due to the growing number of refugees, they could not live normally. With

soaring food prices, inflation, excessive drought and other natural disasters, the domestic crisis

exacerbated. Because of the domestic violence, the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations

don’t work. With the further deterioration of the security situation in Somalia, attacks against

United Nations staff and aid agency personnel occur frequently, most international aid agencies

in Somalia have been evacuated. Refugees are under the situation of the deprivation of food and

clothes. This resulted in more violence.

Piracy is simply a manifestation of such violence at sea. Such actions were supported by the

refugees and residents. Merely due to the support of the people, piracy near Somalia has become

ever more frequent and brutal.

4.3 Special geographic location

It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north,

the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenyato the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on the

continent's mainland and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. In addition,

the oil resources in this area are also rich. Therefore, the position of Somalia is vital and the

world's trade transport industry is suffering. Piracy has increased shipping insurance premiums


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along one of the world's most travelled routes, and damaged littoral economies by forcing the

diversion of vessels around the Cape of Good Hope. According to a report by the One Earth

Future Foundation, maritime piracy cost the international economy nearly US$7 billion in 2011

alone.

5 VI. Bloc positions

5.1 France

According to late bureaus, French international trading tankers, together with the French navy

force had had collisions with the Somalia pirates far more than other countries in the recent years.

Taking part in the Operation (code) Atlanta, France becomes an indispensable force in

antagonizing and withstanding the attacks of Somalia pirates on oil tankers, international

passenger liners and occasionally, military naval ships.

Underlining the importance of defense mechanisms on piracy in the Gulf of Aden in his speeches,

the president of The French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy proclaimed that French naval forces

would do their utmost in counteracting with piracy in Somalia.

Having already put Somalia pirates on trail for many times, starting in 2011, Somalia pirates

declared that they are absolutely irreconcilable with French Naval forces. Treating hostages

“fairly” that come from countries like China, they treat French hostages badly, fixating them on

board or even killing them. Their actions towards French hostages aroused even greater anger in

France.

Being one of the toughest and most unyielding forces dealing with the piracy in Somalia, French

ships passing the gulf are surely “not given a preferential treatment” by the pirates.

5.2 The United States of America

Being a superpower, America started to interfere with Somalia’s civil war in last one or two

decades, and they are still fighting with Somalia pirates, as a chief member of the NATO.

In this matter, the United States of America also works together with many other European and

non-European countries who are not a member of the NATO, such as the RFS (Russian Federation

ship), the RMN (Royal Malaysian Navy), the PLAN (People’s Liberation Army Navy) and the

Bhartiya Nau Sena (Indian naval army), though not as an ally.

As the largest and greatest naval force, America had its fifth fleet go to the expedition, guarding

the trade liners and at the same time withstanding attacks from the pirates.


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Albeit the Fifth Fleet commanded several cruisers and frigates, they were more than once taken

aback by the Somalia pirates.

Being the so-called world-police, America advocates the importance of strengthening of State

institutions, economic and social development, and respect for human rights within the border of

Somalia, which will definitely help in dealing with the Somalia pirates affairs.

5.3 Russian Federation

Russian naval force had become an integral part of the Anti-pirates naval forces in the Gulf of

Aden. Paying attention to the affairs of the Somalia pirates from the beginning, now the Russian

Federation dispatched Russian Navy Pacific Fleet, one of the biggest fleet in Russian Federation

ship, to the Somalia Sea and the Gulf of Aden. With a double-digit number of Cruisers and landing

ships, the Pacific Fleet becomes the integral part of the total force.

Juxtaposing Russian victims with that from other frequently trading countries, it is not hard to

find out that little or none Russian citizens were made hostages in the recent years, but albeit

Russian liners rarely pass through the gulf, Russian naval force are looking eager, trying to show

their “abilities” and forces on the sea.

5.4 People’s Republic of China

There are approximately 300 people held hostages currently in the hands of the Somalia pirates,

albeit the number fell from 700 at the highest point, 11 of the 300 are Chinese citizens, which

made the affair important in China.

Dispatching a destroyer, a cruiser and a supply ship, Chinese naval force started the investment

in buffeting with the Somalia Pirates.

