hebrew, christians, muslims in jerusalem - compendium of historical facts

8/14/2019 Hebrew, Christians, Muslims in Jerusalem - Compendium of Historical Facts

1/29

DMYH\A HEFKMG _HYCGM

IADZMENC]D AO KCY^A\CIHG

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@M\]YHGMDIK\CY^CHEY HEN KML\MVY OHI^Y +CC#

$Myyhs Nai}dme~h|s$

^a ds da~km|'^khic \hcyh Fkm|yikavcic

HD_ Nmyycfe ! Dhs


2/29

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3/29

}enm| y}pm|hce~s ao \adm% ^km ehdm cy ikhefmn o|ad ~km bcefnad Cmk}nh ce@}nmh%$=> $ >3 Iaey}g I|hy}y gmhny oc|y~ \adhe ihdzhcfe hfhcey~ ~km Zh|~my% ^k|a}fk@m|}yhgmd ^mdzgm |al kcd% @my |mvag~% Cy ocfk~cef oa| c~y gaef c~k hyda|mme

cey}|fme~y' gmn ls ~km yae ao H|cy~al}g CC' Hgm{henm|% Km hy bcggmn hen 9:':::Kml|my ao Fhgcgmm h|m yagn hy yghvmy%$=8 $9: Iaey}g Ihmyh| iaex}m|y Mfsz~ hen nmigh|mn ~km x}mme Igmazh~|h%$>; Y~|}ffgm lm~mme Ihmyh| hen Zadzmc ce nmicncef lh~~gm ao Zkh|yhgay% Zadzmchy bcggmn% Ealgmy ao ~km @my ~kh~ c~ y}zza|~y ~km Ihmyh| cy |mdh|bhlgm Kc|bheHe~czh~m| +He~czh~|ay Ka|baeay#% Ihmyh| ihggmn kcd M~eh|k ao @}nmh% Kc|bhe c~k\adhe gmfcaey dhnm hvhcghlgm nmomh~ ao ~km @my igaym h|a}en Mpmikchy hen ohggyc~k c~y gmfcaey ce @m|}yhgmd% Hzzace~ kcy yae Km|an +Ka|anay# hy favm|ea| aoFhgcgmm% Km x}mgg he~c \adhe @mcyk |mvag~y%

$>> L|}~}y bcgg Ihmyh| cy ce ~km Ymeh~m% He~aec}y cy Cdzm|h~a|% Ce @}nmh' kcyazzaeme~y Kc|bhe |mvag~cef cy zacyaemn +$>9#%$>: Zh|~C aii}zcmy @}nmh% Bcef ihggmn ae He~cfaea}y% Y~|}ffgm ~hbcef zghimlm~mme aoocichgy @}nmh0 c~ y}zza|~y yadm ao ~km \adhey' ae ~km a~km| zh|~cmy }e~cg~km smh| +$9;# kme ~km Zh|~C cy nmomh~mn ls ~km \adhey%$96 Km|an gmn Yayc}y 8? gmfcaey ce @m|}yhgmd hen @}nmh }ecocmy% Km cy hzzace~mnls ~km \adhe Ymeh~m &hdci}y m~ Yaic}y Zaz}gc& +o|cmen hen hggs \adhe zmazgm#%$98 Cdzm|h~a| He~aec}y cy nmomh~mn ls Ai~hvche}y H}f}y~}y ce ~km lh~~gm aoHi~c}d%$98 $ 8> Ai~hvche}y H}f}y~}y Mdzm|a| ce \adm% Hggs c~k ceem|y cy Km|an% Km cyehdmn em bcef ao @}nmh% Bcefnad cy hnnmn' hvhcghlgm ~a Ai~hvche0 Fhph henCm|ckae za|~ @hoh +Chooa#% Km|an ~hbm hen ~km |heb ao Kcfk Z|cmy~ ao ~km ^mdzgm%Oaggay h zm|can ao dh`a| iaey~|}i~cae ao }|lhe ceo|hy~|}i~}|m hen za|~y0 He~czh~|ay~aey h|m |ml}cg~' Ymlhy~ay' Imyh|mmh +ya ehdmn ce kaea| ao H}f}y~}y Ihmyh|#%Za|~y h|m l}cg~ ce Imyh|mmh hen He~mnae% C~ a|fhecpmn h em~a|b ao c||cfh~cae cehf|ci}g~}|m% F|mh~ ^mdzgm ao @m|}yhgmd cy |ml}cg~ +$#% ^km |mgcfca}y|cvhg|s ~hbcef zghim ce Yhekmn|ce lm~mme ~km ~k|mm dhce |mgcfca}y f|a}zy

Yhn}immmy ' Zkh|cymmy' Myymemy%$#% Imey}ymy iaen}i~mn ls~km \adhey' ~a bea kh~ m ihgg ea ~km ~h{ lhym' khvm h y~|aef |mycy~heim ~a&dcnngm ighyy& ao @}nmh' hen ~km zaa|% ?::: Zkh|cymm \hllcy |mo}ycef ~km ah~k aohggmfcheim |mx}c|mn ls ~km \adhe h}~ka|c~s +y}zza|~mn ls Yhn}immy#% ^km ia}e~|scy ohicef h |mvag~ ~kh~ cgg m{zganm ho~m| ~km nmh~k ao Km|an%$6 @ake ~km Lhz~cym| cy la|e' yae ao \hllc Phkh|ch hen Mgcphlm~k% Lmoa|m @my}y'km cgg hzzgscef ~a @my h lhz~cyd ce h~m| z}|cocih~cae @a|nhe%

$? Lc|~k ao @my}y n}|cef h imey}y ce Lm~kgmmd% ^km Ikcgn cy |miafecpmn hy ~kmDmyychk ~a ~km ykmzkm|ny Dcy|hmg' Y~mzkme' Ikc|chi2 hen 9 Dhf}y0 Fhyzh|'

9 !


4/29

Dmgikca|' hen Lhg~hph| +gmny ls h &y~h|& ~a y~hgg ~km la|e ~a Dh|ch#% H~ oa|~s nhsy c~ cyiaeoc|dmn +hiia|ncef ~a ~km Dayhci Gh# ce ~km F|mh~ ^mdzgm ce @m|}yhgmd ls hz|cmy~ +ce ~km z|mymeim ao ~km A|~kana{ ohc~ko}g dayhci Ycdmae hen Heh vcmcef'la~k iadm ~a ^mdzgm &h~ ~km ihgg ao ~km Kags Yzc|c~% Ycdmae dhnm z|mnci~cae hla}~

o}~}|m dcyycae ao ~km ikcgn hen Lhls zhce km| da~km| hy c~ cgg ce ~km o}~}|m o|ad c~%^kme hnn|myymn ayheh Fan khy o}gocggmn ~kh~ z|adcym ~a bmmz hgcvm }e~cg ~kmiadcef ao ~km Dmyychk' km ea ncm khzzs ~a ymm ~kh~%

Km|an hybmn ~a lm bcggmn ceohe~y ls ~a smh|y' oa| omh| ~kh~ ~kcy ikcgn namy ea~lmiadm h em @}nhy ~km Dhiihlmm8 +c~ ymmdy ~kh~ ~a nhsy ho~m| ~km nmzh|~}|mao @aymzk' Dh|s hen @my}y ao Lm~kgmmd#% Ohdcgs ao @my}y |mo}fm ce Mfsz~' ce ~kmEcg Nmg~h%> Bcef Km|an ncmn% H|kmgh}y kcy yae cy hzzace~mn ls Km|an hy h y}|vcva|% \adheYmeh~m nmicnmn ncvcncef ~km @}nmmh bcefnad ce~a ~k|mm z|avceimy0 Km|an He~czhy

|mimcvmn Fhgcgmm |mfcae hen Zm|mh2 H|kmgh}y @}nmh hen Yhdh|ch' Zkcgcz +yae aoIgmazh~|h hen He~aec}y# |mimcvmy Lm~khes' ^|hiaec~cnh' H}|hec~cnh hen C~}|ch+Zhemhy#% Zkcgcz m{zhen Lm~yhcnh hen Imyh|mmh ic~cmy%Cy yme~ ~a @m|}yhgmd Yhlce}y' hy z|ai}|h~a| ao ~km cdzm|chg faany ~a dhbm hecevme~a|s ao |mya}|imy bcefnad% Imey}y naem ls ~km \adhey hen @my ym|vhe~ynm~m|dcemn |mvag~ ao zaz}gh~cae' y}zza|~mn ls zh|~ ao h |hllcy%^a iaeocf}|m h he~c \adhe |mycy~heim' ~a cyy}m' }enm| ~km gmhnm|ykcz ao Cmk}nhfhgcgmhe \hllc hen Zkh|cymm Yhnai% Yhlce}y ihggmn gmfcaey ~a |my~a|m &zh{\adheh&% ^ka}yheny ao @my h|m i|}icocmn ce ~km smh|?%=$9:= Lc|~k ao Yh}g ao ^h|y}y +gaih~mn lm~mme ~km vh|ca}y ya}|imy = $8:#% O|ad healgm @}nmhe ohdcgs' kcik cy f|he~mn \adhe ic~cpmeykcz' km cgg lm ~|hcemn ~almiadm |hllc h~ Smykcvh ao Fhdhgcmg ~km Mgnm| ao ~km ^h|y}y% Hy ~km sa}efmy~dmdlm| Yhekmn|ce cgg ea~cim ce ~km zm|ymi}~cae hfhcey~ Kml|m Ik|cy~cheiadd}ec~cmy% Vcgg zh|~ciczh~m nc|mi~gs ce ~km d}|nm| nmhiae Yhce~ Y~mzkme%Iaevm|~mn ~a Ik|cy~chec~s' }enm| Zh}g ehdm' cgg nmvmgaz Dcyycaeh|s Fayzmg ao@my}y' lm~mme Kml|m hen eae Kml|m ce h|mh ao Dcnngm Mhy~ henDmnc~m||hemhe paem%? @}nmh nmigh|mn ~km z|avceim cy kmhnmn ls h \adhe z|ai}|h~a|% H|kmgh}y cy ce

