heinrich event 4 characterized by terrestrial proxies in … · appearance of ird (iceberg rafted...

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Heinrich event 4 characterized by terrestrial proxies insouthwestern Europe

J. M. L opez-Garcıa1, H.-A. Blain2,3, M. Bennasar2,3, M. Sanz4, and J. Daura4

1Gruppo di Ricerca di Paleobiologia e Preistoria. Dipartamento di Studi Umanistici,Universita degli Studi di Ferrara. C.so Ercole 1 d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy2IPHES, Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio Social, C/Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain3Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain4Grup de Recerca del Quaternari, SERP, Dept. Prehistoria, H. Antiga i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Montalegre,6, 08001 Barcelona, Spain

Correspondence to:J. M. Lopez-Garcıa ([email protected])

Received: 13 December 2012 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 4 February 2013Revised: 15 April 2013 – Accepted: 15 April 2013 – Published: 7 May 2013

Abstract. Heinrich event 4 (H4) is well documented in theNorth Atlantic Ocean as a cooling event that occurred be-tween 39 and 40 Ka. Deep-sea cores around the IberianPeninsula coastline have been analysed to characterize theH4 event, but there are no data on the terrestrial responseto this event. Here we present for the first time an analy-sis of terrestrial proxies for characterizing the H4 event, us-ing the small-vertebrate assemblage (comprising small mam-mals, squamates and amphibians) from Terrassa Riera delsCanyars, an archaeo-palaeontological deposit located on theseaboard of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. This assem-blage shows that the H4 event is characterized in northeasternIberia by harsher and drier terrestrial conditions than today.Our results were compared with other proxies such as pollen,charcoal, phytolith, avifauna and large-mammal data avail-able for this site, as well as with the general H4 event fluc-tuations and with other sites where H4 and the previous andsubsequent Heinrich events (H5 and H3) have been detectedin the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of the IberianPeninsula. We conclude that the terrestrial proxies follow thesame patterns as the climatic and environmental conditionsdetected by the deep-sea cores at the Iberian margins.

1 Introduction

The Heinrich events have been generally defined, accord-ing to Cayre et al. (1999), by a decrease inδ18O, peaks inmagnetic susceptibility, an increase in the proportion of theforaminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, as well as theappearance of IRD (iceberg rafted detritus). Of these events,Heinrich event 4 (H4), which occurred ca. 39–40 Ka, is oneof the most abrupt climate cooling episodes, well recordedin sediment cores throughout the North Atlantic Ocean andthe adjacent continents (Roche et al., 2004; Sepulchre et al.,2007). Deep-sea cores around the Iberian Peninsula coastlinehave been analysed to characterize the Heinrich event fluctu-ations (Cacho et al., 1999; Sanchez-Goni et al., 2002; Sierroet al., 2005; Naughton et al., 2009, among others). Takinginto account the recent data provided by these deep-sea coreanalyses, the H4 event can be characterized at the Iberianmargins, according to Naughton et al. (2009), by two mainphases: (1) a first phase marked by relatively wet and verycold atmospheric conditions; and (2) a second phase markedby an extreme continental dryness and cooler conditions. Ac-cording to Sanchez-Goni et al. (2002), moreover, there aredifferences between the data obtained by the deep-sea coresfor the H4 event at the Mediterranean and the Atlantic mar-gins of the Iberian Peninsula, the H4 event being more hu-mid at the Atlantic than the Mediterranean margin. Further-more, simulation models and pollen extrapolations from thedeep-sea cores have been undertaken in order to observe the

Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

1054 J. M. Lopez-Garcıa et al.: Heinrich event 4 characterized by terrestrial proxies in southwestern Europe

Fig. 1. Location of the sites mentioned in text in the Iberian Penin-sula, including Canyars (Terrasses de la Riera dels Canyars).

terrestrial response to the H4 event in the Iberian Peninsula(Sanchez-Goni et al., 2002; Sepulchre et al., 2007; Naughtonet al., 2009; Fletcher and Sanchez-Goni, 2008; Fletcher etal., 2010; Bout-Roumazille et al., 2007; Combourieu Neboutet al., 2002, among many others). Here we present for thefirst time a characterization of the environment and climateof the H4 event based on the small-vertebrate assemblageof the Terrasses de la Riera dels Canyars (henceforth, Can-yars). Our results are compared with the pollen, charcoal,phytolith, avifauna and large-mammal data obtained for thissite (Daura et al., 2013), as well as with the general H4 eventfluctuations to see whether the phases detected by Naughtonet al. (2009) can be observed for the Canyars data. They arealso compared with data from other sites where H4 and theprevious and subsequent Heinrich events (H5 and H3) havebeen detected in the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions ofthe Iberian Peninsula, to observe whether or not the terres-trial proxies follow the same patterns as the climatic and en-vironmental conditions detected by the deep-sea cores at theIberian margins.

2 Site description and chronology

Canyars is a fluvial deposit located in the town of Gava, some20 km to the west of Barcelona, in Vall de la Sentiu, one ofthe creeks originating at the foot of the Garraf Massif thatflows into the beaches of the Mediterranean seaboard. Thesite was discovered in 2005 (Daura and Sanz, 2009; Daura etal., 2013) by an amateur archaeologist (C. Valls) and com-pletely excavated by the Grup de Recerca del Quaternarifrom June to November 2007.

