heavy water organic cooled reactor
TRANSCRIPT
AI-.CE-45 METALS, CERAMICS,
AND MATERIALS
HEAVY WATER ORGANIC COOLED REACTOR
PRELIMINARY
ANNULAR UC FUEL CASTING
DEVELOPMENT
Contract: AT(38-1)-430
FOR THE U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
By
N. H. KATZ
L E G A L N O T I C E This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work Neither the United States, nor the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commibbion
A Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accu racy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained m this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights, or
B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed m this report
As used m the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" includes any employee or contractor of liie Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that
' such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his emplojment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor
iAR 1 5 1969
ATOMICS INTERNATIONAL-COMBUSTION ENGINEERING A Joint Venture for Heavy Water Organic Cooled Reactors
W S T R I E J - I O N O DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED •' i
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.
AI-CE-45
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to thank R. N. Beam for his unceasing
a s s i s t ance and suggest ions , which w e r e a major contribution
toward solving a difficult casting problem. "
1.1
AI-CE-
CONTENTS
Page
Abs t rac t 6
I. Introduction. 7
II. Exper imenta l 9
A. Mold Gating Design 9
B. Cast ing Exper iments — Single-Cavity Molds 9
1. 3/4 in. OD (1/4 in. wall) by 3 in. Long 9
2. Scaleup to L a r g e r D iame te r s 13
a. Cast ing Nominal 2.000-in. OD Hollow Cyl inders . . 13
b . Casting Nominal 3.500-in. OD Hollow Cylinders . . . . . . . . 17
3. Analysis of Hollow UC Cylinders Cast in Single-Cavity Molds 19
a. Composit ion 19
b . Internal Defects 19
c. Dimensions 19
d. Metal lography 21
C. Cast ing Exper iments — Multiple-Cavity Molds 21
III. Discuss ion of Resul ts 28
A. Feas ib i l i ty Demonstra t ion . 28
B. Major P rob lem Areas 28
IV. Conclusions. 32
References 33
TABLES
1. Dimiensions of Single-Cavity Graphite Molds and As-Cas t Cyl inders . 18
2. Diamet r ica l Shrinkage of Cast Annular UC Fuel (Measured vs Calculated) 18
3
AI-CE-45
FIGURES
Page
Graphite Mold Used for Single-Cavity Casting of 3 /4- in . OD Annular UC Fuel ( -1 /4 in. wall)
a. Components 10
D« x\.ssemDx6ci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l u
As-Cas t Hollow UC Cyl inders , Nominal 3/4 in. OD (1/4 in. wall) by 3 in. Long
a. Casting F r o m Heat SC-4 12
b. Cast ings F r o m Heats SC-4, - 5 , and -6 12
Graphite Mold Used for Single-Cavity Casting of 2.000-in. OD Annular UC Fuel ( -1 /4 in. wall)
b. Par t i a l ly Assembled (Both cores positioned within base plate) . . . 14
C r a c k - F r e e , A s - C a s t , Hollow Cyl inders of Nomiinal 2.000 in. OD and 1/4-in. Wall Thickness 15 A s - C a s t , Hollow Cyl inders of Nominal 3.5 00 in. OD and 1/4-in. Wall Thickness
a. F r o m Heat SC-12, Showing Diametr ica l ly Opposed V^ X^ 3 . C- JXO « c * * B a « « » a a « a a c a « * a s o a « * * a a a * * a e a « « t * a X O
b . C r a c k - F r e e Cyl inders , 1-1/2 in. Long, Typical of Heats O^fc** •" X J t o " " X ( • e a a « a a e s a a * a a a * a a « « a « a a « * a a « s a a a a a X O
As-Cas t , Hollow Cyl inders , 3/4 to 3.500 in. OD and 1/4 in. Wall (Note excellent surface finish on ID of 2.000 and 3.500 in. OD C y X X X l d C T ' S / a a a « a « a a a a « a * e « « » e * « e a e a a a a a a a a a e a a a « a a l O
Compar ison of Measured and Calculated Diamet r ica l Shrinkage of A s - C a s t Annular UC Fuel , as a Function of Diameter (Values taken from Table 2) 20
Typical T r a n s v e r s e Mic ros t ruc tu r e of As -Cas t , Hollow, Stoichiometric UC Cylinder of Nominal 2.000 in. OD and 1/4-in. Wall Thickness
a. Adjacent to ID 22
iJ« \^ siiX L 6 X ^ * * a a a a a a * a e « a * a a a s a a a » « c * « a * « a a a * a « a a a a Lji CJ
C « . / x C L J 3 . C 6 X 1 X t O V . / X . / • • a a « a « a a a a * a a a a * a a e a a a a s a a a a « a e * a L4 dt
#
4
FIGURES
Typical T r a n s v e r s e Mic ros t ruc tu re of As -Cas t , Hollow, Hyper s to ichiometr ic (~4.92 to 5.02 wt % C) UC Cylinder of Nominal 3.500 in. OD and 1/4-in. Wall Thickness
a. Adjacent to ID . .
b . Center
c . Adjacent to OD
Multiple-Cavity Graphite Mold, Assembled for Use in Skull-Cast T i l t -Pour Furnace (Note conical graphite dis t r ibutor and flat d i s t r ibu tor plate la te r added to top of mold)
Graphite Mold for Mult iple-Cavity Casting of 3-1/2 in. OD Annular UC Fuel Cylinders
a. Components
b. Assembled
C r a c k - F r e e Hollow UC Cylinder , 3 -1 /2 in. OD (1/4 in, wall) by 6 in. Long, Cast in Multiple-Cavity Mold (Note smooth, defect-free ID surface , as compared to porosity of OD C>U.X X e t c . w / a a s a a « a a « * a a » » e e * a a a e « a a e a a e a a a a i a e
5
AI-CE-45
ABSTRACT
An exploratory casting p r o g r a m was conducted to de te rmine
the feasibili ty of cast ing hyper s toichiometr ic uranium carbide in
the shape of r i n g s , as fuel for application in advanced Heavy
Water Organic Cooled Reactor (HWOCR) annular e lement des igns .
Unique mold gating sys t ems w e r e developed for both s ingle- and
mult iple-cavi ty molds . This resul ted in the successful a r c ca s t
ing of uranium carbide fuel r ings and hollow cyl inders of var ious
outside d i a m e t e r s , ranging from 3/4 to 3.5 in. , all having a
1/4-in. v/all th ickness , and lengths up to 6 in.
The major problem a r e a s per t inent to the development of a r e
liable mul t ip le-cavi ty skull casting p roces s for annular uran ium
carbide fuel have been isolated and analyzed. However, additional
work is r equ i red to reso lve existing problem a r e a s and to develop
advanced technology for a l a r g e - s c a l e , economical , mul t ip le -
concent r ic - r ing cast ing p roces s for the advanced HWOCR concepts .