m{cgm ce Fhgch% X}c||ce}y hzzace~mn z|ai}|h~a| y~h|~ cevme~a|s H|kmgh}y bcefnad

8 N}|cef ~km |mcfe ao He~cak}y Mzcohemy + $< hen $?9% Km|an&y omh| hy ~kh~ ~km he~c$\adhe davmdme~ ea~ ocen h gmhnm| gcbm Dhiihlmmy% &dhbhlcd & ce Kml|m dmhey& aem ka y~|cbmy&' ce F|mmb &aem ka ocfk~y%

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5/29

faany% Iae~ce}a}y }z|cycefy gmn Cmk}nh hen Yhnai% ^kms h|m hzzace~mn ls ~km\adhey &pmhga~y&%

Ohdcgs ao @my}y |m~}|e o|ad Mfsz~ ~a Ehph|m~k% Y}zza|~ ls @aymzk lmcef hih|zme~m| khenci|ho~' kcik m cgg gmh|e hen @my}y% Ce ~km Mhy~m| kagcnhsy' ~km

sa}ef @my}y cgg nhppgm ^mdzgm \hllcy ao nmmz zmem~|h~cae ls ~km ~mhikcefy^a|m%? Hee +Khehe#' cy ihggmn F|mh~ Z|cmy~ ao ~km ^mdzgm%8> \adhey bcggmn mdzm|a| H}f}y~}y% Vhy mgmi~mn mdzm|a| ^clm|c}y +8> $ 96#% Vcgglm iae~mdza|h|s c~k ~km lc|~k ao &Ymi~ ao I|my~}y& hen |mz|myycae ao Kml|mIk|cy~chey ls Dayhci @my% Km ~|mh~ ~km ncyz}~my hy he ce~m|ehg Dayhci Ghz|algmd% Km aegs z}ecyk ohi~ hfhcey~ \adhe Gh%86 N}m ~a ~km ykh|z azzayc~cae ~a ~km \adhey ce Yhekmn|ce' _hgm|c}y F|h~}y|mzghimy Hee Caymo c~k Lme Ihczkhy +86 $ 96#%


6/29

9< Iaevm|~cef \hllc Yh}g ae ~km Nhdhyi}y |ahn% Vcgg lm c~kn|he ce ^h|y+hzz|a{cdh~mgs 8< smh|y# ~a ea~ lm bcggmn ls o}enhdme~hgcy~ @my hen ~km Kml|mF|mmb Ik|cy~chey +oa| zh|~ciczh~cae ~a iadzhi~ ao Y~mzkme#%99 Mdzm|a| ^clm|c}y |mgh~mn Ys|ch _c~mgc}y ~a |mdavm ~km F|mh~ \hllc Ihczkhy hen

kcy |mz|myme~h~cvm ao \adm Zcgh~m' lmcef |mzghimn ls Ymeh~a| Dh|img% Hla}~Ymeh~a| Dh|img cy yhcn ~a khvm lmiadm h Ik|cy~che oaggm|' ho~m| yadmnai}dme~h|s ya}|imy c~ a}gn lm kay~mn Hzay~gm Zm~m| ce \adm% ^km ceoa|dh~caecy z|avcnmn ls O|heimyia Zhaga \cppca' hy iae~hcemn ce &Ohi~y ao Zm~m|&' ~km men ao~km ime~}|s CC' ~|heygh~mn ce~a Gh~ce }enm| ~km ~c~gm &Ohi~y ao _m|cimgc&%99 $ >9 Iaevm|ycae ao \adheche ic~cpmey +myzmichggs hdaef yagncm|y hen \adhebecfk~# ~a Ik|cy~chec~s' oaggacef Hzay~gm Zm~m|%9= \adhe Mdzm|a| ^clm|c}y hybmn ~km Ymeh~m ~a cyy}m h gh ~kh~ a}gn nmigh|m~kh~ ~a lm Ik|cy~che cy gmfhg% Ymeh~m nmicnm ls &cy ea gmfhg ~a lm Ik|cy~che%

96 $ >8 Cdzm|h~a| Ihgcf}gh ce \adm% Hf|czzh C lmiadmy Bcef ao @}nmmh Zkcgczchhen Gcyheh |mfcaey% Ce 93 ao ~km \adm |mimcvmy Fhgcgmm hen Zm|mh' ce >8 @}nmhhen Yhdh|ch% Vcgg al~hce o|ad ~km mdzm|a| Ihgcf}gh ~a lm |mzmh~mn |c~}hgy dayhcihen mh|cef ~km yhim|na~hg ~afy ao |hllc ce ~km F|hen ^mdzgm% C~ cgg dhbm ~kmlans c~k ~km Yhekmn|ce ~a lmkmhn ~km Ik|cy~che Ik}|ik ao @m|}yhgmd% Km cggnmy~|as ~km cenmzmenmeim davmdme~y ao ~km @my hfhcey~ \adhe nadceh~cae%>8 $ => Igh}nc}y Cdzm|h~a| ~a \adm% Vm iaeoc|d Hf|czh C ~a lm ~km bcef ao@}nmmh% C~ cgg lm kay~cgm ~a Ik|cy~chec~s' hdaef la~k ~km @my hen myzmichggs ~kmIk|cy~che m{zheycae ao c~y dcgc~h|s hen zagc~cihg mgc~m ce \adm%>< Igh}nc}y lghdm ~km ~|heyc~cae ~a Ik|cy~chec~s ao h|cy~ai|h~ci ohdcgs H}ga Zgh}pcahen kcy com Zadzaech F|hmiceh%>< Hf|czh C h||my~ ~km gmhnm|ykcz ao ~km Ik}|ik ce @m|}yhgmd oa| Mhy~m|% Zm~m|dhehfmy ~a dc|hi}ga}ygs iadm a}~ ao z|cyae% @hdmy ~km F|mh~ cy lmkmhnmn%@hial ~km Sa}ef gmhnm|ykcz ao ~km Ik|cy~che iadd}ec~s ce @m|}yhgmd% Zm~m| cggiae~ce}m ~a gmhvm @m|}yhgmd hzay~agci dcyycae% ^km z|mymeim ao Zm~m| ce \adm cygaih~mn ce >;$>3%>> Hf|czzh C nmhn%

>> $ =< @}nmh gmn ls \adhe z|ai}|h~a|y0 I}yz}y Ohn}y +>>$>?#' Hgm{hen|}y^clm|c}y +>?$>;#' _me~cn}y I}dhe}y +>;$=; $ =: Hzay~agci oc|y~ dcyycae ao Yh}g +Hzay~gm Zh}g# hen Lh|ehlm ce Ys|ch+He~caik# hen Isz|}y +Zcycnh ao He~caik' Gcy~|ay hen Nm|lm $ km|m Yh}g cgg ~hbm~km ehdm hzay~gm Zh}g#%>3 Y~|mm~ ncya|nm|y ih}ymn ls iaeogci~y lm~mme Kml|m Ik|cy~chey hen Dayhci@my ce \adm% ^km mdzm|a| fcvmy he mnci~ ~kh~ ~km @my h|m Ik|cy~chey ~}|e a}~ ce\adm%>3 $ =: Y~h|~y nmvmgazcef Dh|b&y Fayzmg' +c~k Zm~m| z|mhikcef ce \adm' h~ ~km

|mx}my~ ao \adhe Ik|cy~che becfk~y#%=: $ ;:

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7/29

=: ^km Dmm~cef Ik|cy~che Ik}|ik ao @m|}yhgmd% Ik}|ik gmhnm|y ncyi}yy ka ~admm~ a}| em oaggam|y Kml|m Ik|cy~che Gh% Mzcy~gm cyy}mn o|ad @m|}yhgmd ~kh~~km zmazgmy ao a~km| |c~my ~khe dayhci dhs iaevm|~ ~a Ik|cy~chec~s lmcef m{mdz~mno|ad ~km y~|ci~ alym|vheim ao Dayhci Gh% Hdaef a~km|y ~kms m|m ea~ algcfmn ~a

i}~ h|a}en ~a lm ik|cy~che lhz~cymn a| alym|vm y~|ci~ oaan |}gmy +z|akclc~cae ~a oaan&nc|~s&' nmocemn ce @}nhci Ghy#% C~ cy ea~ oa|lcnnme ~a me~m| ~km kadmy ao hea~km||mgcfcae a| ~a |mimcvm ~kmd hy f}my~y% ^km aegs |mx}c|mdme~y m|m ~a |mimcvmlhz~cyd ao h~m|' ea~ ~a yhi|cocim a| yhi|cocimy ~a fany' ~a |myzmi~ ~km ^meIaddhendme~y' ~a |mo|hce o|ad iaey}dz~cae ao hecdhg lgaan a| y~|hefgm% ^kmymm{imz~caey m|m ea~ hzzgcihlgm ~a Kml|m Ik|cy~chey% ^kms d}y~ hgya iadzgsDayhci Gh%=: $ =9 H ymiaen hzay~agci dcyycae ao Zh}g ce Dhimnaech +Ocgczc}d# hen F|mmim+^kmyyhgaecbc' Ia|ce~k' H~kmey' Mzkmy}y#% Km|m' ~km f|a}z |mimcvmy h dcyycaeh|s

hdaef ceycnm|y oc|y~ ncyiczgm &cdz}|m& m~keci% ^kcy cy ^cda~ks' o|ad Gcy~|ay% Oa| ea~vcagh~m ~km zayc~cae ao ceycnm|y Kml|m Ik|cy~chey' km cy lhz~cpmn ce ~km Dayhci |c~m%Ho~m|' ~km Ik|cy~che h~m| lhz~cyd hen ls ~km Kags Yzc|c~% Ce~meym hi~cvc~s aodcyycaeh|s f|a}z na ea~ dhnm ym|ca}y ncooci}g~cmy o|ad ~km \adhey% ^kmazzayc~cae ao dayhci @my cy nc|mi~gs a| cenc|mi~gs ls ceic~cef ~km gaihg zaz}gh~cae%=


8/29

?> â nmyi|clm h oc|m ~kh~ cy |mia|nmn ce kcy zam~ci' Em|a a|fhecpm h|yae \adm%Ho~m| nmigh|cef f}cg~s ae Ik|cy~chey% Z|ai}|h~a|m \adm' ^cfmggce}y a|fhecpm ~kmdhyy h||my~ ao Ik|cy~chey' bcggcef ~kmd ce ~km Hdzkc~kmh~|m ao \adm% Em|a z|avcnmyoa| dhyyhi|my c~y ae fh|nmey%

??$69 @}nmhe hfhcey~ \adhe nadceh~cae ymvme smh|y |mvag~y% @my |mvag~ cy ~kmigcdh{ ao |mlmggcaey m|m iaen}i~mn yceim ~km lmfceecef ao ~km ime~}|s' ho~m|Km|an&y nmh~k +>#% @m|}yhgmd cy |mgmhymn ls ~km iaddae zmazgm hen h |hllcy%Imy~c}y Fhgg}y dalcgcpm Gmfcae [CC hen a~km| iaka|~y ~a h~~hib @m|}yhgmd% @mynmomh~mn \adhey ce ~km Y}ia~ nhs +~km omhy~ ao ~me~y#% @}nmh cy nmigh|mncenmzmenme~% C~ oa|dy h &Cey}||mi~caehg Favm|edme~& iadzaymn ao 6: dmdlm|y%^km @my oa|dmn ~k|mm h|dcmy0 ~km @m|}yhgmd cy gmn ls Caymo F}|cae hen ~kmF|hen \hllc Khehhe2 ao Mnadc~y |mfcae gmn ls Cmkay}hk Lme ^pmohoh hen Mgmhph|Lme Kehec2 ao Fhgcgmm gmn ls @aymo Lme Dh~c~hk}% ^km|m m|m h ~a~hg ao 8::':::

h||ca|y% Em|a nmycfeh~m ae ^c~}y hen _myzhyche' ~km kmhn ao ?::'::: ~|aazy ~ah~~hib @}nmmhe ~|aazy% ^km \adhey ghenmn h~ Hii|h +Hiia# ~kh~ sa} iaex}m|%Fhgcgmm ~|aazy h|m nmomh~mn hen Fme% @aymzk Lme Dh~c~hk} cy fcvme +~a lmiaeycnm|mn Kml|m ~|hc~a| hen kcy ehdm cgg lm |mdavmn o|ad ~km kcy~a|s ao ~km@my' l}~ cgg |mdhce ce kcy~a|s hy @aymo}y Oghvc}y ae kcy &Vh| ao ~km @my% Ce 6:^c~}y ~hbmy @m|}yhgmd% F|hen ^mdzgm cy ~a|ikmn% C~ cgg |mdhce aegs &Iadzghce~yVhgg& }e~cg ~anhs% @my |mycy~ ~km vh|ca}y ncvcycaey% Y~|}ffgm ~hbcef zghim ceycnm ~kmihdz oaggam|y ao ~km @my ce zmhim c~k ~km \adhey hen pmhga~y ao @akeFcykhgh% Ycdae Lh| Fca|h dhehfmy ~a oa|d he h|ds hen h~~hibmn @m|}yhgmd l}~ce~m|ehg ncvcycaey dhnm ~km @my ~a lm hfhce nmomh~mn% Ghy~ ohgg |m~|meikdme~ cgglm Dhyyhnh' nmomenmn ls Mgmhph| ycbh|y% Ce smh|69' ao Mhy~m|' hgg nmomenm|y c~k~kmc| ohdcgcmy cgg lm y}cicnm% @my h|m yagn hy yghvmy a| bcggmn ce ~km lh~~gmy aofghnch~a|y ce Ys|ch% Yadm ao ~km sa}efy~m|y h|m me|aggmn ce ~km \adhe Gmfcae&Dhimnaecih& +kcik cgg fa ae ghen Ag~mech $ \adhech#% Dayhci ^mdzgmy h|m ea\adhe ~mdzgm% Lh| Fca|h hy bcggmn n}|cef imgml|h~m ~|c}dzk ao _myzhyche hen^c~}y ce \adm%^km zm|can cy dh|bmn ls ~km mdm|fmeim ao dmyycheci ~m{~y ce Kml|m% &\mvmgh~caels @ake& oa| Ik|cy~chey +â Zh~|ay' ce F|mmim#2 &Dcykeh& hen &Pakh|& @my oa|Dayhciy% Dayhci \hllcy }enm| ~km gmhnm|ykcz ao \hllc Lme Phbhc hen Fhdhgcmg ao

Chvem +6:# oa|dmn ae Chvem +Chydceh# h smykcvh ka h|m ~|hcemn oa| |mycy~heim ls~km iaeimz~ ao &Yzc|c~}hg Kml|m Y~h~m% Zmazgm h|m ea~ }ec~mn ls ~km }ec~s ao~m||c~a|s l}~ ^K\A]FK CE ^KM ]EC^% Kml|m Ik|cy~chey |mo}ym ~a àce ~km @mcey}|fme~y%?6 Hzay~gmy Zm~m| hen Zh}g dh|~s|mn h~ \adm%?; Em|a ~a iaddc~ y}cicnm' Fhglh Cdzm|h~a|%?3 $ 63 _myzhyche Cdzm|h~a|% _myzhyche hen ^c~}y cgg imhym zm|ymi}~cae hfhcey~Ik|cy~chey' hen ce vcm ao ~kmc| |mo}yhg ~a àce cey}|fme~y @my% I|ayycefy ~hbmzghim ~a Ik|cy~chec~s ce cdzm|chg ohdcgs +Oghvc}y Yhlce}y' _myzhyche&y l|a~km|#% Ohi~

dme~caemn ce Oghvc}y @aymo}y @my h|y% Z|azc~ca}y ~cdm oa| ~km nmvmgazdme~ ao~km Ik|cy~che Ik}|ik ce \adm%

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9/29

;8 $ ;8 $ 3? Nadc~che Cdzm|h~a|% \mz|myycae ao ~km Ik|cy~che ik}|ik ce \adm% Nadc~chea}gn ymmb ~a nmy~|as ~km m{cy~meim ao Ik|cy~chec~s hdaef \adhe becfk~y hen\adhe h|cy~ai|his oa| |mvcvhg ao ~km ohc~k ce \adhey faany%

36 $ 8:= Zhzh Mvh|cy~ ce \adm%3? $ 3; Em|vh Cdzm|h~a|23;$886 ^|hche Cdzm|h~a|% Vcgg iadzgm~m ~km m{zheycae ao mdzc|m ce Ya}~k$Mhy~m|eM}|azm hen Hych Dcea|% Iaex}m| H|dmech' Hyyc|ch' Dmyaza~hdch' Nhich%Ik|cy~chey \adhe zagcis cy da|m |mgh{mn% @m|}yhgmd cy zh|~gs |mzaz}gh~mn c~kKml|m Ik|cy~chey' gashg ~a ~km mdzc|m% Zghim ce~m|ehg y~|}ffgm hen |mlmggcae ce@}nmh% Oaggacef h |mlmggcae ao ~km @my' Ycdmae +ka |mzghimn @hdmy ~km Sa}efh~ ~km kmhn ao ~km Ik}|ik ao @m|}yhgmd# hy bcggmn ce 8:6% Kcy zghim cy ~hbme ls@ake ao Mzkmy}y +8:6$886#% Cfeh~c}y ao He~caik +z|myls~m| ao He~caik Ik}|ik# cy