Nowadays, Canyars is located in an abandoned gravel-pit that remained active until the 1960s. Pleistocene fossilsfrom the same area were already known. The first discoveryfrom Vall de la Sentiu was an Upper Pleistocene palaeonto-

Fig. 2. Plot of the Canyars14C dates, calibrated with the Intcal09curve (Reimer et al., 2009) and compared with the North Green-land Ice Core Project (NGRIP)δ18O ice-core record of Svenssonet al. (2006) and Andersen et al. (2005), showing GI interestadialsand Heinrich Event 4 according to Svensson et al. (2008) (preparedusing OxCal vs. 4.1.7; Bronk Ramsey, 2009).

logical collection from an emplacement that is not knownprecisely (Villalta, 1953); another corresponds to an iso-lated proboscidean remains (cf.Mammuthus) from a differ-ent gravel-pit 700 m from Canyars (Daura and Sanz, 2009).Other palaeontological remains from adjacent valleys havebeen recovered in the course of archaeological survey exca-vations; Riera de Sant Llorenc has provided large-mammalremains, mainlyMammuthus, CoelodontaandEquus(Dauraet al., 2013).

Canyars is located at the confluence of two creeks, Ri-era dels Canyars and Riera de Can Llong. The former isthe main stream, and its distal part probably consisted of afloodplain crossed by channels, nowadays modified by farm-ing activity (Daura et al., 2013). A total of 9 lithologicalunits have been described, consisting of a poorly sorted andcoarse-grained complex of gradational and incised fluvial de-posits. Palaeontological remains come from the only archae-ological unit (MLU, Middle Lutitic Unit), consisting of mud-supported gravel filling a well-defined palaeochannel (LDU,Lower Detritical Unit).

Several charcoal samples were collected for radiocar-bon dating, with a14C dating result of∼ 34.6 14C (∼ 39.6cal.) Ka (overall mean age estimate from four radiocarbondatings by Daura et al., 2013) (Table 1; Fig. 2).

3 Material and methods

3.1 Small-vertebrate sorting and palaeontological study

The small-vertebrate fossil remains used for this study con-sist mainly of disarticulated bone fragments and isolatedteeth collected by dry and water screening. All the sedi-ment was dry-screened using superimposed 5 and 0.5 mm

Clim. Past, 9, 1053–1064, 2013 www.clim-past.net/9/1053/2013/

J. M. L opez-Garcıa et al.: Heinrich event 4 characterized by terrestrial proxies in southwestern Europe 1055

Table 1. Radiocarbon dates from Canyars. Ages (BP, before present) are calibrated with the OxCal 4.1.7 software (Bronk Ramsey, 1995)using the IntCal09 curve (Reimer et al., 2009).

Site Inventory Material Lab# Pre-treatment δ13C AgeBP calBP(2

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TC07-I-L24-MCV Charcoal Beta273965 ABA −23.5 ‰ 33 800± 350 37 405–39 720(Pinus sylvestristype)

TC07-I-L25-MCV Charcoal OxA-23643 ABA −23.0 ‰ 34 540± 330 38 756–40 516(Pinus sylvestristype) OxA-2416-44 ABOx-SC −22.89 ‰ 34 980± 350 39 048–41 004

TC07-I-L25-MCV Charcoal OxA-23644 ABA −23.35 ‰ 34 810± 360 38 904–40 849(Pinus sylvestristype) OxA-24057 ABOx-SC −22.77 ‰ 34 900± 340 38 993–40 916

mesh screens during fieldwork, and∼ 500 kg of the sam-ple was water-sieved (1.5–0.5 mm) in the La Guixera labora-tory (Castelldefels, Barcelona). The fossils were processed,sorted and classified at the Institut de Paleoecologia Humanay Evolucio Social of the University Rovira i Virgili (Tarrag-ona, Spain). The assemblage includes a total of 362 frag-ments, 182 of which were identified to genus or species leveland correspond to a minimum number of 26 small verte-brates, representing at least 15 taxa (Table 2; Figs. 3, 4). Thefragments were identified following the general criteria givenby Furio (2007) for insectivores, Van der Meulen (1973) andCuenca-Bescos et al. (2010) for rodents, and Bailon (1999),Sanchiz et al. (2002), Blain (2005, 2009) and Szynd-lar (1984) for the herpetofauna. The specific attribution ofthis material rests principally on the best diagnostic elements:humerus, ilium, scapula and sacrum for anurans; jaws andvertebrae for lizards, vertebrae for snakes; mandible, max-illa and isolated teeth for shrews; isolated teeth and humerusfor Talpidae; first lower molars for Arvicolinae; and isolatedteeth forApodemus sylvaticusandEliomys quercinus. More-over, the fossils were grouped using the minimum-number-of-individuals (MNI) method, by means of which we deter-mined the sample (i.e. from each level) by counting the bestdiagnostic elements, taking into account, whenever possible,laterality and (for amphibians) sex.