6
AI-CE-45
I. INTRODUCTION
An exploratory casting p rog ram was initiated to de termine the feasibility of
and problem a r e a s assoc ia ted with the development of a p rocess tor fabricating
r ing-shaped hypers to ich iomet r ic UC fuel for application in advanced Heavy Water
Organic Cooled Reactor (HWOCR) annular e lement design concepts .
F r o m the standpoint of r eac to r design, the annular concept offers a number
of advantages over the rod -c lu s t e r e lement , chief among them being design
flexibility and more c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l fuel a rea per element . With r ega rd to
flexibility, each fuel ring and coolant channel may be var ied in th ickness , and
the number of fuel r ings may be var ied over a wide range . This is not feasible
for the r o d - c l u s t e r e lement , where the use of more than two or three kinds of
rods is imprac t i ca l , and the number of rods per element is l imited to bundles
which fit symmet r i ca l ly into a round p rocess tube (e .g . , 7, 19, 37, and 61 rods ) .
The design flexibility of the annular e lement may be used to advantage to obtain
a "balanced" design — one in which the coolant velocity in each coolant annulus
in the element is the s a m e , and in which the maximum cladding tempera ture on
both sides of each fuel ring is the s ame . This approach can elimiinate excess
coolant, and should resu l t in improved neutron economy.
In addition, the annular e lement may be designed with more c ross - sec t iona l
fuel a rea per e lement than a rod -c lu s t e r element . In the rod-c lus te r element ,
as the fuel a r ea is i nc reased , the maximum cladding t empera tu re of the cen t ra l
rods d e c r e a s e s . As the fuel a r e a of the annular element is increased , the cool
ant a rea in the center of the element may be dec reased , maintaining the limiting
surface t e m p e r a t u r e on each fuel r ing. Thus, the advantage of the annular e l e
ment over the rod -c lu s t e r e lement i nc r ea se s with fuel a r ea . Increased fuel a r e a
r e su l t s in a r eac to r capital cost savings , by reducing the number of p r e s su re
tubes requ i red in the c o r e .
F r o m the standpoint of fabricat ion, the state of the a r t regarding casting of
annular UC fuel is v i r tual ly nonexistent. Several p re l iminary , unpublished,
s m a l l - s c a l e exper imen t s , conducted at Atomics International in previous y e a r s ,
indicated that UC r ings , pa r t i cu la r ly l a rge d iameter r ings , were difficult to
fabr ica te , due p r imar i ly to the high coefficient of the rmal expansion and the
inherent b r i t t l eness of UC.
7
AI-CE-45
The p r i m a r y intent of the w^ork descr ibed in this r epo r t w^as to initiate d e
velopment of techniques for the cast ing of annular UC fuel of sound s t ruc tu re
and with controlled dimensional var ia t ions . This r epo r t p r e sen t s the s ta tus of
the initial phase of the development of annular UC fuel for use in concentr ic
fuel e lements .
AI-CE-45
II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. MOLD GATING DESIGN
The reference procedure at AI for a r c casting UC fuel in the form of solid
rods cons is t s basical ly of t i l t pouring molten UC into mul t i -cavi ty graphite
(ATJ grade) mo lds . The molten UC is allowed to solidify without r e s t r a in t ,
usually resul t ing in uncracked r o d s . The casting of UC into an annular shaped
fuel is considerably more complicated, because it r equ i re s the use of a mold
c o r e . The s imples t approach ( i . e . , for metal fuel) is usually to use a solid
c o r e . However, e a r l i e r (unpublished) exper imenta l efforts at AI had indicated
that the use of solid graphite co re s always produced catas t rophic cracking of UC
upon solidification, due to the l a rge differential expansion between UC and graph
i te . Thus , so l id -co re casting was not pursued, and all efforts w e r e initially d i
rec ted tov^ard designing a s ingle-cas t ing nriold gating sys tem which would give
uncracked r i ngs .
The use of a thin-wall graphi te core was selected as a f i rs t approach, on the
theory that the co re should be s t rong enough to r e s t r a i n the molten UC during
solidification; but its s t rength should be sufficiently low that it would crush with
contract ion of the UC during cooling, and would not impose hoop s t r e s s e s on the
ring that would be la rge enough to f rac ture the casting in tension.
Several thin-wall c o r e s , having a 0.010-in. wall thickness and a 1/4 in. OD,
were fabricated fronn ATJ grade graphi te , and were designed for casting UC
tubes , 3/4 in. OD (1/4 in. wall) by 3 in. long. The cores (one is shown in F ig
ure la) were fabricated from solid graphi te blocks by f i r s t machining an over
sized OD, boring the ID to exact d imens ions , followed by a f inished-dimension
cut on the OD. This technique was used throughout the p rogram, and was the
only method available without resor t ing to development of special tooling and
fabricat ion methods .
B. CASTING EXPERIMENTS - SINGLE-CAVITY MOLDS
1. 3/4 in. OD (1/4 in. wall) by 3 in. Long
The f i r s t s e r i e s of a rc casting exper iments used a single-cavity graphite
mold shown in F igure la and the thin-wall co re (0.010 in. thick) descr ibed
9
AI-CE-45
'ft
TOP SUPPORT AND CENTERING PLATE FOR HOLLOW CORE
SOLID GRAPHITE ROD
(HEAT SINK)
0.010-in. WALL HOLLOW CORE
BOTTOM PLUG AND SUPPORT FOR HOLLOW CORE
UNC a. C o m p o n e n t s
7 6 8 0 - 5 1 1 5 4
rj^
% ^ ^ ' •
b . A s s e m b l e d
UNC 7680-51155
F i g u r e 1. G r a p h i t e Mold Used for S i n g l e - C a v i t y C a s t i n g of 3 / 4 - i n . OD A n n u l a r
UC F u e l ( - 1 / 4 in . wa l l )
10
AI-CE-45
previously , a s sembled as shown in F igure lb. The f i rs t s ingle-cavi ty exper i
ment (SC-1) consis ted of melting a charge of 1.5 kg of hypers to ichiometr ic UC
(-4.9 wt% C) in an a tmosphe re of purified argon at 23 in. Hg, and pouring at
2500"C (via the mold d is t r ibutor ) into the mold cavity between the OD of the
hollow c o r e and the ID of the mold. Instead of a hollow cylinder , a solid slug
was formed, which was at t r ibuted to par t ia l dissolution of the 0.010-in. thick
core wall by the molten UC before solidification was complete . A duplicate ex
per iment (SC-2) produced identical r e s u l t s . It was concluded that the heat t r a n s
fe r red to the thin-wall co re was not being diss ipated rapidly enough to prevent
dissolution of the c o r e . The next exper iment (SC-3) was s imi la r to the previous
two, with the exception that a solid graphite rod (Figure la) was added to the
mold (inside the thin-wall core ) , loosely contacting the core wall along its ent i re
length. The casting produced with this mold was a hollow cyl inder , 3/4 in. OD
(-1/4 in. "wall) by 3 in. long, which had severe ly cracked throughout during cool
ing. The inabili ty of the UC to c ru sh the thin-wall core was a d i rec t resu l t of
having insufficient c l ea rance between the graphite rod and the co re ; in effect,
this produced a solid graphi te core which could not be crushed. However, the
thin-wall co re did not d issolve .