~hbme ~a lm ~a|e ls hecdhgy ce Hdzkc~kmh~|m ao \adm +88:#% Zagcih|z cgg gmhnIk|cy~che Iadd}ec~cmy' ~a 8=?' hy lcykaz ao Ydc|eh%8:= $88= Zazm Hgm{henm| ce \adm%886$89; Z}lgc}y Hmgc}y Khn|che}y Cdzm|h~a|% M}o|h~ ae la}enh|s ym~y' dhbmzmhim c~k ~km Zh|~c% H |mlmggcae ao ~km @my ao886 cy nmomh~mn ls \adhe ~|aazygmn ls G}ic}y X}cm~}y% Hy c~ lmiadmy ~km Gmfh~}y ao @}nmh% Khn|che}y hy hf|mh~ hndc|m| ao F|mmb i}g~}|m% M{zmi~mn ~a }ecos ~km mdzc|m ls i}g~}|hg yse~kmycyc~k ~km F|mmb% Vhe~mn ~a l}cgn h i}g~}|hg iaddm|ichg hen icvci iaeymey}y~k|a}fk ~km \adhe Mdzc|m% Lm~mme 8


10/29

89=$8== ^km ghy~ Kml|m Ik|cy~che Iadd}ec~s cy ncyzm|ymn ce Icyca|nhech henYs|ch% Vcgg hzzace~ Mlcaec~my +^km zaa|y# hen cgg hnaz~ ~km &Fayzmg ao @my&% Ea~|miafecpmn @my}y hy Dmyychk hen ~m{~y iae~hcemn ce Zh}g mzcy~gmy%89? $8>: Zazm Cfec}2 8>: $8== Zazm Zc}y C 8== $ 8?? Zazm Heicme~ ce \adm%

8=: Cmk}nh Lh| Sghc ao ]ykh oa|d h ecem Smykcvh ce ^vm|%8== Zagcih|z ao Ydc|eh dh|~s|mn%8?


11/29

88 !


12/29

8< !


13/29

I%_%< SMH\Y CE LSPHE^CEM AII]ZH^CAEY%

$ ?9; \adhe Mdzc|m cy ncvcnmn lm~mme Ncaigm~pche +~km Vmy~# henDh{me~pc} +~km Mhy~#%988 H~ ~km men ao gcom' Fhgm|c} Cdzm|h~a| my~hlgcyk |mgcfca}y ~agm|heim oa|

Ik|cy~chey%9:?$996 Iaey~he~ce Dh{cd}y Cdzm|h~a|%98< Iaey~he~ce Dh{cd}y lmh~ Dh{me~pc} ce ~km Zae~m Dcgvca +ae ^cl|}# }enm| ~kmycfe ao @my}y +~km i|ayy ce yc{ zh|~y#%98>$99= Ycgvmy~|} Zazm ce \adm%9 Iaey~he~ce Dh{cd}y Lmh~ Gcicec} ce ~km A|cme~% Gmfcaey ao Ik|cy~che yagncm|yzh|~ciczh~cef ce ~km |mgmhym ao Heh~agch% Iaey~he~cem nmigh|my Ik|cy~chec~s ~km y~h~m|mgcfcae% Y~h|~$Ik|cy~che \adhe mdzc|m% Mdzc|m ihzc~hg cy ym~ ~a Iaey~he~ceazgm%Zhgmy~cem hen @m|}yhgmd }enm| Kml|m Ik|cy~chey% ^kms hnaz~mn F|mmb

~azaesdcmy% Ihgvh|s Kags Ik}|ik cy l}cg~ ae ~adl ao @my}y% Kml|m Ik|cy~chey|mzaz}gh~my @m|}yhgmd% Vhgg Iadzghce~y |mdhce }enm| ~km `}|cynci~cae ao ~kmdayhci iadd}ec~s%96$936#% \mn}imy ~km ceog}meim ao ~kmzhzhis ce \adm% ]z ~a 93< h ~|a}lgmn zm|can ce ~km Vmy~' ho~m| kcik lmihdm^manayc} Cdzm|h~a|% Kcy ce~me~cae cy ~a bmmz kcy mdzc|m ~k|a}fk Ik|cy~che ohc~k henc~y cey~c~}~caey% He ceicnme~ cgg}y~|h~my ~km nmf|mm ao ce~agm|heim kcik khn Ik|cy~cheigm|fs ~a ~km zmazgm ao oc|y~ Ik|cy~chey% Ce ~km smh| 9;6' h~ Ihggcecia ~ae ae ~kmlheb ao M}o|h~' Ik|cy~chey h|m oheh~ci ~a|ikmn h ysehfaf}m% Mdzm|a| ^manayc} C'hg~ka}fk h Ik|cy~che' hybmn ~km lcykaz ao Dcghe' Hdl|ayc}' ~a |ml}cgn ~kmysehfaf}m c~k ~km daems ao mzcyiazh~m% Lcykaz ao Dcghe' Hdl|ayc}' km |c~my0

89 !


14/29

&C~ cgg ~km|moa|m lm h ~mdzgm ao ~km c~a}~k ga @my l}cg~ h~ ~km m{zmeym ao ~kmIk}|ik&% +Hdl|aych Gm~~m| 6>#>=8 F|mh~ Ik|cy~che yikcyd% Ymzh|h~cae ik}|ik0 Ik}|ik ao \adm +Ih~kagci#'Ik}|ik ao Iaey~he~ceazgm +A|~kana{#% Lcykaz @}vmehg +ce @m|}yhgmd# àcey ~km

Ik}|ik ao Iaey~he~ceazgm' l}~ day~ @my Ik|cy~chey àce dayhci iadd}ec~cmy aoYhdh|ch% \mdhce h dcea|c~s Ik|cy~chey ce @m|}yhgmd%>6? Ohgg ao Vmy~ \adhe Mdzc|m%= Dayhci @my ao Fhgcgmm hen Ehph|m~k àcey Zm|ych kmgz ~kmd aii}zs@m|}yhgmd% Dayhci igm|fs cgg ~|cffm| h cnmyz|mhn zm|ymi}~cae hfhcey~ ~kmIk|cy~che zaz}gh~cae% Vcgg lm nmdagcykmn dhes ik}|ikmy% Phkh|ch z|cmy~y henIk|cy~chey h|m ogmn o|ad ~ae%

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15/29

|mfcdmy ce~agm|he~ a| {meazkalci' |mgcfca}y lhymn a| ea~ $ cex}cyc~cae' ohyicyd'iadd}ecyd' m~i% ^km ihgczky ao Hlhy nsehy~s dhnm ncy~cei~cvm iga~kmy oa| eaeD}ygcdy% @my |mx}c|mn ~a mh| smgga kh~y' ~km Ik|cy~chey lg}m kh~y' hen a~km|fangmyy |mn kh~y% Zghim ihdzhcfey oa|imn ~a zhyy Dakhddmnhecyd% N}m

nm~m|dcemn azzayc~cae' la~k ~km Dayhci hen Ik|cy~chey +kcik y~h|~ h dhyym{an}y o|ad @m|}yhgmd' oa| ea~ ~a |mea}eim h~ sa}| ohc~k# ~km D}ygcd y~az oa|imniaevm|ycae% ^kaym ka hiimz~ cgg lm ~km oc|y~ z}lgci aoocim% C~ cgg dhbm yadmmhg~ks @mcyk ohdcgs dmdlm|y +hen d}ik gmyy Ik|cy~chey#% ^kms cgg iaey~c~}~m hohi~a| ce ~km y}zza|~ ceo|hy~|}i~}|m ao ~km D}ygcd% ^kms z|hi~cim ~kms dayhci|mgcfcae ce f|mh~ ymi|mis% Kags Ymz}gikm| Ik}|ik cy nmdagcykmn% Ik|cy~cheiadd}ec~cmy ce Zhgmy~cem h|m f|a}zmn ce @m|}yhgmd' ^vm|' Lm~kgmmmd' Ehph|m~khen dh|cem gaihgc~cmy% Iadd}ec~cmy @my h|m ncvcnmn ce~a Fhgcgmm' Emfkmv hen@m|}yhgmd%

33; Lmna}cey ~|clm ao ^hs h|m hzzace~mn ~a favm|e Zhgmy~cem ae lmkhgo Ihgczky%^kms h|m nmigh|mn cenmzmenme~% Oaggay h zm|can ao icvcg h|y' ~km ihdm aoi|}yhnmy|% Zkmeadmeae ~kh~ cgg ncdcecyk ~km miaeadci' gaihg iadd}ec~cmy hengmhncef ~a h nmi|mhym ce ~km e}dlm| ao zmazgm a}y~mn Zhgmy~ceh% ^kms cg lm ogmmnls I|}yhnm|y%