3.2 Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction

In order to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment at Canyars, weuse the method of habitat weightings (see Evans et al., 1981;Andrews, 2006), distributing each small-vertebrate taxon inthe habitat(s) where it can be found at present in the IberianPeninsula. Habitats are divided into five types (in accor-dance with Cuenca-Bescos et al., 2005, 2009; Blain et al.,2008; Rodriguez et al., 2011; Lopez-Garcıa et al., 2010a,2011a). These types are detailed as follows (Table 2): opendry: meadows under seasonal climate change; open hu-mid: evergreen meadows with dense pastures and suitabletopsoil; woodland: mature forest including woodland mar-gins and forest patches, with moderate ground cover; wa-ter: areas along streams, lakes and ponds; rocky: areaswith a suitable rocky or stony substratum. The “Ch1&Ch2”

Fig. 3. Some small mammals from Canyars. A: first left lower mo-lar (m1) Microtus (Terricola) duodecimcostatus(occlusal view);B: m1 left Microtus (Iberomys) cabrerae(occlusal view); C: m1right Microtus agrestis(occlusal view); D: m1 rightMicrotus ar-valis (occlusal view); E: m1 rightApodemus sylvaticus(occlusalview); F: m1 rightEliomys quercinus(occlusal view); G: third leftlower molar (m3)Talpa europaea(occlusal and labial views); H:left mandible (m2-m3)Crocidurasp. Scale 1 mm.

(chorotype) and “Ch3” data were obtained from the percent-age representation of the MNI by classifying our taxa accord-ing to chorotypes established previously by Sans-Fuentesand Ventura (2000) and Lopez-Garcıa et al. (2010b). Thesechorotypes are detailed as follows (Table 2): chorotype 1: in-cludes species with mid-European requirements, with meansummer temperatures lower than 20◦C, mean annual tem-peratures (MAT) between 10 and 12◦C and mean annualprecipitation (MAP) higher than 800 mm; chorotype 2: in-cludes mid-European species tolerant of Mediterranean con-ditions, with a broader distribution in Catalonia than thoseof chorotype 1, with MAP higher than 600 mm; chorotype

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Table 2.Representation of the number of identified specimens (NISP), the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and the percentage of theMNI (%) for the small vertebrates from Canyars, and the small-vertebrate distribution by habitat and by chorotype. OD, open dry; OH, openhumid; Wo, woodland/woodland-edge; Ro, rocky; Wa, water; Ch1, chorotype 1; Ch2, chorotype 2; Ch3, chorotype 3; (g), generalist; (m),Mediterranean requirements; indet., indeterminate. x represents the relationship between chorotypes and taxa.

NISP MNI % OD OH Wo Ro Wa Ch1 Ch2 Ch3

Pelodytes punctatus 24 4 15.38 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 x (g)Bufocf. bufo 3 1 3.85 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 x (g)Bufo calamita 97 5 19.23 0.75 0.25 x (g)Lacertidae indet. 6 2 7.69Anguis fragilis 5 1 3.85 0.25 0.75 xCoronella cf. austriaca 6 1 3.85 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 xViperasp. 8 1 3.85 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 x (m)Ophidia indet. 12 –Talpa europaea 1 1 3.85 0.5 0.5 xCrocidurasp. 1 1 3.85 0.5 0.5 x (m)Microtus arvalis 3 2 7.69 0.5 0.5 xMicrotus agrestis 2 1 3.85 0.5 0.5 xM. (Terricola) duodecimcostatus 2 1 3.85 0.5 0.5 x (m)M. (Iberomys) cabrerae 1 1 3.85 0.5 0.5 x (m)Apodemus sylvaticus 9 3 11.54 1 x (g)Eliomys quercinus 2 1 3.85 0.5 0.5 x (g)

Total 182 26 100

3: includes non-strictly Mediterranean species and strictlyMediterranean species, with a broad distribution in Cataloniaand without very strict requirements.

3.3 Palaeoclimatic reconstruction

Climatically, the Iberian Peninsula may be considered aminicontinent due to its large latitudinal range (between theparallels of 36◦ and 44◦ N), its geographical position be-tween Atlantic (temperate–cold) and African–Mediterranean(temperate–warm or subtropical) influences, and its complexorography. The Iberian Peninsula is one of the most moun-tainous areas in Europe, and these mountains play a majorrole in the characterization of its climatic diversity. Climaticconditions may change abruptly over a few hundred kilo-metres, from the mildness of the seashore to the harshnessof coastal mountain summits, resulting in a great variety ofclimates (Font-Tullot, 2000). The Iberian Peninsula is a re-stricted area with a wide variety of species, many endemicspecies and with many species linked to a variety of climaticrequirements (Palomo and Gisbert, 2005). As a result, tax-onomic composition of the assemblage allows us to evalu-ate the climatic conditions. In order to assess palaeoclimaticdata in Canyars, we evaluated the current distribution of allthe taxa found there, permitting us to calculate the potentialpalaeoclimatic conditions at the site (mutual climatic rangemethod, MCR, in accordance with Blain et al., 2009; Lopez-Garcıa et al., 2010). The method consists of ascertainingthe current distribution area of the faunal association understudy. This is done by superimposing the maps from atlases