The mold was modified again, to overcome this so l id-core effect; the radial
c lea rance between thin-wall core ID and the graphite rod (heat sink) was in
c reased froin vir tual ly ze ro to -0.004 in. The melting and casting of UC was
ca r r i ed out (Heat SC-4), using the same pa r ame te r s as in previous hea t s . This
unique approach produced a hollow, uncracked annular cast ing, 3 in. long by
0.7 10 in. OD by 0.244 in. ID (shown in F igure 2a). Examination of the cas t ing-
mold assembly , after r emova l from the furnace, confirmed the theory that the
UC would c rush the thin graphi te shell during cooling, and not build up sufficient
hoop s t r e s s to c r a c k the cas t ing . The casting was easily removed from the mold,
leaving all components of the mold intact (with the exception of the thin-wall co re ,
pa r t s of which adhered to the ID of the cast ing) . The a s - c a s t surface finish of
the cyl inder was coraparable to that obtained for cast UC r o d s . Two additional
heats (SC-5 and -6) were made , and produced duplicate r e s u l t s . The cast ings
from these three exper iments a r e shown in Figure 2b. A radiographic examina
tion of the hollow cyl inders revealed only slight porosi ty adjacent to the top of
the cas t ing , much l e s s than that normal ly encountered in a solid slug.
11
A I - C E - 4 5
.. C a s t i n g F r o m Hea t S C - 4
UNC 7 6 6 0 - 5 1 1 9
UNC 7 6 6 0 - 5 1 1 1 b . C a s t i n g s F r o m H e a t s S C - 4 , - 5 , and -6
F i g u r e 2. A s - C a s t Hol low UC C y l i n d e r s , N o m i n a l 3 / 4 in . OD ( 1 / 4 in . wa l l ) by 3 in . Long
12
AI-CE-45
An impor tant considerat ion (real ized ear ly in this program) is that, with the
present mold design, the mold cavity may be completely filled; but it must be
prevented from being overfilled and forming a header , which is the usual p ro
cedure in cast ing r o d s . With this design, the formation of a header would be
followed by the miolten UC solidifying and contracting around the solid graphite
d is t r ibutor plate [which a l so se rves as a centering support for the thin-walled
core and solid rod (heat s ink ) ] , resul t ing in severely cracked cas t ings .
2. Scaleup to L a r g e r Diamete r s
The developinent effort in casting annular UC fuel was continued, with empha
s is on expanding the p rocess to cas t considerably l a rge r d iamete rs than 0.750 in.
specifically 2.000 and 3.500 in. OD with a 1/4-in. wall th ickness .
New mold designs w e r e p repa red , using the design for the 3/4-in. OD cylinder
as a b a s i s , and taking into considera t ion the total inside d iametra l contraction
expected for 2.000- and 3.500-in. OD cyl inders of UC (from liquid at 2500°C to
ambient t e m p e r a t u r e ) , w^hich w e r e calculated to be -0.042 and -0.080 in. r e
spectively. Adding c lea rance for the hollow core wall th ickness , a mold for
casting a 2.000-in. OD cylinder v/as designed with a 0.065 in. c l ea rance , and a
mold for the 3.500-in. OD cylinder was designed with a 0.115 in. c lea rance .
a. Cast ing Nominal 2.000-in. OD Hollow Cylinders
In actual fabricat ion of the 2.000-in. d iameter mold, a machining e r r o r r e
sulted in only a 0,015 in. c l e a r ance . One heat (SC-7) was made, using this mold.
The resul t ing UC cylinder was 3 in. long and had two wide c r a c k s , d iametr ica l ly
opposed, extending the length of the cyl inder . Subsequent molds were fabricated
with the requ i red 0.042-in. c lea rance between the d iameter of the solid graphite
inse r t (heat sink) and the ID of the hollow c o r e , or a total of 0.065 in. between
the OD of the hollow core and the d iameter of the solid graphite inse r t . The
mold components for the 2.000-in. d iamete r mold assembly a r e shown in F ig
u re 3a. P a r t i a l and complete a s sembl i e s of the components a r e shown in F ig
u res 3b and 3c respec t ive ly . The next four heats (SC-8 to -11) produced three
sound, c r ack - f r ee cyl inders having a mean OD = 1.936 in. and ID = 1.492 in., by
3 in. long. The three cyl inders a r e shown in F igure 4. The fourth cylinder was
found to have developed a c rack which extended part ial ly along the length. This
occur red as a r esu l t of an overfill of UC around the graphite distr ibution plate;
13
A I - C E - 4 5
a. C o m p o n e n t s
f OLD BASE PLATE
UNC
MOLD BODY HOLLOW CORE
SOLID CORE (HEAT SINK)
DISTRIBUTOR AND CENTERING
PLATE FOR BOTH CORES
7680-51156
b . P a r t i a l l y A s s e m b l e d (Both
c o r e s p o s i t i o n e d w i th in b a s e p la te )
UNC 7680-51157
c . A s s e m b l e d
St
^
F i g u r e 3 . G r a p h i t e Mold Used for Single-Cav i ty C a s t i n g of 2 . 0 0 0 - i n . OD A n n u l a r
UC F u e l ( - 1 / 4 in . wa l l )
UNC 7680 -51153
14
Ol
UNC F i g u r e 4. C r a c k - F r e e , A s - C a s t , Hollow C y l i n d e r s of N o m i n a l
2 .000 m . OD and 1 /4- in . Wal l T h i c k n e s s
7 6 6 0 - 5 1 1 5
> I—I
1
O w I
A I - C E - 4 5
UNC 7 6 6 0 - 5 1 2 1 a. F r o m Hea t S C - 1 2 , Showing D i a m e t r i c a l l y Opposed C r a c k s
UNC 7660-5125 b . C r a c k - F r e e C y l i n d e r , 1-1/2 in . L o n g , T y p i c a l of Hea t s SC-13 to -17
F i g u r e 5, A s - C a s t , Hol low C y l i n d e r s of N o m i n a l 3.500 in. OD and 1 /4 - in . Wall T h i c k n e s s
NOMINAL 3 4 in. OD
NOMINAL 2.000 in. OD
NOMINAL 3.50C in. OD
UNC 7660-5123 F i g u r e 6. A s - C a s t , Hol low C y l i n d e r s , 3 / 4 to 3.500 in . OD and 1/4 in . Wal l (Note e x c e l l e n t s u r f a c e f i n i sh on ID of
2 .000 and 3.500 in. OD c y l i n d e r s )
16
AI-CE-45
upon solidification, the overfill c racked and propagated into the cylinder. This
further ennphasized the need to avoid pouring a header or r i s e r above the cylin
d e r s . The surface finish of the cy l inders v^as representa t ive of that usually en
countered in cast ing UC s lugs . A radiographic analysis was made to deterinine
the extent of p r i m a r y pipe formation and other internal casting defects within
the cyl inder wal l . Only one cylinder exhibited a smal l p r imary pipe formation
which extended 1/4 in. dov/n from the top of the cyl inder . The other cylinders
did not exhibit any defects .
b . Casting Nominal 3.500-in. OD Hollow Cylinders
The apparent success in casting the 2.000-in. OD cylinder led to the fabr ica
tion of a graphite mold and gating sys tem for casting the 3.500 in. OD cylinder,
based upon the design used for the 2.000 in. cyl inder . The fabricated molds
were s imi la r to the components and assembly shown in Figure 3. Molds were
fabricated with a total c lea rance of 0.080 in. between the d iameter of the solid
graphite i n s e r t (heat sink) and the ID of the hollow c o r e , or a total of 0,115 in,
between the OD of the hollow core and the d iameter of the solid graphite inse r t .