Although the PLAN is working under the permission of the United Nations (as well as all the

other countries), they are facing lots of international pressures. In one aspect, for example, they

have to balance between the definition of “a Responsible Power” and the “Chinese threat theory”

which indicates that they’ll have to do what a responsible power should do, and not sticking their

nose into everything that will frame them as a “threat” to the superpower and those huge powers.

5.5 Republic of India

The Republic of India has a naval force that cannot be neglected; they have an ambition not only

to be the huge power in the Indian Sea, but also to become a considerable power in the Pacific

Ocean.

India dispatched a stealth frigate, INS Tabar to the Gulf of Aden, and hence became the first one


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to actually bombard a pirate ship. Although afterwards there were news reports that suggest that

they had but only bombarded a fishing ship from Thailand.

The Republic of India, though only a developing country, has amazing sea power, and in this

issue of antagonizing with Somalia Pirates, India wants to remind every huge power that India

now, has a sea power that cannot be neglected, and if the countries want to solve this problem,

they have to work together with India.

5.6 Japan

Suffered from the loss of World War II, Japan nominally has got no armies, except JMSDF (Japan

Maritime Self-Defense Force), which is restricted by the United Nations not to enter a war

actively, and not to attack anybody. Furthermore, because of the restrictions, the JMSDF is not

allowed to possess an aircraft carrier, therefore they only have the kind of semi-carrier called the

“Helicopter-destroyer”, yet they are still a huge naval force and a huge power.

Since the United Nations allowed countries to contribute in restricting the Somalia Pirates, Japan

dispatched its JMSDF to the Gulf of Aden, which is not defined as “attack”, and even set up a

base for two aircrafts. This started a precedent of the Self-defense Power who residents abroad

permanently.

Together with the shrinking of the American patrol territory, Japan started to enlarge their borders

of convoying, and tries to earn more profit in this movement.

5.7 Yemen

Being a country right beside the Gulf of Aden, opposite from the Somali Sea, Yemen suffered

from the Somalia pirates too. Furthermore, their biggest problem is that Yemen doesn’t have a

naval force of its own.

5.8 Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia being one of the biggest Oil-exporting countries in the Middle-East, exporting oil

by freighters and cargo ships through the Gulf of Aden and the Somali Sea is something that they

cannot avoid, and as they are doing so, Saudi Arabia’s oil cargo ships are continuously being

hijacked by the Somalia pirates. The Surprising and earth-shaking news came when ship Sirius

Star, carrying loads of oil (approximately 2,000,000 barrels of oil) was hijacked by the Somalia

pirates in 2008.

Since then, Saudi Arabia gave its full support on countries that are or are trying to confront the

Somalia pirates.


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6 Assignment

Delegates:

Please write a position paper regarding the Somali situation. Please explain your

country’s position on this issue, analyze past UN actions and provide a draft division

of the topic.

The assignment will be due no later than 20:00 February 5th, 2015.

Observers:

Please write your expectations for the conference, no less than 400 words.

Please send your assignment to: [email protected]

7 References

http://www.un.org/

https://www.cia.gov/index.html

http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/hijackings-cut-aid-access-south-somalia-lives-risk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/apr/11/somali-pirates-a-far-cry-from-buccaneers-

of-old/?page=1

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ecoterra-press-release-257-the-somalia-chronicle-june-

december-2009-no-70.html

http://www.mschoa.org/docs/public-documents/bmp4-low-res_sept_5_2011.pdf

http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/2978/Puntland_Marine_Police_Force_Enter_Eyl_

http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/09/us-oman-tanker-lanes-factbox-

idUSTRE7184SD20110209

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/you-are-being-lied-to-abo_b_155147.html

https://login.thetimes.co.uk/?gotoUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews


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%2Fworld%2F

http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/20/somalia-piracy-seafarers-

idUSLDE75J1KA20110620

http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/525348/-/13rtrgiz/-/index.html

http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/23/us-somalia-pirates-idUSL236175320080423

http://allafrica.com/stories/201301180240.html

http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/19/somalia.pirates/index.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7735507.stm

http://pr-canada.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92316&Itemid=61

http://www.counterpunch.org/2009/04/28/pirates-profits-and-propaganda/

http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=27114

http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/26/pirates-hijack-two-tankers-within-24-hours-off-

somali-shore/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CounterPunch

http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/01/31/somalia-pirates-adopt-troubling-new-

tactics.html

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