of current distribution, divided into 10 km× 10 km UTM(Universal Transverse Mercator) squares (Palombo and Gis-bert, 2005; Pleguezuelos et al., 2004). The resulting inter-section will indicate an area with climate conditions simi-lar to those of the association under study. Careful attentionis paid to ensure that the real current distribution of eachspecies corresponds to its potential ecological/climatic dis-tribution and has not been strongly affected by other limit-ing or perturbing parameters such as urban development, thehuman impact on the landscape, predation, or competitionwith other species, etc. Several climatic factors are estimatedbased on this intersection: the mean annual temperature, themean temperature of the coldest month (MTC), the meantemperature of the warmest month (MTW), the mean annualprecipitation, the mean precipitation for summer (June, Julyand August, JJA) and the mean precipitation for winter (De-cember, January and February, DJF), using various climaticmaps of Spain (Font-Tullot, 2000) and data provided by thenetwork of Catalonian meteorological research stations overa period of 30 yr. We can estimate the climatic parametersand compare them with the weather station at Barcelona Air-port located about 15 km north of the site (current data fromFont-Tullot, 2000). Barcelona Airport has a MAT of 15.6◦C(weather station at 6 m a.s.l.); the mean annual precipitationis 659 mm; the mean temperature of the coldest month is8.8◦C; and the mean temperature of the warmest month is23◦C (Font-Tullot, 2000).



Fig. 4. Some amphibians and squamates from Canyars. 1–4,Pelodytes punctatus. 1: left ilium, lateral view; 2: atlas, anteriorview; 3: right humerus of female, ventral view; 4: radioulna, lateralview; 5,Bubocf. bufo, left humerus of female, ventral view; 6–10,Bufo calamita. 6: sphenethmoid, dorsal and anterior views; 7: rightilium, lateral view; 8: right scapula, posterior and dorsal views; 9:right humerus of female, ventral view; 10: tibiofibula, dorsal view;11, Lacertidae indet., left dentary, medial view; 12,Anguis fragilis,trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and left lateral views; 13,Coronellacf. austriaca, trunk vertebra, ventral and posterior views; 14,Viperasp., trunk vertebra, right lateral and posterior views. All scales equal2 mm.

4 Results

4.1 Small-vertebrate taphonomic remarks

A total of 362 elements from Canyars have been studied inour taphonomic analysis; 57 % of the remains are from ro-dents or insectivores, and the remaining 43 % belong to am-phibians and reptiles. The taphonomic study of the microver-tebrate fossils is based on a descriptive-systematic methodthat analyses the modifications produced by predation (An-drews, 1990). The surface alterations present on the mi-crovertebrate remains are thus noted and described, makingit possible to identify and recognize the effects of predators.To this end, the anatomical representation, the fragmentationand the digestion marks on the remains are analysed, and theresults are compared with those obtained by studying modernpellets from well-known predators.

Alterations caused by digestion were found in most ofthe small mammals (Fig. 5) and in 3.2 % of the amphib-ians and reptiles (P. punctatus, B. calamitaandA. fragilis).The high percentage of small-mammal incisors, molars andpostcranial elements showing digestion marks (Fig. 5) andthe degree of alteration point to the presence of a category 3predator, which includes several avian predators (Andrews,

Fig. 5.Percentages of small-mammal elements from Canyars show-ing different degrees of digestion. We identify 4 degrees of di-gestion, from light to extreme, following the method of An-drews (1990) for incisors and molars, and the method of Fernandez-Jalvo (1992) for postcranial elements. There are some elements thatcould not be classified to their degree of digestion, because theywere not digested. There are the 27.8 % of molars, the 42.7 % ofincisors and the 63.4 % of postcranial elements.

1990), such asFalco tinnunculus. This indicates that the ac-cumulation is associated with predation, although in the caseof the amphibians, in particularP. punctatusand above allB. calamita, in situ mortality cannot be ruled out given theNISP / MNI ratio, which is considerably higher than in theother anurans and the reptiles.

The common kestrel (F. tinnunculus) is a diurnal bird ofprey with a moderately selective diet, which is generallybased on small mammals (by choice mice, microtines andshrews), although it also consumes passeriform birds, in-sects, reptiles and amphibians (Andrews, 1990; Gil-Delgadoet al., 1995). Predation onA. fragilis, certain lacertidsand vipers byF. tinnunculushas been well documented(Elosegui, 1973; Brana, 1984; Salvador, 1997). Althoughthere is no recorded predation ofC. austriacaby F. tinnun-culus, it is well established that it may form the prey of cer-tain diurnal birds (Salvador, 1997). As for anurans, the factthat they are largely nocturnal in habit (except during thereproductive season) makes them infrequent prey for diur-nal raptors (Garcıa-Parıs et al., 2004), although the predationof Falco naumannion P. punctatushas been documented(Martın and Lopez, 1990). As for its habitat,F. tinnuncu-lus can be found on cliffs, steppe land, scrubland and open,sparse woodland. In general, it avoids densely forested areasand requires open spaces for hunting.

The above considerations lead us to infer on the one handthat the taxa identified in this study might reflect the existentpast community of microvertebrates, though this should betaken with caution given the diurnal and moderately selec-tive habits ofF. tinnunculus. On the other hand, the probableaccumulation of small mammals byF. tinnunculussuggests



Table 3. Percentage representations of alterations caused by post-depositional agents in Canyars microvertebrates.