The length of the nnold cavity w^as l imited to 1-3/4 in. by the smal l UC melt
capacity of the furnace and the re la t ively l a rge d iameter of the cylinder.
The f i r s t a t tempt (SC-12) at cast ing a 3.500-in. OD cylinder of hypers to ichi
ometr ic UC resu l ted in an overfill of molten ma te r i a l around the distr ibution
p la te . Subsequent shr inkage generated c r a c k s , d iametr ica l ly opposed, which
propagated into the cylinder (Figure 5a). The next five heats (SC-13 to -17)
produced one additional c racked cyl inder , due to overfill , and foxur sound, c r ack -
free cyl inders with an average OD = 3.391 in. , an ID = 2.936 in, , and a length
which ranged between 1-1/2 and 1-3/4 in. A typical a s - c a s t cylinder is shown
in Figure 5b. The outside surface condition of this cylinder was represen ta t ive
of that found for a s - c a s t UC slugs . However, the inside surface , after removal
of the hollow co re in se r t , general ly exhibited considerably l e s s roughness and
fewer surface defects . A good view of the inside surface of the nominal 3.500-
in. OD cylinder is shown in Figure 6, which displays cast ings of different
d i a m e t e r s .
One problem encountered after removal of the UC cylinder from the mold
was delayed cracking , which occur red severa l hours l a t e r , but pr ior to removal
17
AI-CE-45
TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OF SINGLE-CAVITY GRAPHITE MOLDS
AND AS-CAST CYLINDERS
Mold D i m e n s i o n s (in.)
C a s t i n g D i m e n s i o n s (in.)
Sh r inkage (AD) (in.)
Nomina l 3 / 4 in . OD by 1/4 in . ID by 3 in. Long UC C a s t i n g
Oute r m o l d tube OD 1.000 ID 0.750
Inne r s h e l l c o r e OD 0.270 Solid c o r e i n s e r t OD 0.240
OD
ID
Top 0.724 Bo t tom 0.720
Top 0.267 Bo t tom 0.266
OD
ID
Top B o t t o m
Top Bo t tom
Nomina l 2.000 in. OD by 1.5 in . ID by 3 in. Long UC C a s t i n g
Outer m o l d tube OD ID
I n n e r she l l c o r e OD ID
2.375 2.000
1.520 1.500
OD
ID
Top Bot tom
Top Bo t tom
1.937 1.935
1.490 1.488
OD
ID
Top B o t t o m
Top Bo t tom
-0.026 -0.030
-0.003 -0.004
-0.063 -0.065
-0 .030 -0 .032
Solid c o r e i n s e r t OD 1.430
Nomina l 3.500 in. OD by 3 in . ID by 1-1/2 in . Long UC C a s t i n g
Oute r m o l d tube O D ID
Inne r she l l c o r e OD I D
Solid c o r e i n s e r t O D
4.000 3.500
3.000 2.970
2.855
OD
ID
T o p Bot tom
T o p Bot tom
3.395 3.390
2.930 2.930
O D
ID
T o p Bot tom
T o p Bot tom
-0 .105 -0 .110
-0 .070 -0 .070
TABLE 2
DIAMETRICAL SHRINKAGE OF CAST ANNULAR UC FUEL
(Measured jvs Calculated
Nomina l A s - C a s t
C y l i n d e r OD (in.)
3 /4
2.000
3.500
D i a m e t r i c a l Shr inkage (in.)
M e a s u r e d (Avg)
OD
0.028
0.064
0.107
ID
0.004
0.031
0.070
C a l c u l a t e d
OD
0.022
0.060
0.104
I D
0.007
0.045
0.089
AI-CE-45
of the hollow core i n se r t . This was at tr ibuted to a combination of fac tors , in
cluding res idua l hoop s t r e s s e s and further contract ion of the casting around the
graphi te . Maintaining a compres s ive s t r e s s on the cylinder c i rcumference until
the graphi te in se r t could be removed by machining appeared to be the immediate
solution to this p rob lem. S t ress rel ieving at elevated t empera tu res has been
considered as an a l t e rna te solution for future investigation.
3. Analysis of Hollow UC Cylinders Cast in Single-Cavity Molds
a. Composit ion
Both carbon and oxygen analyses w e r e made on each cylinder. The carbon
contents , which w e r e made to vary for the purpose of achieving either stoichi
ometr ic or hypers to ich iomet r ic UC, were in the range of 4.72 to 5.02 wt % C.
The oxygen content, obtained by vacuum fusion, ranged from 50 to 310 ppm,
with the average being 13 8 ppm. The var ia t ion in carbon content did not appear
to affect the quality of the cast ings produced, in t e r m s of defects or c r a c k s .
b . Internal Defects
A radiographic ana lys i s was made to de termine the extent of p r imary pipe
formiation and other in ternal casting defects within the cylinder wall . The analy
s is revea led a slight amount of porosi ty in one 3/4- in . OD cylinder, and a thin
p r imary pipe in one 2-in. OD cas t ing, extending 3/16 in. down from the top. All
other cyl inders examined were free of internal pipe formation. The number of
defects found were only a smal l fract ion of the total usually encountered in UC
s lugs .
c. Dimensions
A dimensional analys is was made on all a s - c a s t cy l inders , to determine the
degree of shrinkage as a function of the nominal casting OD. Major emphasis
was placed upon determining the total d iamet r ica l change of the cy l inders , with
the dimensions of the respec t ive graphite molds in which they were cas t serving
as r e fe rence . The dimensions of the single-cavity graphite mold conaponents,
and the cast ings produced from them, a r e given in Table 1. The mean d iamet r i
cal shrinkage ( A D ) was measu red , and is given in Table 2, where it is compared
to calculated shr inkage based upon the following assumpt ions:
19
AI-CE-45
Q
-0.110
-0.100
-0.090
-0.080
-0.070
-0.060
-0.050
-0.040
-0.030
-0.020
-0.010
NOMINAL CASTING OD (in.
