Heirloom-Hybrid-GMO

BillSnyderApril18,2017

O.S.U.E.MasterGardenerMahoningCountyClassof2017

HumanshaveintervenedinthereproducHonandgeneHcmakeupofplantssincethedawnofagriculture

Unnatural Monster Created by Humans!

Unnatural Monster Created by Humans!

Maize:aproductofar0ficialselec0on

Modern maize was derived fromteosinte. Teosinte kernels are Hny, andeachhasahuskthatmustberemovedtoget the kernel. The seeds are loose atmaturity, allowing dispersal, whichprobably made harvesHng difficult forearly farmers.Neolithic farmersselectedfor larger cob and kernel size aswell aspermanent aOachment of seeds to thecobandtheencasingoftheenHrecobbyatoughhusk.

Neolithic:10,200BC–2,000BC

Gregor Mendel 1822 - 1884

Mendelianfactorsortraitsarenowcalledgenes.

Mendelianfactorsortraitsarenowcalledgenes.Allelesaredifferentversionsofthesamegene.

A(dominant)vs.a(recessive) Eachtraitcarriestwocopiesofaunitofinheritance,one inheritedfromthemotherandtheotherfromthefather

AnindividualwithtwoidenHcalallelesistermedhomozygous.

AAoraaAnindividualwithtwodifferentalleles,istermedheterozygous.

AaGenotypereferstothespecificalleliccomposiHonofanindividual.

AAoraaorAaPhenotypereferstotheoutwardappearanceofanindividual.

greenoryellow roundorwrinkled

A

a

APunneOsquareisagridthatenablesonetopredicttheoutcomeofsimplegeneHccrosses.

Crosshomozygousmale(AA)withheterozygousfemale(Aa)

AA AA

Aa Aa

A A

A

a

(AA)

(Aa)

HeirloomorOpen-pollinated

Ifopen-pollinatedvarieHesself-pollinateorarecross-pollinatedbyotherplantsofthesamevariety,theysetseedwhichgrowsintoplantsthataresHllverysimilartotheparentplant,bearingsimilar fruit and seYng seeds that will produce more similarplants.Open-pollinatedvarieHesmaybe"heirlooms,"varieHesthathavebeenpasseddownfromonegeneraHonofgardenerstothenext,ortheymaybemorerecentselecHons.

Howexpertsdefineheirloomscanvary,buttypicallytheyareatleast50yearsold,ando]enarepre-WWIIvarieHes.InaddiHon,theytendtoremainstableintheircharacterisHcsfromoneyeartothenext.

OPENPOLLINATED&HEIRLOOMS:TheseplantsaregenerallythesamefromgeneraHontogeneraHon. Yousavetheseedandyou’llgetthesameplant.But,someHmesthereisgeneHcdri] (the seed produces a different kind of offspring). Thestrange plant can be removed to save the integrity of thevarietyORsavedifithasadesirabletraityouarelookingfor.

TrueBreedingParents

AA AA

AA AA

A A

A

A

(AA)

(AA)aa aa

aa aa

a a

a

a

(aa)

(aa)

HYBRIDS: A hybrid plant is the result of a specific cross of twoparentplantsbycontrolledpollinaHon–usuallybyhand.

FlowerStructure

Male FemaleorPis0l

(pollensac)

(eggs)IfaneggisferHlized,

theovuledevelopsintoaseed.

(protectsflowerbud)

(pollinatoraOrac0on)

AllSepals=CalyxAllPetals=Corolla

Aa Aa

Aa Aa

A A

a

a

(AA)

(aa)AA Aa

Aa aa

A a

A

a

(Aa)

(Aa)

HYBRIDS: A hybrid plant is the result of a specific cross of twoparentplantsbycontrolledpollinaHon–usuallybyhand.Thisprocesshasbeendoneforcenturiesbygardeners.Theextravitality gained in hybrid plants is calledhybrid vigor. The seedsfromhybridplantswill not produce seedswhichwill grow intothesamevariety.

HybridorF1(HybridVigor)

Aandaarealleles(Adominant;arecessive)

GENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISM0RGMO’s:TheseplantsaredevelopedbytakingagenefromoneplantandinserHngthisgeneintoanotherplanttogetadesirabletrait.GMOseedsarenotavailableforhomegardens.

Gene0cEngineering:thedeliberatemodificaHonofthecharacterisHcsofanorganismbymanipulaHngitsgeneHcmaterial.

AGene0callyModifiedOrganism(GMO)istheresultofGeneHcEngineering.

DNACodesforProtein

CookingAnalogy

GeneHcEngineering

TradiHonalBreeding

DNAExtracHonDNAextracHonisthefirststepinthegeneHcengineeringprocess.InordertoworkwithDNA,scienHstsmustextractitfromthedesiredorganism.AsampleofanorganismcontainingthegeneofinterestistakenthroughaseriesofstepstoremovetheDNA.

Break down the cell wall and membranes

Centrifuge to separate the solids from the dissolved DNA

Precipitate the DNA using isopropanol

Wash the DNA pellet with Ethanol and dry the pellet

Dissolve DNA

Centrifuge to separate the DNA from the dissolved salts and sugars

GeneCloningDuringDNAextracHon,alloftheDNAfromtheorganismisextractedatonce.ScienHstsusegenecloningtoseparatethesinglegeneofinterestfromtherestofthegenesextractedandmakethousandsofcopiesofitusingthePCRtechnique.

GeneDesignOnceagenehasbeencloned,geneHcengineersbeginthethirdstep,designingthegenetoworkonceinsideadifferentorganism.ThisisdoneinatesttubebycuYngthegeneapartwithenzymesandreplacinggeneregionsthathavebeenseparated.