I%_%> SMH\Y CE I\]YHNM\Y AII]ZH^CAEY%

8:33 $ 8


16/29

ce~a ~km dayx}m% Iadd}ec~cmy ce @}nmh m|m f|a}zmn ce |}|hg h|mh lmih}ymi|}yhnm|y km|m khvm ea~ bcggmn zmazgm c~k emmnmn hf|ci}g~}|hg z|an}i~y oa| ~kmc|~|aazy% @my m|m ~|mh~mn gcbm Ik|cy~chey% Vc~k om m{imz~caey ~kms oa|lhnm ~kmmy~hlgcykdme~ ce @m|}yhgmd% ^k}y h f|a}z ao 9:: z|hi~cicef |hllc om|vme~ ao

dayhci i}g~' ce O|heim hen Mefghen' h|m me~c~gmn ~a gcvm ce @m|}yhgmd +8


17/29

I%_%? SMH\Y AO A^^ADHE AII]ZH^CAEY% PCAECYD0 IADCEF

LHIB FMEMYCY AO KML\MVY \M^]\E ^A M\M^P CY\HMG%

8=8? $ 83868=8? A~~adhe Mdzc|m ~|aazy aii}zs Zhgmy~cem hen Mfsz~' oaggacef ~km Lh~~gm aoNmlmb%8>;8$8=8< Lhchpcn Cgnm|cd Y}g~he% \m~}|e gh|fm f|a}zy ao Kml|m \c~m Ymoh|n+ho~m| 8>3


18/29


19/29

]b|hcem hen Lmyyh|hlch +~km Kh| Khg}~p $ zcaemm|y' 83:=$83;838; Ce @he}h|s' ho~m| ~km Lhgoa}| Nmigh|h~cae h~ ~km ~cdm ~km Gmhf}m ao Eh~caey ceFmemvh' ~km iae~hi~y lm~mme ~km |mz|myme~h~cvmy hen gmhnm|y ao ~km Pcaecy~Davmdme~ +Kml|m Eh~caehgcy~ Davmdme~' ~km Iaef|myy oaggacef ~km Lhymg$8;;?% ^km fahg hy km| ae ~km @mcyk \m~}|e heicme~ Cy|hmg' ~a |my~a|m ~kmc|eh~caehg kadm' z}~~cef he men henm|cefy hen zm|ymi}~caey $ ~km dcea|c~s $ ce

oa|mcfe ia}e~|cmy# hen Zhe H|hl +Da~cae ~|hcecef eh~caehgcy~ F|mh~ H|hl Y~h~m $kcik a}gn khvm ceig}nmn ~km i}||me~ ~m||c~a|s ao C|he' C|hx' Yh}nc H|hlch ' Cmdme'Zhgmy~cem' Ys|ch' Ycehc' cec~ch~mn ls ~km Mdc| K}yymce' mh|gs ~me~cm~k ime~}|s' c~k~km dme~a| ae Ga|n Gh|heim dcgc~h|s hnvcym|y hen Mefgcyk#%838;$8383 emfa~ch~caey lm~mme Z|mycnme~ Kml|m Va|gn Iaef|myy' IkhcdVmc~pdhee +gmhnm| Pcaecy~ Va|gn Iaef|myy' aem ao ~km oc|y~ dmdlm|y ao ~km sa}~ka|fhecph~cae ce Lm|gce Ikavmvmc Pcae +^kaym ka gavm Pcae&y $ smh|y8;6: $ 8;;: $ kcik dcgc~h~m oa| ~km z|hi~cihg \m~}|e ce Cy|hmg#' dhcegsemfa~ch~a| lm~mme 838; $83>;2 oc|y~ Z|mycnme~ ao Cy|hmg ho~m| Dhs 83>;#hen Mdc| Omcyhg $ gmhnm| ao ~km o}~}|m ao Yh}nc H|hlch' ~menmn ls he &Hggcheim

Ymdc~ci& ce~m|my~y%

l}~ Mefghen hen O|heim khvm lgaibmn ~kcy }ecx}m dadme~ ao zayyclgmiaazm|h~cae' |my}g~cef ce h h| &lm~mme ~km ia}ycey& kcik ghy~y }e~cg ea%Ce ~km y}ddm| ao838;' Ikhcd Vmcpdhee cy h dmm~cef h~ Hbhlh' ~km \mn Ymhza|~ ce ~km Ycehc zmecey}gh' c~k Omcyhg +mdc|&y yae K}yymce hen h gmhnm| ao ~kmH|hl |mvag}~cae ce ~km oc|y~ Va|gn Vh|#% Km h|f}my ~kh~ he hggcheim ao zmhimemfa~ch~caey ce ~km Zh|cy%

Omcyhg kazmy ~a y}zza|~ ~km Pcaecy~ lhiby~hfm ocfk~ ~kh~ me~ ~a O|meiknczgadhis c~k iae~|ag ao Ys|ch ~m||c~a|s% Igcdh{ +zayc~cvm# hzzmh|y ceNmimdlm|838;' h~ h g}eikmae fcvme ls Ga|n \a~ikyikcgn% Omcyhg yhsy km|m +hyea~my ao ^% M% Gh|meim' kcy hnvcya|# 0&Ea H|hl ihe lmy}yzcica}y ao eh~caehgcyd ao @my% C yhs Vmgiadm Kadmhen m cgg iaazm|h~m c~k ~kmd ce ~km H|hl ia}e~|cmy& +H|hl y~h~m' hiia|ncef ~aOmcyhg&y ceig}ncef Zhgmy~cem' ce kagm' ~a my~hlgcyk h oa|d ao h}~aeads f|he~mn ~a~km @my ce ~kcy y~h~m#%

Ycfemn h @ace~ Nmigh|h~cae kcik ym~y a}~ ~km z|ceiczgm nc|mi~caey ao ~km|mgh~caeykcz lm~mme H|hl hen Pcaecy~ davmdme~% Mdc| Omcyhg nmyc|mkh~ c~ |mdhceymi|m~ }e~cg ~km H|hl y~h~m cenmzmenmeim' hen ce iadzgcheim c~k h|~cigmy hen

iaevme~caey ao la~k zh|~cmy% Ce~m|my~cef cy ~km z|myme~h~cae o|ad lmfceecefz|a~aiag0

83 !


20/29

&\ashg Dh`my~s ~a Mdc| Omcyhg' |mz|myme~cef hen hi~cef ae ~km H|hl Bcefnad aoKm`hp' hen N|% Ikhcd Vmcpdhee' |mz|myme~cef hen hi~cef ae ~km Pcaecy~A|fhecph~cae' ae lmkhgo ao iaddae |hichg a|cfce hen heicme~ ~cmy lm~mme zmazgmao H|hl hen @m' hen ~kh~ hikcmvcef ~km lmy~ hs ~a hikcmvm eh~caehg hyzc|h~caey

cy ~k|a}fk igaym iagghla|h~cae ce ~km nmvmgazdme~ ao H|hl ia}e~|cmy hen Zhgmy~cem'm he~ ~a iaeoc|d }enm|y~hencef lm~mme ~km ~a zh|~cmy' ~km oaggacef c~mdy %%% &Ae kh~ khzzmey ea a| ea~ ~a lmgcmvm ~kh~ ~km|m hy y}ik h y~h~mdme~ %%%

Mey}|m o|mm @mcyk mdcf|h~cae hen ym~~gmdme~ ce ~km ~m||c~a|s ao Zhgmy~cem%D}~}hg f}h|he~mmy ao yhom~s ce ~km H|hl hen zayymyycaey' hen oceheichg y}zza|~'~mikeagafcihg hyycy~heim' ~a ~km Kml|m oa| ~km miaeadci nmvmgazdme~ ao ~kmH|hl zaz}gh~cae ce Zhgmy~cem%H mmb gh~m| ~km Pcaecy~ H|hl hf|mmy c~k ~km ymvm|hg myyme~chg |mx}c|mdme~y0Khcoh Za|~ h|mh cgg lm o|mm oa| la~k zh|~cmy2 Hbhlh za|~ lmiadmy o|mm%

Ae ? Oml|}h|s 8383 Mdc| Omcyhg' hnvaih~mn ce kcy yzmmik lmoa|m ~km ZmhimIaeom|meim ce Zh|cy' ymmbcef cenmzmenmeim H|hlch' y~h~my ~km hf|mmdme~ hen h

f}h|he~mm oa| Zhgmy~cem0 meighvm ao &Pcaecy~ Kml|m% Omcyhg hy kcy kazm ~kh~y}zza|~ Vmc~pdhee ~a~hg H|hly ce ~kmc| ncyz}~m c~k O|heim oa| ~km Ys|che iahy~'oa|dcef h Ymdc~ci Hggcheim%