10-21-66 UNC 7680-51238
Figure 7. Compar ison of Measured and Calculated Diametr ica l Shrinkage of A s - C a s t Annular UC Fuel , as a Function of
Diameter (Values taken from Table 2)
20
A I - C E - 4 5
1) M e a n coef f i c i en t of t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n ( a , ) for UC = 16.0 i n . / i n . - ° C x 10
b e t w e e n 2550°C ( e s t i m a t e d s u p e r h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e ) and 2450°C ( e s t i m a t e d
s o l i d i f i c a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e for U C , ), T h i s va lue w a s ob ta ined by e x t r a p o
l a t i n g t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n da t a for h y p e r s t o i c h i o m e t r i c UC g iven in N A A - S R -
8538.^^^
2) M e a n coef f ic ien t of t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n (a ^) for U C , , f r o m 2450 to
2 0 ° C , S 12.3 i n , / i n , - ° C x 10"^.^^^
3) M o l t e n UC c o n t r a c t s u n i f o r m l y in a l l d i r e c t i o n s .
A f u r t h e r c o m p a r i s o n of m e a s u r e d and c a l c u l a t e d d i a m e t r i c a l s h r i n k a g e i s
shown in F i g u r e 7. It m u s t be no ted tha t t he c a l c u l a t e d A D i n c l u d e s only s o l i d -
s t a t e c o n t r a c t i o n , and i s e x p e c t e d to differ f r o m the m e a s u r e d A D by an a m o u n t
w h i c h wou ld inc lude the c o n t r a c t i o n f r o m :
1) L i q u i d a t s u p e r h e a t e d cond i t i on to l iqu id a t m e l t i n g poin t of UC
2) L i q u i d - t o - s o l i d p h a s e change
3) E r r o r s in m e a s u r e m e n t of c y l i n d e r d i a m e t e r s .
d. M e t a l l o g r a p h y
A m e t a l l o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s w a s p e r f o r m e d on the n o m i n a l 2.000 and 3,500 in.
OD c y l i n d e r s , t o a s c e r t a i n m i c r o s t r u c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and h o m o g e n e i t y .
The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e a u n i f o r m m i c r o s t r u c t u r e t r a n s v e r s e l y a c r o s s the w a l l
t h i c k n e s s , as shown in F i g u r e 8 for s t o i c h i o m e t r i c UC and in F i g u r e 9 for h y p e r
s t o i c h i o m e t r i c UC, The a n a l y s e s w e r e l i m i t e d to the 2,000 and 3,600 in. OD
c y l i n d e r s ; s i n c e t h e y r e p r e s e n t e d the m o s t diff icul t d i a m e t e r s to c a s t , and on t h e
c o n t e n t i o n t h a t , if n o n u n i f o r m p r o p e r t i e s w e r e p r e s e n t , they would m o s t l i ke ly
show up in the l a r g e r d i a m e t e r c a s t i n g s .
C . CASTING E X P E R I M E N T S - M U L T I P L E - C A V I T Y MOLDS
T h e i n i t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t w o r k d e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n B w a s c a r r i e d out u s i n g
s i n g l e - c a v i t y g r a p h i t e m o l d s , w i t h c a s t i n g p e r f o r m e d in a n e x p e r i m e n t a l s i z e
( -3000 a inp) a r c - m e l t i n g f u r n a c e c a p a b l e of pour ing a m a x i m u m of 1.2 kg of
m o l t e n U C .
21
A I - C E - 4 5
a . Ad jacen t to ID
A/-
Z5CX
UNC 6237-23-2
b . C e n t e r -- X '
(AT, 0.004 in.
250 X
UNC 6237-23-4
\
UNC
C .0C4 in .
250 X
c . Ad jacen t to OD
6237-23-6
F i g u r e 8, T y p i c a l T r a n s v e r s e M i c r o s t r u c t u r e of A s - C a s t , Hol low, S t o i c h i o m e t r i c UC C y l i n d e r of N o m i n a l 2.000 in. OD and
1 /4 - in , Wal l T h i c k n e s s
22
A I - C E - 4 5
'i^i:KV^^'7
a. Adjacen t to ID
UNC 6237-36-2
b . C e n t e r
UNC 6 2 3 7 - 3 5 - 4
c . Adjacent to OD
UNC 6 2 3 7 - 3 6 - 6
F i g u r e 9. T y p i c a l T r a n s v e r s e M i c r o s t r u c t u r e of A s - C a s t , Hol low, H y p e r s t o i c h i o m e t r i c ( -4 .92 to 5.02 wt % C) UC C y l i n d e r of N o m i
nal 3.500 in. OD and 1 /4- in , Wal l T h i c k n e s s
23
A I - C E - 4 5
UNC 7660-4003 F i g u r e 10. M u l t i p l e - C a v i t y G r a p h i t e Mold , A s s e m b l e d for
Use in S k u l l - C a s t T i l t - P o u r F u r n a c e (Note c o n i c a l g r a p h i t e d i s t r i b u t o r and f lat d i s t r i b u t o r
p l a t e l a t e r a d d e d to top of m o l d )
24
AI-CE-45
The next phase of the annular fuel cast ing p rogram was directed toward
scaleup of both the length of the 3 -1 /2 - in . OD cylinder (from 1-1/2 to ~6.00 in,)
and the quantity of cyl inders cas t per heat . This entailed designing a completely
new mold gating sys tem, for use in conjunction with a large (10,000 amp) skull-
cas t t i l t -pour furnace. A mult iple-cavi ty mold, for casting five cyl inders per
heat , was designed and fabricated. The initial design for each individual mold
cavity was s imi la r to the design for the s ingle-cavi ty mold used in casting the
nominal 3 -1 /2 - in , OD r ings . An assembled mult iple-cavi ty mold is shown in
Figure 10.
The f i r s t a t tempt at cast ing five cyl inders simultaneously was Heat M C - 1 ,
which consis ted of skull melting a total charge of ~4 kg of hypers toichiometr ic
UC (~5.0 wt % C) and pouring at an es t imated t empera tu re of 2650°C. (The
skul l -cast ing furnace is es t imated to produce molten UC, superheated to at
leas t 100°C higher than the smal l a rc -mel t ing furnaces used in the s ingle-
cylinder casting exper iments . ) An analys is of the resu l t s of this heat indicated
that the hollow core inse r t s had burned through, result ing in the formation of
shor t thick-walled cyl inders which cracked severely upon cooling. A second
heat , MC-2 , produced a lmost identical r e s u l t s , with the exception that one
1- 1/2-in. long by 3 - 1/2-in. OD cylinder was found to be c rack f ree .
P r io r to making any additional h e a t s , the design of the mult iple-cavity mold
was modified. A l a rge , conical graphi te dis t r ibutor (shown in Figure 10) was
added to the mold, to provide a m o r e laminar flow and to di rect the flow of UC
into the cav i t i e s . A second modification was a flat dis t r ibutor plate (shown in
Figure 10), added to the miold to chill the molten UC before it entered the cavi
t i e s . The next th ree hea ts (MC-3, -4 , and -5) resul ted in a total of three p a r
t ial ly filled mold cavi t ies ; the r ema inde r were unfilled, due to excessive chilling
and premiature solidification of the molten UC. As the distr ibutor plate appeared
to provide too much chilling and r e s t r i c t i on to the flow of UC, it was removed
for the next heat (MC-7), and only the conical dis tr ibutor was left in the mold.