Alterations caused bypostdepositional agents

Manganese oxide 54Root grooves 10.3Abrasion 5.3Chemical corrosion 4Fissures 2.5Concretions 0.7Calcium carbonate 0.7Weathering 0.3

that open or semi-open palaeoecological conditions prevailedin the area around Canyars.

As for postdepositional alterations, Canyars exhibits a pre-dominance of light manganese oxide precipitations and alter-ations caused by roots (Table 3), thus would indicate a pre-dominantly humid fossilization microenvironment. Further-more, marks caused by trampling on small-mammal bonesurfaces have been recorded, suggesting a postdeposicionalsediment abrasion. Alterations caused by weathering, as wellas other forms of alteration associated with changes in hu-midity and desiccation (fissures and concretions) are presentin low percentages.

4.2 Small-vertebrate assemblage from Canyars

The small vertebrates of Canyars comprise at least 15 species(Table 2; Figs. 3, 4): 3 amphibians (Pelodytes punctatus, Bufocf. bufoandBufo calamita); 4 squamates (Lacertidae indet.,Anguis fragilis, Coronella cf. austriaca andViperasp.); 2insectivores (Talpa europaeaandCrocidura sp.); and 6 ro-dents (Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, M. (Terricola) duodec-imcostatus, M. (Iberomys) cabrerae, Apodemus sylvaticusandEliomys quercinus).

The small-mammal assemblage at Canyars is character-ized by the abundance ofApodemus sylvaticusandMicrotusarvalis. Mediterranean taxa, such asMicrotus (Iberomys)cabrerae and Microtus (Terricola) duodecimcostatus, andmid-European taxa, such asMicrotus arvalis, Microtusagrestisand Talpa europaea, are equally well represented.From a quantitative point of view, the wood mouse (Apode-mus sylvaticus) and the common vole (Microtus arvalis) arehighly represented at Canyars, often accounting for morethan 40 % of the total sample. Among the fossil materialanalysed here,A. sylvaticuscorresponds to 27.3 % andM.arvalis corresponds to 18.2 % of the total sample. The pres-ence ofA. sylvaticusat late Pleistocene sites is common,but such abundance is rare in late Pleistocene cave localities(see for example Sese, 1994, 2005; Pokines, 1998; Cuenca-Bescos et al., 2008, 2009; and Lopez-Garcıa, 2008; Lopez-Garcıa et al., 2011b, 2012a, b), because during these gener-

ally cold periods the dominant species, such asM. arvalisor M. agrestis, are normally associated with open environ-ments, replacingA. sylvaticus. Today, however,A. sylvaticusis a very abundant species throughout Spain. It is a gener-alist species, but its greatest abundance is currently reportedto be in the woodland-edge/woodland habitats (Palomo andGisbert, 2005). On the other hand, the abundance ofM. ar-valis is relatively common in late Pleistocene cave locali-ties (Pokines, 1998; Sese, 1994, 2005; Cuenca-Bescos et al.,2008, 2009; Lopez-Garcıa, 2008; Lopez-Garcıa et al., 2010a,2011a), and today it is a very abundant species in central andnorthern Spain.M. arvalis is currently reported to be morefrequent in open lands, and common in relatively dry regionsof Spain (Palomo and Gisbert, 2005).

However, apart fromCrocidura sp., M. (Terricola)duodecimcostatus, Apodemus sylvaticusandEliomys querci-nus, none of the taxa represented at Canyars is currentlyfound in the vicinity of the site. Nowadays, 13 small-mammal species live on this part of the Catalonian coast,among them insectivores and rodents (Vigo, 2002). Includingthe species introduced in historical times (such asAtelerix,Suncus, RattusandMus), the Canyars small-mammal assem-blage represents 61.5 % of the current small-mammal faunaof the Catalan coast in terms of species number.

As far as amphibians and squamates are concerned, thefossils from Canyars only document 30.4 % of the current di-versity of the Garraf area: 37.5 % of the anurans and 26.7 %of the squamates (modern data from Montori, 1996; Llorenteet al., 1995; Rivera et al., 2011). As said above, the repre-sentation of the current herpetofauna may be because theaccumulation could be produced by a diurnal bird of cate-gory 3 (F. tinnunculus), but natural death is not excluded insome cases forP. punctatusand B. calamita. All the taxarepresented as fossils in the locality, exceptC. austriacaandVipera, are well represented today in the Garraf area (Mon-tori, 1996). The scarcity ofVipera today may be linked withthe increasing urbanization of the landscape, whereasC. aus-triaca is currently absent from the Catalan seashore follow-ing a postglacial regression (Llorente et al., 1995; Rivera etal., 2011). It is interesting to note here thatC. austriacaisfound today in Catalonian mountain regions (Eurosiberianhabitats or humid mountain areas; Rivera et al., 2011), whereMAT is lower than 11◦C and MAP higher than 700–800 mm(Llorente et al., 1995). Although mention of the genusCoro-nella is not rare in the Catalonian Pleistocene fossil record,C. austriacahas only been cited in the southern part of itscurrent distribution in the late Pleistocene (ca. 90–30 Ka)of Teixoneres cave (Moia, Barcelona; Lopez-Garcıa et al.,2012b).