Ikhcd Vmc~pdhee hy nmzmenme~ ae Mefgcyk zagc~ciy' kcik khn ~km aegsDcnngm Mhy~ ncvcycae lm~mme Mefghen hen O|heim' hy ya$ihggmn &Ymh~y& kcikz|avcnm ~km zam| hen acg |mya}|imy% La~k dh`a| zam|y ncn ea~ he~ h y~|aefH|hl Y~h~m' ~km dh`a|c~s aem| ao ~km acg ocmgny% Ce yka|~ ~km \adhe &Ncvcnm m~

cdzm|h& khy ea~ lmme m{immnmn ls a}| Pcaecy~ Davmdme~% Vmc~pdhee hnvcymy ~kmH|hl namy ea~ ce~m|om|m c~k ~km O|meik iahy~ ce ~km Ys|che cyy}m%

Ce ~km y}ddm| ao 8383 Omcyhg ce~m||}z~ dmm~cefy c~k ~km Pcaecy~ gmhnm|y% Kmyhs ~a Kml|m mdcyyh|s lmh| nc|mi~ emfa~ch~caey c~k ~km Zhgmy~cechey hen H|hlyce ~km ohgg ao 8383 i}~ aoo hgg emfa~ch~caey c~k ~km Pcaecy~ @my% ^|mh~s |mdhceyymi|m~' m h|m dhes smh|y ~kh~ hes ao ~km H|hl gmhnm|ykcz' ea~ ~km Kml|m%

Yceim h}~}de 8383' iaceicnme~hggs a| ea~' y~h|~ ~km H|hl |mvag~ ce Zhgmy~cem%Scy}v +Kml|m ym~~gmdme~y# h|m h~~hibmn' ygh}fk~m|mn k}en|mny ao Kml|m%Mefgcyk |mhi~y zaa|gs' khvcef |mfh|n ~a ~km o}~}|m ce~m|my~y ao ~km L|c~cyk Dhenh~mce Zhgmy~cem%

Ce ~kmym ic|i}dy~heimy ~km Iaddcyycae ~a n|h }z ce Yhe \mda +83 # Ym~y h eh~}|hg la}enh|slm~mme Kml|m hen H|hly0 @a|nhe% Lm~mme @a|nhe hen ~km Dmnc~m||hemhe@my' o|ad @a|nhe ~a ~km H|hlche Zmecey}gh Zhgmy~cechey% Ya ~km z|algmd aoymzh|h~cae ao ~km ~a iadd}ec~cmy hy yagvmn oa| la~k zh|~cmy' aem ycnm hen a~km|ycnm ao ~km @a|nhe |cvm|%83; Zhgmy~cem }enm| L|c~cyk dhenh~m% @my ohim H|hl |ca~y hen L|c~cykce~m|my~y ce ~km h|mh% ^km L|c~cyk he~mn ~a dhce~hce ~kmc| yzkm|m ao ceog}meim ~kmem Yh}nc H|hlch' hy mgg hy z|cvcgmfmn hiimyy ~a acg |mya}|imy ce C|hx' Yh}nc


21/29

H|hlch' C|he' B}hc~' ~km Zm|yche F}go% ^km|moa|m ao H|hl |ca~y ce Zhgmy~cem hy hycfe ~kh~ ~km &yzmichg |mgh~caeykcz& lm~mme L|c~cyk hen ~km Pcaecy~ Davmdme~ khn~a lm ~mdzm|h~m%

Hy h |my}g~' yceim 83#' ce @m|}yhgmd~km|m cy h iadd}ec~s ao Kml|m Ik|cy~chey h|a}en 9'::: zmazgm o|ad dc{mndh||chfmy% Cy ea~ faan ymme ls ~km dayhci \hlceh~m% ^km|m cy hgya ~km kadm aoZhgmy~ceche Ik|cy~chey +Dh|aec~m Ik}|ik' gcbm ~km Ik|cy~chey ao Gmlheae#'myzmichggs ce Lm~kgmmd' \hdhgh ce Icyca|nhech%

H~ z|myme~ ~km|m h|m om i}||me~ z|a @mcyk a|cfce ao Ik|cy~chec~s% Dme~cae ao~km Dmyycheci @my% Dmyycheci @}nhcyd cy h |mgcfca}y davmdme~ kaym hnkm|me~yighcd ~kh~ @my}y ao Ehph|m~k +~km Kml|m ehdm &Smyk}h cy' ae ~km aem khen' ~km@mcyk Dmyychk \mvcvmn' ae ~km a~km| khen' khvcef h ncvcem a|cfce% Ce 8339 ~km|mm|m 8?:'::: hnkm|me~y ce ~km ]ec~mn Y~h~my hen 9=:'::: a|gncnm% Ce ::ce ~km a|gn% Dmyycheci @my h|m iaeycnm|mn z|hi~cicef h}~kme~ci ea~cim ao ^a|mhen I}g~}|m lhen @}nhy% Dmyycheci @}nhcyd cy iaeycnm|mn ls @my ao Dayhci\c~m' hy hgg Ik|cy~che |c~my' hy h oa|d ao Ik|cy~chec~s% Dmyycheci @}nhcyd hyoa|dmn ce Ymi% [C[% Kml|m iaef|mfh~cae ao Ik|cy~chey m|m oa|dmn oc|y~ ceMefghen% C~ hy oa}enmn ls >8 Ik|cy~che Kml|m hy& Lmec Hl|hkhd% C~ hy h oa|dao Ik|cy~chec~s c~k &lhibf|a}en& @}nhci% Ce 8;?? ~hbm lmcef &@mcyk Hggcheim Ik|cy~chey ce L|c~hce' kaym l|heikmy h|m oa}en ~anhs ce M}|azm hen ~km ]ec~mn

Y~h~my% ^hbme ce 838= lmcef ~km Ce~m|eh~caehg Hggcheim ao @mcyk $ Ik|cy~che ceHdm|cih + &^km Kml|m$Ik|cy~che Hggcheim ao Hdm|cih& $ KIHH#% Ce 83


22/29

~km Ce~m|eh~caehg Hggcheim ao @mcyk $ Ik|cy~che +& km Ce~m|eh~caehg Kml|m$Ik|cy~che Hggcheim& $ CKIH#% Dmyycheci @}nhcyd cy |mvcvcef ls Dh|~ce Ikm|eaoo+Ikhc|dhe KIHH#% Ce 836= KIHH lmiadmy Dmyycheci Hggcheim ao Hdm|cih+ &Dmyycheci @mcyk Hggcheim ao Hdm|cih& $ D@HH#' kcik ncyyaich~my iaef|mfh~cae

cy gam| +y}ik hy ~km Dmyycheci Cy|hmg Hggcheim' Oc|y~ O|}c~y ao Pcae' hen ~kmIahgc~cae ao â|hk Dmyycheci Iaef|mfh~caey alym|vmn#% Dmyycheci @}nhcyd cy ~km ~kmagafcihg y~}ns ao Fan hen Yi|cz~}|m o|ad ~kmzm|yzmi~cvm ao c~% H|m iheaecihg Agn ^my~hdme~' Em ^my~hdme~ hy h ~m{~ ceyzc|mnls Fan' Y~% Zh}g Mzcy~agmgm iaeycnm|mn o}ggs iaef|}me~ c~k Dmyycheci @}nhcyd+|m`mi~mn ls yadm iaef|mfh~cae hy iheaecihg#% Iheaecihg ~m{~y h|m0 â|hk'Emvc&cd' Bm~}vcd' ~km Fayzmgy Dh~~km' Dh|b' G}bm hen @ake' Hi~y +G}bm#'Mzcy~agmgm @ake' Zm~m| hen Zh}g hnn|myymn ~km @my' \mvmgh~cae +laab ao ~km Em^my~hdme~#%

O}enhdme~hg Nai~|cem0

Fan $ Lmgcmo ce Fan +Mgak# Lclgm adecza~me~' adecz|myme~' m~m|ehg' i|mh~cvm'hen ceocec~mgs lmemvagme~%

Smkyk}h +@my}y# Dmyychk @}nmhe Dmyychk hy& SK_K &+SM Ka _h} Km#ceih|eh~m& ~km dmh~ &hen yzc|c~}hg yhvca|%

V|c~~me â|hk $ â|hk +Zme~h~m}~k#' ^km Ocvm Laaby ao Daymy h|m iaeycnm|mn$oa| o}gg iaevmehe~g c~k ncvcec~s% C~ cy lmgcmvmn ~kh~ @my}y z|mhikmn hen |mhooc|dmnohc~k ce ~km â|hk%

&Lm ao Cy|hmg& khvm lmme' h|m hen cgg |mdhce h zmazgm ao Fan' zh|~ ao kcy Ncvcem

Zghe z|mdh~}|m |mzghimdme~ ao hes bcen ls ~km Ik}|ik ao Ncvcem Zghe% Lclgm$^hehbk hen hzay~agci V|c~cefy +L&|c~ Ikhnhyh h|m ao ncvcem ceyzc|h~cae ~aDmyycheci @my%