The r e su l t s w e r e s imi la r to the initial heats ( i . e . , hol low-core burn through,
producing thick-walled cyl inders which cracked severely upon solidification and
cooling to ambient t e m p e r a t u r e s ) . The major problem was the development of
a method for achieving the c o r r e c t amount of heat dissipat ion. The mold design,
in which the solid core (heat sink) was separa ted from the hollow co re , had been
25
A I - C E - 4 5
QilARTEE-SECTiONED SOUP CORE
hOLlOf CORE
UNC 7 6 6 0 - 4 0 0 2 a . C o m p o n e n t s
UNC 7 6 6 0 - 4 0 0 1 b . A s s e m b l e d
F i g u r e 11 . G r a p h i t e Mold for M u l t i p l e - C a v i t y C a s t i n g of 3 - 1 / 2 in. OD A n n u l a r UC F u e l C y l i n d e r s
F i g u r e 12. C r a c k - F r e e Hol low UC C y l i n d e r , 3 - 1 / 2 in . OD ( 1 / 4 in. wa l l ) by 6 in . L o n g ,
C a s t in M u l t i p l e - C a v i t y Mold (Note s m o o t h , d e f e c t - f r e e ID s u r f a c e ,
a s c o m p a r e d to p o r o s i t y of OD s u r f a c e )
UNC 7660-51137
26
AI-CE-45
successful for s m a l l - s c a l e experi inents using s ingle-cavi ty molds . In this
application, the pour t empe ra tu r e was appreciably lower than in the mult iple-
casting p r o c e s s ; and the heat diss ipat ion was be t te r , since there was more
mold m a s s per cas t ing. However, the design had to be modified for multiple
cast ing, to provide rapid diss ipat ion of heat from the hollow core and prevent
burn through. The design was changed to bring the solid inse r t (heat sink) in
d i rec t contact with the hollow c o r e . The inse r t was fabricated in four sect ions ,
and two graphi te spacer spr ings (at top and bottom of the mold) kept these sec
tions apar t and in contact with the c o r e . The springs allowed the sections to
contract during solidification and cooling of the UC cyl inders without generating
sufficient hoop s t r e s s to c r ack the cy l inders . The mold components and the
assembled individual mold a r e shown in Figure 11. Five of these individual
molds w e r e assembled in a mold housing, as shown in Figure 10, for multiple
cast ing.
The ne'w mold design was evaluated in Heat MG-8, which was s imi la r in most
r e spec t s to the previous mul t ip le-cas t ing heats (MC-1 to -7). The heat resul ted
in two complete c r ack - f r ee cy l inders , having a nominal 3-1/2 in. OD (1/4 in.
wall thickness) and 6 in. length, as shown in Figure 12. The remaining three
cavit ies produced incomplete or cracked cyl inders , p r imar i ly due to overfill or
leakage around the center plug. The two c rack- f ree cyl inders produced were
s imi la r in gra in s t ruc ture to the cyl inders produced in the ea r l i e r s ingle-cavi ty
casting expe r imen t s . The inside surfaces of the cyl inders were very smooth,
and comparab le to the inside surfaces present on the 3-1 /2- in . OD single-cavity
cy l inders . On the other hand, the outside surfaces exhibited more porosity than
had been encountered previously . This was at tr ibuted to incomplete outgassing
of the heavy-wall graphite mold, against which the OD of the cylinder was
formed, as compared to m o r e complete outgassing of the thin-wall hollow core
which was used to form the inside sur face .
Fu r the r exper imenta l work in the developinent of economic p rocesses for the
casting of annular UC fuel cyl inders should include additional studies of mold
gating and dis t r ibut ion s y s t e m s .
27
AI-CE-45
III. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
A. FEASIBILITY DEMONSTRATION
The initial objective of the f i r s t phase in the development of a p roces s for
casting annular UC fuel (specifically, feasibil i ty demonstrat ion) has been
achieved. The s e r i e s of s ingle-cavi ty exper iments has shown that UC r ings , or
hollow cyl inders of var ious d i a m e t e r s , can be cast without c r a c k s and with a s -
cast surfaces comparable to those obtained on re fe rence p r o c e s s UC s lugs .
Problem a r e a s which r equ i r e further investigation a r e outlined in the following
section.
B. MAJOR PROBLEM AREAS
The mold gating sys tem design, which is the major var iab le in the p rocess
(as r ega rds i ts capabil i ty of producing minimum-defec t , c r a c k - f r e e cy l inders ) ,
was found to be l e s s complex for the s ingle-cavi ty mold design than for the
mul t ip le-cavi ty mold. The need for adequate heat diss ipat ion became m o r e c r i t i
cal with the higher pouring t empe ra tu r e of molten UC and the d e c r e a s e in mold
volume per casting which w^ere experienced in mul t ip le-cavi ty cas t ing. The
graphite spring spacer design used for mul t iple-cavi ty skull cast ing appears to
provide the rapid diss ipat ion of heat requi red ; however, considerably more ex
per imenta l data is needed to es tabl ish the level of re l iabi l i ty of this design. The
mold-gating sys tem for mult iple casting of concentr ic cyl inders is expected to be
even more complex, but i s a lso expected to substantial ly i n c r e a s e p rocess
efficiency.
The following problem a r e a s in casting and mold-gating design, which a r e
basical ly inseparab le , a t t r ibuted to the fai lure to form and /o r maintain complete ,
c rack- f ree cy l inders :
1) Hollow core burn through
2) Uncontrolled cyl inder contract ion during solidification
3) Overfill format ion of header ( r i se r )
4) Residual hoop s t r e s s e s .
28
AI-CE-45
Burn through, as indicated e a r l i e r in the r epo r t , occurred at the levels of
superheat experienced in both the sma l l - s ca l e single-cavity a r c casting and in
the mul t ip le-cavi ty skull casting exper imen t s . The solution to this problem was
ei ther to dec rea se the superheat or to provide bet ter heat dissipation from the
hollow c o r e . Decreasing the superheat was imprac t ica l , as this would invar i
ably resu l t in incomplete mold fill and severe cold shu ts . Thus, it was n e c e s
s a r y to modify the mold design to improve the heat dissipation from the hollow
c o r e . The graphite spring spacer design appears to have solved this problem
for mul t ip le-cavi ty cast ing, by t r ans fe r r ing heat from the UC to the quar te red
heat sink inside the hollow c o r e . Since acceptable 3-1 /2- in . OD (1/4 in. wall)
cyl inders w e r e cas t by this technique, it is now considered feasible to cas t any
hollow cylinder up to 3-1 /2 in. OD (and, projecting beyond th is , to at leas t
4 -1 /2 in. OD) with the same (-1/4 in.) wall th ickness . Additional experimental
work is requ i red to de te rmine whether the technique is suitable for casting cyl
inders with a wall thickness appreciably g rea te r or less than the 1/4 in. used in
Phase I development.