4.3 Palaeoenvironmental and Palaeoclimaticreconstruction

The resulting intersection for Canyars suggests a mean an-nual temperature lower than at present (−5.2◦C) and a



Fig. 6. (A): small-vertebrate association by habitat.(B): small-vertebrate association by chorotype. Data have been taken from thepercentage of the minimum number of individuals.

mean annual precipitation slightly higher than at present(+99 mm). The mean temperature of the coldest month islower than the current mean (−6.1◦C), and for the warmestmonth it is also lower (−4.5◦ C). The mean winter precipi-tation (DJF) is higher (+55 mm), and the mean summer pre-cipitation (JJA) is lower (−29 mm) than at present (Table 4).These data suggest lower temperatures and slightly higherprecipitation than at present for the H4 event in northeast-ern Iberia. Such data are well supported by the presence oftaxa such asC. austriaca at Canyars, which, as pointed outabove, currently lives in mountain areas where MAT is lowerthan 11◦C and MAP higher than 700–800 mm (Llorente etal., 1995).

Otherwise, the small-vertebrate assemblage for Canyarsindicates an open dry environment (33 %) (Fig. 6), given thepresence of the speciesPelodytes punctatus, Bufo calamita,Vipera sp., Crocidura sp. andMicrotus arvalis. It furthersuggests a landscape alternating between dry meadowlandand Mediterranean-type woodland. The species associatedwith “woodland” habitats represent 44 % of the total asso-ciation (Fig. 6), mainly composed ofB. cf. bufo, Anguisfragilis, Apodemus sylvaticusandEliomys quercinus. Thereis also a low percentage representation of species associated

Table 4. Relation of temperature and precipitation for Canyars.MAT, mean annual temperatures; MTC, mean temperature of cold-est month; MTW, ,mean temperature of warmest month; MAP,mean annual precipitation; DJF, mean winter precipitation; JJA,mean summer precipitation;n, number of intersection points; Max,maximum of values obtained; Min, minimum of values obtained;Mean, mean of values obtained; SD, standard deviation of valuesobtained. Current values have been obtained from the BarcelonaAirport meteorological station (data from Font-Tullot, 2000).

Currentn mean Max Min sd Values

MAT 46 10.11 13.00 6.00 1.75 15.6MTC 46 2.72 9.00 0.00 1.59 8.8MTW 46 18.50 22.00 16.00 1.35 23MAP 46 757.6 1200 450 177 659DJF 46 175.2 256 95 40 129JJA 46 96.96 197 71 37 138

with open humid meadows (13 %) and water streams (4 %)(Fig. 6), suggesting the existence of stable watercourses inthe vicinity of the site, with riverbanks with loose soilsfavourable for digging species such asA. fragilis, Bufo cf.bufo, C. cf. austriacaandTalpa europaea.

Finally, the small-vertebrate assemblage of the Can-yars site indicates an equitable representation of taxa re-lated with mid-European requirements (chorotype 1 and 2,50 %), and taxa related with Mediterranean requirements(chorotype 3, 50 %; Fig. 6). According to Sommer and Nada-chowski (2006), the co-occurrence of temperate and cold-adapted species is the normal dynamic detected in southernEuropean peninsulas such as the Iberian Peninsula, whichfunctioned as refuges for species in cold periods, in this caseduring the H4 event. However, in Cova del Gegant (Lopez-Garcıa et al., 2008, 2012c), another late Pleistocene localityof the Garraf Massif, chronologically placed between 49–60 Ka (i.e. before HE4), Mediterranean taxa are dominant(chorotype 3, 89 %) showing a different climatic signal insmall vertebrates assemblage. Moreover the proximity of theCanyars to the coastline meant that in cold periods, when thesea level decreased, there was a coastal plain with probablydrier conditions in front of the site and behind a forested areawith more humid conditions offering rocky and woodlandhabitats.

Other terrestrial proxies such as charcoal, pollen, phy-toliths, avifauna and large mammals from the Canyars sitehave also been analysed (Daura et al., 2013). The pollen(Artemisia), avifauna (Pyrrhocorax graculus) and large-mammal (cf.Mammuthussp., Coelodonta antiquitatisandEquus ferus) results indicate the presence of a steppe-dominant landscape surrounding the Canyars site. The wood-land landscape is indicated by forest taxa, such asPinussylvestris, deciduousQuercusand Acer, and by temperateforest large mammals, such asSus scrofa, Lynx pardinusand



Fig. 7. Environmental and climatic comparisons between Canyars(black bar), El Portalon (white bar) and Cueva del Conde (grey bar).Data for El Portalon are from Lopez-Garcıa et al. (2010a) and forCueva del Conde are from Lopez-Garcıa et al. (2011b). Abbrevi-ations: OD, open dry; OH, open humid; Wo, woodland; R, rocky;Wa, water edge; MAT, mean annual temperature; MTC, mean tem-perature of the coldest month (January); MTW, mean temperatureof the warmest month (July); MAP, mean annual precipitation; DJF,mean winter precipitation; and JJA, mean summer precipitation.

Ursus arctos. The charcoal results indicate a dominance offorest (Pinus sylvestris) formations, while the phytoliths indi-cate a dominance of grasslands, representing arid conditions(Daura et al., 2013).