Myikh~agafch $ Dmyycheci @my h|m oaggam|y ao ~km oaggacef lmgcmoymyikh~agafcim0 Nhs Men' Ymiaen Iadcef ao @my}y hy h ~|c}dzkhe~ Dmyychk' ~km|ml}cgncef ao Cy|hmg' ~km |ml}cgncef ao ~km ^kc|n ^mdzgm' \mvcvhg ao nmhn +hen @my}y\mvcvmn#$Ykhlh~ ^km dcggmeechg +@my}y |mcfe avm| h a|gn c~k ~km Zh|hncym#%

Gh A\HG $ A|hg }ym â|hk ce ~km ^hgd}n' alym|vmn @mcyk Gh hen~|hnc~caey ao Khghbh%

^km|m h|m iaevm|~cef oaggam|y% ^kmym h|m |h|m hen ~km |my}g~ ao yzc|c~}hgcnme~cocih~cae c~k Dmyycheci @}nhcyd' z|avmn gaef hen z}|y}mn ~km hcd h~ ~km~h|fm~% ^kms lmgcmvm ikcgn|me ao Cy|hmg iadcef lhib yz|mhn hdaef &eh~caey& hykme @my}y iadm lhib%

Dhce~hce iadzgcheim c~k ~km ?89 Dc~pva~ $ gceby% Vm h|m hfhcey~ hecdhgyhi|cocim a| Kml|m +h|m y}ddaemn \hllc Hbcvh hen \hllc ^h|oae0 &co c~ hy ceyhekmn|ce' ealans' ea nh~m ihe ea~ lm bcggmn& +Dcykehk Dhba~ 808:#% C~ iaenmdey~km cenc|mi~ |mom|meim ~a kcy nmh~k @my}y' Y~mzkme' hen a~km| Kml|m Ik|cy~chey'avm| ~cdm ls Yhekmn|ce%


23/29

Z|hi~cicef ^a|hk ghy gmhn ~a Yhei~cocos' ea~ ~a yhvm2 h~~|cl}~mn aegs ~a ~kmDmyychk%

La~k Zh}g hen @my}y khvm iadzgcmn o}ggs kmhnx}h|~m|y ^a|hk%&Na ea~ ~kceb ~kh~ C ihdm ~a nmy~|as ~km Gh l}~ ~a o}gocgg ,+Dh~~km =086$83 86#%

Zh}g +kcik C ao~me ihgg kcy ehdm c~k ~km @my0 Ykh&}g# |mdhcemn h ohc~ko}gZkh|cymm @}nmhe' ncyiczgm ao Fhdhgcmg ~km Mgnm|' }e~cg kcy nmh~k' h iae~ce}a}ygsalym|vmn ~km @mcyk ghy hen ~|hnc~caey% Iae~hcemn ce ~km iaeimz~ &EmZm|yzmi~cvm ae Zh}g& khvm f|mh~ ycfecociheim ce Dmyycheci @}nhcyd%

H |miaddmenh~cae Iaeicgch~cae Dmyycheci \hllc ao ~km @my cy iadzgcheim ao@mcyk kagcnhsy' ~km Yhllh~k' ncm~h|s |}gmy%

H dhce al`mi~cae ~a @my vy% Dmyycheci @my iaeycy~y ce ~kh~' mvme co c~ cyDmyycheci @}nhcyd' Smkyk}h +@my}y# cy ea~ ~km Dmyychk% Dmyycheci @my h|m ea~|miafecpmn hy ce M|m~p Cy|hmg hen ihe ea~ }ym @mcy |cfk~ ~a dhbm hgsh ce ~km Y~h~m

ao Cy|hmg%@my &A|~kana{& davmdme~ |mfh|nmn hy h lm~|hshg' h y}lvm|ycvm oa|d aohzay~hys' a|ym ~khe hes oa|d ao Ik|cy~che |c~m m{z|myymn azme% Hiia|ncef ~a hx}a~m o|ad ~km Ime~|hg Iaeom|meim ao Hdm|cihe \hllcy +883;=9!Kml|m$Ik|cy~chey$ocfk~$Lmfcecefy$oa|$~km$Fayzmg$ao$@my}y$@mkay}hk$ # ^kcy |c~cef cy ce~menmn ~a lm ~km

|my}dz~cae ao ~my~cdaes o|ad ~a dcggmeech hfa' oai}ymn ae ~km |agm ao Ik|cy~cheyIadd}ec~cmy ce ~km Kml|m Fayzmg ao @my}y ymencef }y ~a Kml|m%Hzz|ahik khy ~k|mm da~cvh~caey0

\agm zghsmn ls @my Ik|cy~chey ce ~km oc|y~ k}en|mn smh|y ao Dcyycaeh|s%Mdm|fmeim' mvag}~cae hen nmy~|}i~cae ao iadd}ec~cmy ao Kml|m Ik|cy~chey%Z|myme~cef h y}ddh|s ao im|~hce kcy~a|cihg dadme~y n}|cef ~km gcom ao Kml|mIk|cy~che Iadd}ec~cmy ce @m|}yhgmd% C na c~ lmih}ym c~ hy h d}~h~cae ao|mom|meim c~k ~km yzc|c~}hg &mefcem& ^KM KAZM% Zkmeadmeae iadzh|hlgm ~a ~kh~dhnm ls Daymy' c~k h ~ka}yhen ~a k}en|mn smh|y lmoa|m ~kh~ ~cdm% Vkmemegcfk~memn &zmazgm ~a h |mgcfcae&% ^kcy ~cdm' ~km dmyyhfm yme~ ls ~km mh|gsKml|m Ik|cy~chey +~km hzay~gmy# m|m fcvme ~a zmazgm ao &@m|}yhgmd hen hgg


24/29

@}nmh hen Yhdh|ch hen ~a ~km mnfm ao ~km mh|~k&% +Hi~y z%8%;%#% M{hi~gs0 HI\MNA CE AEM FAN OA\ HGG ZMAZGMY%

^km nmyc|m ~a |c~m y~h|~mn h om alym|vh~caey ~kh~ C khvm ymmdmn y~|hefm0

H eh~cae h~ Kml|m' gmh|emn ce iadlh~ c~k he mdzc|m +\adhe# hen gmn ls h

~|clhg hen |mgcfca}y ihy~m ncvcnmn lm~mme ~km ocfk~ oa| c~y ae yhbm a| oa| eh~caehgcenmzmenmeim' hy hhc~cef h &Yme~ YH_M&% Vkme c~ aii}|y' ka m|m a|nceh|s'oc|y~ z|mhikmn ikhefm ~k|a}fk da|hg ohc~k ce Fan ~km Oh~km|' gavm oa| a~km|y'mx}hgc~s hen dh~m|chg gcom ao ~km Myymemy iadd}ec~s' km hy bcggmn }enm| ~km msmyao ~kaym ka' h mmb lmoa|m' ~kms ogh~~m| kcd%

Zmazgm m{zmi~ ~km Kml|m Dmyychk Iadcef oa|imn y}zm|eh~}|hg' hy Daymy' a|hy |mza|~mn Mpmikcmg zam| ao Fan ihdm ~a kmgz zmazgm ce @}nmh + &C gaabmn henlmkagn c~ ihdm o|ad ea|~k h hgg ao h y}nnme cen' h iga}n ~kcib' hen h l}engm aooc|m' kcik yz|mhn h|a}en h l|cfk~ gcfk~% +%%%# Mvm|s~kcef cy ce ~km dcnngm yh oa}|

gcvcef i|mh~}|m +%%%# Mhik ao ~kmd khn oa}| ohimy' hen mhik khn oa}| cefy +%%%# ~kmc|cefy m|m h~~hikmn ~a aem hea~km|% Hen kme ~kms h|m ea~ lhib ce hes zh|~' l}~mhik me~ y~|hcfk~% +Mpmikcmg z%8' ='?'3##% ^km|m km ihdm ~a lmgcmvm ~kh~ @my}y'menamn c~k ~km dc|higm ao f|him ~a |miavm| yka}gn ea~ myihzm o|ad k}dhez}ecykdme~ +~a lm i|}icocmn#% ^kme kme ~kms yh ~km h||my~ hy hes ao ~kmd' ho~m|~kms |mimcvmn hy h Bcef ce @m|}yhgmd ~kms khvm gmo~ kcd%