Most of the cylinder cracking was caused by inadequate c lea rance allowance
for total cylinder shrinkage (liquid to solid s ta te + the rma l contraction) around
both the hoUow^ core and the heat sink. For the s ingle-cavi ty design, this p rob
lem was solved by providing mold component c lea rances which matched the total
actual shr inkage experienced with a given cylinder d iameter . The same approach
was at tempted for xnultiple-cavity cast ing, but was unsuccessful , because skull
casting produced higher UC superheat which caused burn through of the thin-wall
hollow co re mold component. The sp r ing - space r design produced c rack- f ree
cy l inders ; but re l iabi l i ty has not been establ ished, due to insufficient exper i
mental data . However, the sp r ing - space r design technique v/ill be the reference
p rocess for cast ing annular UC fuel, unless it is proved to be inadequate or
unre l iab le .
Another major problem a rea which has not been completely resolved is mold
overfi l l , which occurs when either the amount of molten UC poured exceeds the
volume of the cavi t ies or the c o r r e c t mass of UC is unevenly distr ibuted to the
cav i t i es , A conical graphite d i s t r ibu tor , central ly located, was used to reduce
turbulence and equalize dis tr ibut ion. This approach would work if the s t rea in of
molten UC could be directed and maintained immediately above the d is t r ibutor .
29
AI-CE-45
However, the present pouring technique was establ ished for skull casting slugs
with a header ( r i s e r ) , and it would have to be modified. In future development,
considerable effort w^ill be needed, to de te rmine an optimum gating sys t em.
Cont ra ry to the usual p rac t i ce of casting UC slugs with a r i s e r , annular UC
shapes may not r equ i r e a r i s e r to the same extent, if at a l l . This was indicated
by radiographic ana lyses , which revealed very thin p r i m a r y pipe adjacent to the
top of the cast ing. The la rge center m a s s , usually present in s lugs , is e l imi
nated in annular fuel cas t ings , thereby el iminating the region w^here severe
shrinkage and pipe formation often occur . An added advantage of casting without
a r i s e r is that considerably l e s s charge m a t e r i a l is requ i red per heat , or using
the same quantity of UC can produce more cas t ings . This is expected to inc rease
the casting efficiency and reduce operating and product cos t s ; because , in the
re ference slug cast ing p r o c e s s , 30 to 50% of the total weight of UC poured is
header ( r i s e r ) , and the balance is in the form of s lugs .
Another possible cause of cylinder cracking is the res idual hoop s t r e s s e s
within the cyl inder , formed by nonuniform solidification and contract ion during
cooling from the liquid s ta te to ambient t e m p e r a t u r e s . This cooling is con
t rol led by the r a t e of heat diss ipat ion f rom the OD and ID of the cast ing, which
is a function of the mold design. The problem has not been reso lved , in t e r m s
of finding the optimum mold design; however , a proposed solution is to ma in
tain the cylinder in compress ion , d iamet r ica l ly , until a s t r e s s - r e l i e v i n g t r e a t
ment can be applied.
The economic feasibil i ty of production casting annular UC fuel has not been
the subject of this r epo r t , and cannot be adequately a s s e s s e d until addit ional
development is performed in the following a r e a s :
1) Continued mul t ip le-cavi ty casting development, until a re l iable p rocess
is established
2) Scaleup of the mul t ip le-cavi ty casting p r o c e s s , and modification of
existing mold designs to include concentr ic cylinder cast ing. A p rogram
would be requ i red to de te rmine the feasibility of concentr ic cyl inder casting
and i ts eventual sca leup.
3) Development of a sui table , economical p rocess for surface finishing
annular fuel to mee t HWOCR design r e q u i r e m e n t s . The l a rge surface a r ea
30
AI-CE-45
to m a s s ra t io r equ i re s an economical machining p r o c e s s , and also a good
a s - c a s t surface finish which will minimize total stock removal . This p rob
lem a r ea v/ould be grea t ly minimized in a fuel element design which used a
liquid meta l bond between fuel and cladding.
31
AI-CE-45
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The feasibility of cast ing UC into r ing-shaped fuel, for use in advanced
annular element des igns , has been demonst ra ted . The casting p r o c e s s developed
incorpora tes a unique mold gating sy s t em, used in conjunction-with conventional
melting p a r a m e t e r s es tabl ished for prepar ing molten UC for casting UC s lugs .
The maximum OD of 3-1 /2 in. , wall thickness of 1/4 in. , and length of 6 in.
attained during this init ial phase of development were by design, and a r e not
considered to be l imiting d imensions .
While bench-sca le a r c - ca s t i ng and product ion-or iented skul l -cas t ing furnaces
have been used successful ly to cas t annular fuel in s ingle-cavi ty and mul t ip le -
cavity molds , respec t ive ly , a cons iderably g r e a t e r development effort will be
needed to es tabl i sh a high re l iabi l i ty level for the l a t t e r .
The major causes of cylinder cracking have been isolated and analyzed. It
is believed that they can be reso lved , for mul t ip le-cyl inder (and probably
mul t ip le -concent r ic -cy l inder ) cas t ing , through the development of adequate
mold gating s y s t e m s .
32
AI-CE-45
REFERENCES
1. Pr iva te Communicat ion, H. Rood, Atomics International , Canoga Pa rk , Calif. (1965)
2. R. Mendez-Pena losa , "Thermal Expansion of Uranium Monocarb ide ," NAA-SR-8538 (September 30, 1963)
33
DISTRIBUTION
AI-CE
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Attention: Mr. Ruble A. Thomas , Manager
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited:
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Es tabl i shment AECL Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada
Attention: Mr. H. J . Reynolds
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AI-CE-45
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Attention: Dr. J . L. Crandal l 1 Mr . S. W. O 'Rear , Supv. 2 Technical Information Serv.