TransformaHonThenewgeneisinsertedintosomeofthecellsusingvarioustechniques.Someofthemorecommonmethodsincludethegenegunandagrobacterium.Themaingoalofeachofthesemethodsistotransportthenewgene(s)anddeliverthemintothenucleusofacellwithoutkillingit.

Agenegunorabiolis0cpar0cledeliverysystem,originallydesignedforplanttransformaHon,isadevicefordeliveringexogenousDNA(transgenes)tocells.ThepayloadisanelementalparHcleofaheavymetalcoatedwithDNA(typicallyplasmidDNA).Thistechniqueiso]ensimplyreferredtoasbiolis0cs.

BackcrossBreedingThefi]handfinalpartofproducingageneHcallyengineeredcropisbackcrossbreeding.TransgenicplantsarecrossedwithelitebreedinglinesusingtradiHonalplantbreedingmethodstocombinethedesiredtraitsofeliteparentsandthetransgeneintoasingleline.Theoffspringarerepeatedlycrossedbacktotheelitelinetoobtainahighyieldingtransgenicline.TheresultwillbeaplantwithayieldpotenHalclosetocurrenthybridsthatexpressesthetraitencodedbythenewtransgene.

Thisprocessofcrossingbacktotheeliteline(backcrossing)isrepeatedunHltheoffspringhas99+%elitegenesandthetransgene.

ControversiesBacterialplasmidsusedingenecloningnaturallycontaingenesthatencodesomeformofanHbioHcresistance.Asaresultofthegenecloningprocess,theclonedgenesthatareputintoplantcellstomakeatransgenicplantmayalsohaveananHbioHcresistancegene.TheanHbioHcresistancetraitiso]enusedtohelpscienHstsdeterminewhichbacteriahavebeentransformed.ThosethathaveanHbioHcresistancehavebeentransformedandarekept.SomecriHcsofgeneHcengineeringclaimthatthepotenHalriskofprovidinganopportunityfororganismsinnaturetogainanHbioHcresistancebytakinguptheplasmidoutweighsthepotenHalbenefitsofthistechnology.

GMOExamples

HtSoybeans

HtCoOon

HtCorn

BtCoOon

BtCorn

Bt=Insect-resistantcropscontainingthegenefromthesoilbacteriumBt(Bacillusthuringiensis).BtGMcropsareprotectedspecificallyagainstEuropeancornborer,southwesterncornborer,coOonbollworm,etc.

Ht=Herbicide-tolerant(HT)crops,developedtosurviveapplicaHonofspecificherbicidesthatpreviouslywouldhavedestroyedthecropalongwiththetargetedweeds(RoundupResistant).

RoundupResistance

EPSPSynthase

Tryptophan Tyrosine Phenylalanine

Glyphosate

AversionoftheenzymethatbothwasresistanttoglyphosateandthatwassHllefficientenoughtodriveadequateplantgrowthwasidenHfiedbyMonsantoscienHstsa]ermuchtrialanderrorinanAgrobacteriumstraincalledCP4,whichwasfoundsurvivinginawaste-fedcolumnataglyphosateproducHonfacility;thisversionofenzyme,CP4EPSPS,istheonethathasbeenengineeredintoseveralgeneHcallymodifiedcrops.

EPSPSynthase

EPSPSynthase

GMOPotatoUSDA Approves GeneHcally ModifiedPotatoes That Can Resist Late BlightJRSimplot,amassiveIdaho-basedagriculturalcompanyprobablybestknownasthebiggestsupplierofMcDonald’sfrenchfries.

Aside:McDonald’shaspledgednottousetheInnatelineofpotatoes,noranyotherGMOpotato.

Simplot’s“Innate”lineofGMOpotatoesisagroupofpotatovarieHesthathavehadthesamegeneHcalteraHonsappliedusingthesameprocess.FivedifferentpotatovarieHeshavebeentransformed,creaHng"innate"versionsofthevarieHes,withalloftheoriginaltraits,plustheengineeredones.

TomaketheInnatepotatoesresistancetoblight,SimplotinsertedgenestakenfromanunnamedArgenHnianpotatothat’snaturallyresistanttoblightintothepreviousInnatepotato.

Innatepotatoes-modifiedtoreducebruising/browningandtoreduceasparagine,achemicalinpotatoesthat,whenexposedtoheatandoil(asinthefryingprocess),cancreateaprobablecarcinogeniccompound.

Innate®Gen2Varie0esApprovedbyEPA,FDAMarch1,2017ThreeInnate®“Gen2”varieHescannowbegrownandsoldintheUnitedStates.InnateAtlanHc(Hibernate),InnateBurbank(Glaciate)andInnateRanger(Acclimate)varieHesprovidefoliarlateblightprotecHon,providinggrowerswiththeabilitytosprayuptohalftheamountoflateblightfungicide.AddiHonally,thesevarieHeswillproduce90%lessacrylamide,reducedbruisingandhavetheabilitytostorecoldwithoutaccumulaHnghighsugarcontent.ErikGonring,IndustryAffairs&SustainabilityManageratSimplotPlantSciencesstated,“WeareconHnuingtopursueapprovalsininternaHonalmarkets,andrecentlylearnedthatAustralia/NewZealandhavegrantedapprovalforGen1InnateRussetBurbank(Cul7vate)andthatJapanisalsoontrackforRussetBurbankapprovallaterthissummer.”TheapprovalbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtecHonAgencyandtheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministraHonlatelastweekgivesIdaho-basedJ.R.SimplotCompanypermissiontoplantthepotatoesthisspringandselltheminthefall.