5 Comparison and discussion

5.1 Comparison with other sites associated with the H4event

Few are the sites with small-vertebrate studies in Iberiawhere the H4 event has been detected, and Canyars isthe only known site located on the Mediterranean and be-low 41◦ N latitude. Apart from Canyars, two sites are doc-umented with small-vertebrate assemblages from the H4event: El Portalon level P16 (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos),with a chronology of ca. 38 Ka for this event; and the Cuevadel Conde level N20b (Santo Adriano, Asturias), with achronology of ca. 39 Ka for this event (Fig. 1; Lopez-Garcıaet al., 2010a, 2011b). All the sites associated with the H4event are characterized by a landscape dominated by openforest formations, lower mean annual temperatures and meantemperatures of the coldest month, and relatively high lev-els of mean annual precipitation (Fig. 7). However, directcomparison of these three sites shows differences betweenthem in terms of open dry and open humid meadowlandand MAP. While in El Portalon (P16) and Cueva del Conde(N20b) the environment is dominated by open humid mead-owland reaching values higher than 25 %, in Canyars thelandscape is dominated by open dry meadowland with val-ues above 30 % (Fig. 6). Similarly, the MAP, although higherthan at present in all three cases, is proportionally higher atEl Portalon (P16) and Cueva del Conde (N20b), where it

Fig. 8. Proposed correlation of the North GRIP2 isotope (18O)curve, the quantitative variation in the annual sea surface tempera-ture (Uk37-SST), the synthetic pollen diagram from the last glacialsection (47–27 cal Ka) of core MD95-2043, and the values esti-mated for annual precipitation and mean temperature of the coldestmonth in southeastern Iberia (modified from Sanchez-Goni et al.,2002) with the various layers with small-vertebrate studies whereH3 to H5 events have been detected. P (11 and 16): El Portalonlayer P11 and P16; Ca: Terrassa Riera dels Canyars (Canyars); Co(N20b): Cueva del Conde layer N20b; R (E): Abric Romanı layer E;and G (III): Cova del Gegant layer III (grey lines indicate the dataobtained with these studies).

reaches values higher than 1000 mm, while in Canyars thevalues are lower than 800 mm (Fig. 7). The differences inthe H4 event at these three sites can be explained by theirgeographical position within the Iberian Peninsula: while ElPortalon and Cueva del Conde are located in the Atlantic cli-matic influence, Canyars is located in the Mediterranean cli-matic influence. According to Sanchez-Goni et al. (2002) andSepulchre et al. (2007), the Atlantic sea core (MD95-2042)shows a MAP of about 300 mm higher than the Mediter-ranean sea core (MD95-2043) during the H4 event, providingthe Iberian Atlantic region with more humid environmen-tal conditions than in the Mediterranean region today, as isalso shown by the results obtained from the small-vertebratestudies. However, the different vegetation phases detected byFletcher and Sanchez-Goni (2008), have not been clearly in-dividualized with our data. Probably the El Portalon (P16)and Cueva del Conde (N20b) small-vertebrate detected fluc-tuations could be related, according to Fletcher and Sanchez-Goni (2008), with the early phase of the H4 event, with gen-erally cold but humid conditions. On the other hand, Canyarswith high values in Artemisia, and drier conditions than the



Table 5. Relation between woodland percentage, mean annual precipitation and mean temperature of coldest month for the different siteswhere the H3 to H5 events have been detected.

HE Ka Sites Woodland (%) MAP (mm) MTC (◦C)

3 ca. 30 Portalon (P11) 34 378 −0.1

4ca. 38 Portalon (P16) 32 841 −0.6

ca. 38–39 Canyars 44 98.6 −6.08ca. 39–40 Conde (N20b) 40 127 −5

5ca. 46 A. Romanı (E) 25 90 −6.41

ca. 45–48 Xaragalls (C4) 66 266 −6.05ca. 49 Gegant (III) 48 191 −6.2

other two sites could be related with the main phase of theH4 event.

5.2 Discussion

In general, the studies of the sea cores (MD95-2042, MD95-2043 and MD99-2343) from the Iberian margins show theHeinrich events, including the H4 event, to have been char-acterized by low sea surface temperatures (SST), with val-ues of−7 to−10◦C, and a climate on land drier than today,with lower levels of Mediterranean forest and higher levelsof steppe vegetation (Cacho at al., 1999; Sanchez-Goni etal., 2002; Sanchez-Goni and d’Errico, 2005; Sierro et al.,2005; Sepulchre et al., 2007). Despite these general data,there are differences between the Heinrich events and withinthem. The H4 event and the previous (H5) and subsequentevents (H3) are characterized by a fluctuation in woodlandtaxa and in the extrapolated mean temperatures of the cold-est month and mean annual precipitation (Sanchez-Goni etal., 2002; Naughton et al., 2009; Fig. 8). According to thesedata, the H4 event is considered the most abrupt event com-pared with the H3 and H5 events, with the MTC between−6and−10◦C compared to nowadays and the MAP 400 mmlower than at present in the Iberian Mediterranean regionand 200 mm lower than currently in the Iberian Atlantic re-gion (Sanchez-Goni et al., 2002; Naughton et al., 2009). Ac-cording to Cacho et al. (1999) and Sierro et al. (2005), theH3 event is the least cold in comparison to the H4 and H5events. The data obtained with small-vertebrate studies forthe H4 event and the H3 and H5 events (Lopez-Garcıa et al.,2010a, 2011b, 2012a, c; Lopez-Garcıa and Cuenca-Bescos,2010) seem to follow the same patterns previously estab-lished by the sea core studies at the Iberian margins (Ta-ble 5; Fig. 8). The small-vertebrate studies show that fluctu-ations in the percentage values for woodland taxa follow thesame pattern as the woody taxa established for the sea coreMD95-2043, reaching minimum values (25 %) in H5 eventlayer E from the Abric Romanı (Lopez-Garcıa and Cuenca-Bescos, 2010; Burjachs et al., 2012) (Table 5; Fig. 8). Aswith the woodland percentage representations, the MTC andthe MAP established by means of small-vertebrate studies