Mr. E. C. F i s s c /o Duke Power Company P . O . Box 2178 Char lot te , North Carol ina 28201 1
Massachuse t t s Insti tute of Technology 77 Massachuse t t s Avenue Room 24-109 Cambridge 39, Massachuse t t s 02139
Attention: Dr. Manson Benedict, Head 1 Dept. of Nuclear Engineering
Massachuse t t s Institute of Technology NW12-234 138 Albany Street Cambr idge , Massachuse t t s
Attention: Dr. E. A. Mason 1
Oak Ridge National Labora tory Union Carbide Corpora t ion AEC Operat ions P. O. Box X Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
Attention: Mr. D. A. Douglas 1 Mr. D. E. Ferguson 1 Mr. J . A. Lane (ORNL P . O . Box Y) 1 Dr. I. Spiewak 1
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AI-CE
Pacific Northwest Labora to ry P . O. Box 999 Richland, Washington 99352
Attention: Dr. J . J . Cadwell , Manager 1 Metal lurgy Depar tment
Puer to Rico Water Resources Authority Box 4267 San Juan, P u e r t o Rico
Attention: Dr. Modesto I r i a r t e , J r . 1 Sr. E lec t r ica l & Nuclear
Power Engineer
Rensse lae r Polytechnic Insti tute Troy, New York
Attention: Dr. P . B. Daitch 1 Dept. of Nuclear Science
and Engineering
Tennessee Valley Authori ty 303 Power Building Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
Attention: Mr . C. H. Waugaman, Chief 1 Power R e s e a r c h Staff Mr . Harold L. Fa lkenber ry 1
U.S. Atomic Energy Commiss ion :
B r u s s e l s Office U.S. Mission to the European Communit ies APO, New York, New York 09667
Attention: Theodore J . l i t i s , 1 Acting Sr. USAEC Representa t ive
Chicago Operat ions Office 9800 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439
Attention: D. M. Gard ine r , Direc tor 2 Health &; Safety Division
Division of Compliance, Region 111 Suite 410 Oakbrook Profess iona l Building Oak Brook, Illinois 60523
Attention: Mr . H. D. Thornburg 1
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U. S. Atomic Energy Commiss ion (Continued):
AI -CE-
Oak Ridge Operat ions Office P . O. Box E Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
Attention: Mr. H. W. Behrman 1 Mr. R. L. Philippone 1
Richland Operat ions Office P . O. Box 550 Richland, Washington 99352
Attention: Mr. P . G. Hoisted, Direc tor 2 Resea rch & Development Div.
San F ranc i sco Operat ions Office (SAN) 2111 Bancroft Way Berkeley , California 94704
Attention: Mr. E. C. Shute, 1 Manager
Headquar t e r s , Washington, D . C . 20545:
Attention: Mr. R. M. F o r s s e l l , Chief 1 Advanced Development Branch Division of Naval Reac to r s
Division of Reactor Development & Technology:
Attention: Mr . Milton Shaw, Direc tor 1 Mr . R. W. Bean 1 Mr . M. Booth 1 Mr . J . W. Crawford, J r . 1 Mr . D. E. Erb 1 Mr. R. Fei t 1 Mr. A. Giambusso 1 Mr. P . A. Halpine 1 Mr . F . Kerze , J r . 1 Dr. J . A. L ieberman 1 Mr . W. M. McVey 1 Mr . B. T. Resnick 1 Mr . M. Rosen 1 Dr. E. E. Sinclair 1 Mr . F . R. Standerfer 1 Mr . A. N. Tardiff 2 Mr . K. A. Tr icket t 1 Mr. W. W. Ward 1 Mr . M. J . Whitman 1 Mr. W. A. Will iams 1 Dr. I. F . Zar tman 1
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RDT Site Offices:
A I - C E
RDT P r o g r a m Office (AI-CE) CPAO Canoga P a r k , California
Attention: Mr . J . V. Levy Manager , CPAO Mr. R. L. Morgan RDT Sr. Site Represen ta t ive
RDT Site Office P . O. Box 500 Windsor, Connecticut
Attention: Mr. A. J . Alexander RDT Sr. Site Represen ta t ive
RDT Site Office P . O. Box A Aiken, South Carol ina
Attention: Mr. J . H. Kruth RDT Site Represen ta t ive
United States Depar tment of the In ter ior Bonneville Power Adminis t ra t ion P . O. Box 3621 Por t land, Oregon 97208
Attention: Mr. E. C. S t a r r Consulting Engineer
Washington Public Power Supply System P . O. Box 166 130 Vista Way Kennewick, Washington
Attention: Mr . Owen W. Hurd, Managing Di rec tor
Westinghouse Elec t r ic Corpora t ion Atomic Power Depar tment P . O. Box 355 Pi t t sburgh 30, Pennsylvania 15230
Attention: Mr. S. Bartnoff, CVTR Pro j ec t Manager
Mr . Hood Worthington Devon Apar tments , No. 1512 2401 Pennsylvania Avenue Wilmington, Delaware 19806
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AI-CE-45
Atomics Internat ional P . O . Box 309 Canoga P a r k , California 91304 S. O. Arneson D/782 COOl R. Balent D/716 C002 G. D. Calkins D/745 COOl E. M. Chandler D/782 COOl J. C. Cochran D/784 COOl D. J . Cockeram D/731 C002 H. M. Diekamp D/797 C002 J. F . Erben D/799 C002 J. Falcon D/716 C002 J. J. F l ahe r ty D/797 C002 ^. C. Fulton D/710 C002 S. Golan D/793 C002 R. B . Gordon D/782 C002 J. R. Hume D/721 C002 R. T. Keen D/741 C004 G. Koris (Patent Office) D/896 C002 J. R. Lewis D/782 COOl J. E. Mahlmeis te r D/793 C002 W. E. Pa rk in s D/740 C002 T. G. P a r k e r D/782 COOl D. Saxe D/797 C002 S. Siegel D/793 C002 C. S t a r r ,, D/797 C002 B. J . Thomas D/782 Canada
*Atomics Internat ional Representa t ive at Cliaik River , Canada
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Combustion Engineering, Inc. Nuclear Division P . O . Box 500 Windsor, Connecticut 06095
C. Andrea 1 F . Bevilacqua 1 W. P . Bigler 1 H. C ahn 1 W. P . Chernock 1 A. W. Cope 1 J. R. Dietr ich 1 J. S. Greacen 1 R. S. Harding 1 H. V. Lichtenberger 1 E . H. Luther (Patent Office) 1 D. McLaughlin 1 H. Oslick 1 B. J . Selig 2 S. H. Shippenberg 2 P . Santoro 1 W. Taylor 1 J. C. Tobin , 1 R. P . Varnes* 1 S. Visner 1 J. M. West 1 R. H, Young 1 W, H. Zinn 1 CE HWOCR Fi le (B, Basu) 5 CEND F i l e , W. Simon 1
i HPO Representa t ive at Combustion Engineering. Use CE mailing add re s s .
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A I - C E
HWOCR P r o g r a m Office c/ P C
V L . M D W D K B D J . C B R S. W
w R M P H F C D C R H W H]
o A t o m i c s I n t e r n a t i o n a l O.
a.nog
E. E .
. G. P .
. S. G r S. L . A.
Box 309 a P a r k , C a l i f o r n i a 91304
A d l e r A n d e r s o n A n d r e w s Gary ' ' ' F l i n n
af H e l m Hoffman H u b e r
J a c o b s o n J o n e s Katz W. Mi
. A.
. B .
Keaten""" ne r
M u l l e r M u r r a y
Q u a n t o c k . K.
F . I. M. L . S. A. H.
S a n d e r s Shaw
S t a r r S t e r n S t o r r s T h o m p s o n T r i l l i n g V o l l m e r
V o n S t e i g e r . B . Wol fe*** PO C e n t r a l F i l e
:«HPO R e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t P i n a w a , C a n a d a . I'HPO R e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t H a l d e n , N o r w a y . i'HPO R e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t Doug las P o i n t , C a n a d a .
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