hebrew dating nachum dershowitz edward m. reingold
TRANSCRIPT
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HEBREW DATING
Nachum DershowitzEdward M. Reingold
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CALENDARS
• Gregorian• Julian• Hebrew• Islamic• Persian• Chinese• Hindu
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HEBREW CALENDAR
• Lunisolar• Days begin at sunset• 19-year leap-year cycle• Years given “anno mundi”
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LUNISOLAR
• Lunar Months• Solar Years (Average)
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19-YEAR LEAP-YEAR CYCLE
• Determines leap months• Not a cycle for dating!
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YEARS GIVEN “ANNO MUNDI”
• Used since Middle Ages• “Era of Creation” varies• Seleucid era sometimes used• Millennial year omitted in Hebrew
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CONCEALED YEARS
= התשס5760
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AMBIGUOUS DATESLetter from Ahad haAm
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NEW MOONKislev [5]652
• Which day of the two-day new moon?• Presumably the second day, which is
the first of Kislev, rather than the last of Heshvan
• That is, December 2, 1891
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• Tuesday• Weekly reading is Terumah• Year is [5]692• Weekly reading has the words menorat zahab tahor• Numerical value mnrtb = 692• February 9, 1932
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CONVERSION OF DATES
• Pitfalls• Resources
– Books– Electronic
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PITFALLS
• Start of the day• What year is it?• Which calendar is it?• No short cycle of date repetition
between Hebrew and civil dates• Erroneous calendars• Erroneous tables• Buggy software
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START OF THE DAY
• Gregorian/Julian days start at midnight
• Hebrew/Islamic days start at sunset• Hindu days start at sunrise
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WHAT YEAR IS IT?
Civil year starts January 1……now
But…
…in parts of Europe has started variously on March 1, March 25, Easter, September 1, or Christmas!
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WHICH CALENDAR IS IT?
Switch from Julian to Gregorian took place over a period of almost 350 years!• 1582 in Catholic regions of Europe• Various dates in Protestant regions• 1752 in Britain and her colonies• 1918 in Russia• 1927 in Turkey
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SWEDISH AMBIVALENCE
• 1699 changed to Gregorian, so in 1700 February had 28 days
• But, in 1712 February had 30 days• 1753 changed to Gregorian (again!)
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CYCLE OF REPETITION
• For Hebrew/Gregorian calendars, cycle is over 14 billion years!
• 19- or 247-year cycles are only approximate
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ERRONEOUS TABLES
Parise’s Book of Calendars is awful
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BUGGY SOFTWARE
Excel and other spreadsheets take 1900 as a leap yearU.S. Naval Observatory web site had the wrong dates for Passover for several yearsGauss’s formula (often used in naïve software) is problematic
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RELIABLE TABLESRELIABLE TABLES
• Spier’s Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar
• Reingold & Dershowitz’s Calendrical Tabulations
• Schram’s Kalendariographische Und Chronologische Tafeln
• Wüstenfeld & Mahler’s Vergleichungs-tabellen Zur Muslimischen Und Iranischen Zeitrechung Mit Tafeln Zur Umrechnung Orient-christlicher Ären
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SPIER
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SPIER
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REINGOLD & DERSHOWITZ
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SCHRAM
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Wüstenfeld & Mahler
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Wüstenfeld & Mahler
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DERSHOWITZ/REINGOLD APPLET
Calendrica
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