Y~mz z|azkm~ @my}y oa| Ohc~k ce FAN ]EC^ YCEFGM fmem|h~my h dcggmeh|sy~|}ffgm lm~mme ceycnm|y zmazgmy ka a|ykcz hen lmgcmvm ce ~km yhdm vmcemya~m|ci0 km~km| Ik|cy~che a| Dayhci' zg}y da|m ~khe ymvme k}en|mn smh|y

oaggam|y Cyghd% Daymy' ~km f|mh~ Mfsz~che cec~ch~mn ce ^mlh +}enm| ~km ehdmKa|yhycz# cy iadzgm~mn a}~ycnm Mfsz~ ce~menmn ~a i|mh~m &h zmazgm ~a h |mgcfcae&%Zc~khfa|h' hla}~ ymvme k}en|mn smh|y ho~m| km l|cefy gcfk~ ao ~km yhdm ~|}~ky aocec~ch~cae ce ~km |}e ^kmlhe ~a Kmggmecy~ci h|mh' ~a ~km I}g~ ao Nmgzkc% Meny c~ym{cy~meim l}|emn ce he }z|cycef ao ~km &Nmdai|h~y& F|mmb iagaes ao I|a~ae +~kmcyghen ae ~km iahy~y ao C~hgs#% H ncyiczgm ao kcy nai~|cem Phdag{m cgg dme~a| ~kmNhiche ~m||c~a|cmy% Zgh~a a}gn lm ~km nai~|cem ~kh~ cgg cdzgmdme~ ~km oaggacefoa}| Kmggmecy~ci &fagnme hfmy& ao yzhim ls F|mmb gmhnm|y hy Zm|cigm hen Hgm{henm|~km F|mh~%

@my}y' oa|dmn ce ~km yhdm mya~m|ci ya}|imy' z|mym|vmn ls ~km Myymemy @my~a ~km Nmh~k Ymh ae ~km iahy~ hen ce ~km Ecg Nmg~h' |mzmh~ y~mz m{~|hzagh~mn&Zmazgm ao Fan& o|ad ~km @mcyk h~ hgg &eh~caey&% C~ czmn a}~ ls i|}icoc{cae%Hzay~gmy cgg fa' hen yz|mhn a|n Fayzmg a}~ycnm kcy &ikayme zmazgm&%Gaef gcem ao Ik|cy~che dh|~s|y' o|ad ~km Kml|m ls m~kecic~s' m|m igmhe$dcenmnzmazgm ce ~kmc| mvm|snhs gcvmy% Hy dh|~s|y' Kml|m dayhciy m|m |cfk~ma}y ce ~kmc|ohc~k ce Fan' `}y~ hy Zhgmy~cechey lmgcmvm|y ce Fan $ Hgghk cy y~cgg h zmazgm ce m{cgm ao~km ~cdmy m gcvm %%% C VAENM\ AEGS LMIH]YM FAN KHY NCOOM\ME^EHDMY1(

^km ]ec~s ~k|a}fk ohc~k ce Fan hy h ycefgm cyghen ce h ymh ao CFEA\HEIM henKH^\MN% Aem zayyclgm heym| cy ~kh~ ~km Z\CNM AO ZAVM\' ao hes a|cfce

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25/29

a}gn ea~ he~ ~a lm h o|mm hen o}gg }enm|y~hencef ao ~kcy mya~m|ci iaddae vmce%Vks1 Lmih}ym c~ y~cgg namy ea~ bea KAV DHEHFM C^( Agcfh|ikcmy z|cvcgmfmy aohes bcen m|m aoo c~k ea yzc|c~}hg o|mmnad ~k|a}fk ymgo ao mhik dhe' lmih}ym eaaem ihe iae~|ag' ~a favm|e c~y }ym% ^km|moa|m ZAVM\ Dhs hghsy }ymn he

moomi~cvm cey~|}dme~ ao ncy}ecae0 cfea|heim' hen oheh~cicyd% Lmcef h @m hy h da~km|' h Ik|cy~che A|~kana{ ls lhz~cyd' ihe ycdzgs x}a~m~km Kml|m kcy~a|che Ykgada Ghcyk hla}~ ~}d}g~}a}y nmy~ces ao ~km Kml|mzmazgm0&Vm ~kceb km|m ~a mdzkhycpm aem ohi~ ~kh~ c~ ymmdy ~a hzzgs ~a hgg x}my~caey hena~km|y ~kh~ aii}| ce a}| dceny% He al`mi~cvm |myzaeym kcik |mycy~mn hgg ~cdm'kcik hy ym~ a}~ c~k ~ka}yheny ao smh|y lmoa|m }y ls h eae @m% \myzaeym aoz|azkm~ Lhggy ^km Dhnchec~m8 fhvm ~a Lhghb bcef ao Dahlc~' kme cevc~mn ~a i}|ymy~|clmy ao Cy|hmg' a}~ yaae ce yghvm|s Mfsz~che0

&CY H ZMAZGM HGAEM' VC^KA]^ EMFGMI^ A^KM\ ^\CLMY& +E}dm|cc ; ls my~hlgcykcef ~kmM|m~p Cy|hmg Y~h~m' sm~ y~cgg khvm h n}~s0 ~a |miafecpm @mkay}hk $ @my}y hy ~km

Ik|cy~chey yhs' h dhe ka ~|}gs kaea|' ~km bcenemyy ~a ~km @mcyk Zmazgm% Lmsaen ~kcy ohi~ m ~|cmn ~a my~hlgcyk h |mhyae% Ka |cnci}ga}y cy ~km k}dhe|myzaeym ~a Fan&y bcenemyy% A| da|m yzmicocihggs0 KAV ZMAZGM y}iimyy ~anmy~|as ~kmd cy zhyymn ls h z|azkm~%

Dmyh|ay $ Hefkmg _hycgm 833


26/29

LCLGCAF\HZKS

^c~gm H}~ka|' z}lgcykm|' z}lgcykcef smh| &Hi~y ao Hzay~gm& Hzay~gm G}bm' &Agn my~hdme~& ***&Agn ^my~hdme~& ***&Va|by& vag CC Zgh~a Meisigazmnci Yicme~coci Z}lgcykcef L}ikh|my~

836?&Fagnme Va|ny& Ohl|m n&Agcvm~ Z}lgcykcef Ka}ym nm gh _cggm' Zh|cy

8;69&F|mh~ Z|azkm~y ao

Heicme~&

Mn}h|n Yika}|m Z}lgcykcef Ka}ym Fhggcdh|n' Zh|cy

83


27/29

_CNMA LCLGCAF\HZKS0

8 Dmyh|a Hefkmg _hycgm , KML\MV IK\CY^CHEY OCFK^ LMFCECEFY OA\ ^KM FAYZMGAO @MY]Y $ Nai}dme~h|s MyyhsGceb Hn|myy0 k~~z0!!%sa}~}lm%iad!h~ik1v4@m|F^KniyHi< Dmyh|a Hefkmg _hycgm , PCAECYD HZAY^GMY $ DADME^ AO PCAECYD +C# $ Nai}dme~h|sMyyhs

Gceb Hn|myy0 k~~z0!!%sa}~}lm%iad!h~ik1v4FI`VCMySX8C Dmyh|a Hefkmg _hycgm , ^KM LMFCEECEF AO KML\MV OCFK^ OA\ ^KM \M^]\E CEM\M^P CY\HMG $ DADME^ AO PCAECYD +CC#, $ Nai}dme~h|s MyyhsGceb Hn|myy0 k~~z0!!%sa}~}lm%iad!h~ik1v4kc:`ZpHQhOHDmyh|a Hefkmg _hycgm ,YHE \MDA IKH\^ 83Dmyh|a Hefkmg _hycgm ,KML\MV A\FHECPH^CAE OA\ YMGO NMOMEIM CE ZHGMY^CEM+SCYK]_# $ DADME^Y AO PCAECYD +C_# $ Nai}dme~h|s MyyhsGceb Hn|myy0 k~~z0!!%sa}~}lm%iad!h~ik1v4_@Phg8$DFl> Dmyh|a Hefkmg _hycgm , KML\MVY' IK\CY^CHEY' D]YGCDY CE @M\]YHGMD

IADZMENC]D AO KCY^A\CIHG OHI^Y $ Nai}dme~h|s MyyhsGceb Hn|myy0 k~~z0!!%sa}~}lm%iad!h~ik1v4ZOvVK}ymP


28/29

Fan cy AEM2 dhebcen dhnm kcd dhes0

Aem Dayhci' aem Ik|cy~che' aem D}ygcd%

HLA]^ H]^KA\

Z\AOCGM0Ehdm0 _hycgm Dmyh|a Hefkmg

Z|aoomycae0 C^ ^|hcem|

Y~}ncmy0

]ecvm|yc~s ao L}ikh|my~ $ Ohi}g~s ao Dh~kmdh~ciy hen Dmikheciy+8368#

Ysy~md Hehgsy~ Zay~f|hn}h~m $ I%M%Z%M%I%H% +836=#Va|b Da~cvh~cae0

Nai}dme~h~cae ao cyy}my ~kh~ iaeim|emn dm ce |mime~ smh|y%

Oa| Gceby ~a a~km| a|by 0 Ce FAAFGM ceym|~ ~m{~ 0 dmyh|ayhefkmg ae em~

Ymgmi~h~c yc~m0 k~~z0!!%yi|cln%iad!nai!9?63=;=>!_HYCGM$DMYH\AY$HEFKMG$GCEB$}|c$gh$G]I\H\C$ZM$EM^$GCEBY$OA\$VA\BY$ZAY^MN$AE$^KM$EM

M$dhcg0vhefkmg~khicJshkaa%iad


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hebrew, christians, muslims in jerusalem - compendium of historical facts

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