for the H5 to H3 events follow the same pattern as the curvesextrapolated from the sea core MD95-2043 (Sanchez-Goniet al., 2002) (Table 5; Fig. 8), reaching minimum values inH5 event layer E from the Abric Romani (MTC= −6.41◦C;MAP = +90 mm, in relation to the present) (Lopez-Garcıaand Cuenca-Bescos, 2010) and in the H4 event from Can-yars (MTC= −6.08◦C; MAP = +99 mm, in relation to thepresent) (Table 5; Fig. 8). Although, the different phasesdetected with vegetation data (Fletcher and Sanchez-Goni,2008) have been not clearly individualized with our data.Moreover, direct comparison between level III of Cova delGegant and the Canyars site reveals less rigorous conditionsfor the H5 event at the former, where there is no repre-sentation of the mid-European speciesM. agrestis, T. eu-ropaea, A. fragilis andC. austriaca, which do appear at Can-yars (Lopez-Garcıa et al., 2012c). As has previously beenpointed out by Cacho et al. (1999) and Sierro et al. (2005),however, small-vertebrate studies show the H3 event to bethe least harsh of these Heinrich events, with values forMAP = +378 mm and MTC= −0.1◦C with respect to thepresent for layer P11 of El Portalon (Lopez-Garcıa et al.,2010a) (Table 5; Fig. 8).

6 Conclusions

The data derived from the studied small vertebrates recov-ered from Canyars add further to our knowledge of the H4event in the Iberian Peninsula. The small-vertebrate assem-blage reveals that the H4 event was characterized in north-eastern Iberia by cold climatic conditions, with a landscapealternating between dry meadowland and Mediterranean-type woodland. This assemblage is composed by an equitablerepresentation of mid-European taxa together with Mediter-ranean taxa, a co-occurrence that is the normal dynamic de-tected in southern European peninsulas, which functioned asrefuge for species in cold periods. The location of Canyarsmay have also provided a coastal plain in front of the sitewith drier conditions and a Mediterranean forest behind withmore humid conditions than today.



Secondly, a direct comparison of the data obtained fromthe small-vertebrate association from Canyars with other ter-restrial proxies that have been studied, such as charcoal,pollen, phytoliths, birds and large mammals, corroboratesour data, showing that the climate during the H4 eventwas harsher and drier than today in the northeastern IberianPeninsula.

Furthermore, a comparison with the other small-vertebratestudies in the Iberian Peninsula where the H4 event has beendetected, such as El Portalon layer P16 or Cueva del Condelayer N20b, shows this event to be characterized by a land-scape dominated by open forest formations, with lower meanannual temperatures (MAT) and mean temperatures of thecoldest month (MTC), and relatively high levels of meanannual precipitation (MAP). However, the H4 event pro-vided the Iberian Atlantic region (El Portalon and Cueva delConde) with more humid environmental conditions than theMediterranean region (Canyars), as is also shown by the pre-vious results obtained by sea core samples from the Iberianmargins.

Finally, a comparison of our data obtained from the small-vertebrate assemblage with the general dynamic of the Hein-rich events reveals that the small-vertebrate studies for the H3to H5 events in the Iberian Peninsula follow the same patternas the previous studies undertaken for the Iberian margin seacores, showing that the H4 event is the most abrupt eventcompared with the H3 and H5 events and that H3 is the leastcold of the three.

Acknowledgements.This paper is a product of the researchproject Els Primers Pobladors de Garraf-Ordal, supported bySGR2009-1145, 2008ACOM00016, HAR2011-26193 and theprojects CGL2012-38358 and SGR2009-324. Fieldwork wassponsored by GTI (Gavanenca de Terrenys i Inmobles, Ajuntamentde Gava). J. M. Lopez-Garcıa is a beneficiary of a Beatriu de Pinospostdoctoral fellowship (2011BP-A00272) from the Generalitatde Catalunya, a grant co-funded by the European Union throughthe Marie Curie Actions of the 7th Framework Program forR+D. J. Daura was supported by a postdoctoral grant (Juan dela Cierva Subprogram), M. Sanz by a predoctoral grant (FI) fromthe Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca del Departamentd’Innovacio, Universitats i Empresa de la Generalitat de Catalunyaand theFons Social Europeu.

Edited by: M. Fuchs

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