heavy metal pollution assessment within emep

EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014

Heavy metal pollution assessment

within EMEP

Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC


• Preparation of emissions data for modelling (4.3)

• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (1.1.1-1.1.3)

• Operational modelling of HM transboundary pollution within EMEP region (1.3.2b)

• Assessment of long-term changes of HM transboundary pollution (1990-2010) (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)

• Country-scale pollution assessment – Case studies (1.3.5)

• Assessment of Hg intercontinental transport (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)

• Research and development:

Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)

Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid and evaluation against measurements (1.3.4)

Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg (1.3.8c)

• Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and programmes (1.6.2, 1.6.3, 1.1.7)

EMEP activities on heavy metals in 2014


Emissions data for modelling Item 4.3 Co-operation with TFEIP

EMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP):

• Time-series of national emission totals (Parties, annually)

• Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (CEIP, annually)

• Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years)

• Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years)

Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E):

• Time-series of gridded annual emissions for 1990-2012

• Speciation of Hg emissions (Hg0, Hg(II)gas, Hg(II)part)

• Vertical distribution of anthropogenic emissions

• Emissions for the non-EMEP countries within the EMEP domain (Northern Africa and Middle East)

• Gridded emissions on a global scale (Hg)

• Natural and secondary sources (re-suspension and re-emission)


Pb in precipitation

59 sites

Pb in air

45 sites

Measurements of Pb, Cd and Hg in 2012

Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP

Coverage of EMEP monitoring network for HMs is still limited

Cd in air

44 sites

Cd in precipitation

59 sites

Hg in air

18 sites

Hg in precipitation

27 sites

Items 1.1.1-1.1.3


- in air

- in precip.

- co-located

HM monitoring within EMEP

Benefits of moss data:

Wide spatial coverage

Large number of sites

Long period of measurements

(1990-2010)

Evaluation of total (wet+dry)

deposition

HM in mosses (2005)

Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses

Supplementary measurement data Co-operation with WGE Item 1.1.6


HM in mosses (2005) HM in mosses (1990-2010)

Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses

Supplementary measurement data Co-operation with WGE Item 1.1.6

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Conc. in

mosses, m

g/k

g

0

15

30

45

To

tal d

ep

ositio

n, g

/km

2 /y

Conc. in moss

Deposition flux Cd

0

3

6

9

12

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Co

nc. in

mo

sses, m

g/k

g

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

Tota

l depositio

n, kg

/km

2 /y

Conc. in moss

Deposition flux Pb


Selected sites

Pb, Cd

Hg

- in air

- in precip.

- co-located

Evaluation of long-term trends Joint analysis of measurements and modelling

Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM

0

10

20

30

40

19

90

(Ja

n)

19

90

(A

ug

)

19

91

(M

ar)

19

91

(O

ct)

19

92

(M

ay)

19

92

(D

ec)

19

93

(Ju

l)

19

94

(F

eb

)

19

94

(S

ep

)

19

95

(A

pr)

19

95

(N

ov)

19

96

(Ju

n)

19

97

(Ja

n)

19

97

(A

ug

)

19

98

(M

ar)

19

98

(O

ct)

19

99

(M

ay)

19

99

(D

ec)

20

00

(Ju

l)

20

01

(F

eb

)

20

01

(S

ep

)

20

02

(A

pr)

20

02

(N

ov)

20

03

(Ju

n)

20

04

(Ja

n)

20

04

(A

ug

)

20

05

(M

ar)

20

05

(O

ct)

20

06

(M

ay)

20

06

(D

ec)

20

07

(Ju

l)

20

08

(F

eb

)

20

08

(S

ep

)

20

09

(A

pr)

20

09

(N

ov)

20

10

(Ju

n)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

ns in

air

, n

g/m

3

Observed Modelled

Trend (observed) Trend (modelled)

Pb (DE1, Germany)

0

1

2

3

19

90

(Ja

n)

19

90

(A

ug

)

19

91

(M

ar)

19

91

(O

ct)

19

92

(M

ay)

19

92

(D

ec)

19

93

(Ju

l)

19

94

(F

eb

)

19

94

(S

ep

)

19

95

(A

pr)

19

95

(N

ov)

19

96

(Ju

n)

19

97

(Ja

n)

19

97

(A

ug

)

19

98

(M

ar)

19

98

(O

ct)

19

99

(M

ay)

19

99

(D

ec)

20

00

(Ju

l)

20

01

(F

eb

)

20

01

(S

ep

)

20

02

(A

pr)

20

02

(N

ov)

20

03

(Ju

n)

20

04

(Ja

n)

20

04

(A

ug

)

20

05

(M

ar)

20

05

(O

ct)

20

06

(M

ay)

20

06

(D

ec)

20

07

(Ju

l)

20

08

(F

eb

)

20

08

(S

ep

)

We

t d

ep

ositio

n,

g/k

m2/m

on

th

Observed Modelled

Trend (observed) Trend (modelled)

Hg (SE2, SE14, Sweden)


0

5

10

15

201

99

0

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Air c

on

ce

ntr

atio

n, n

g/m

3

Approximation

Model

Pb (DE3, Germany)

Evaluation of long-term trends Smoothed approximation of long-term changes

21

21

tt

eCeCy

Bi-exponential approximation:

1, 2 – characteristic times

0

20

40

60

80

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, g

/km

2/y Approximation

Model

Cd

Long-term changes of HM deposition to Europe

0

1

2

3

4

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, kg

/km

2/y

Approximation

Model

Pb

0

5

10

15

20

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, g

/km

2/y Approximation

Model

Hg



Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries (1990-2010)


0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

siti

on

, kg

/km

2/y

Switzerland Pb

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, kg

/km

2/y

Sweden Pb

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

19

90

19

95

20

00

20

05

20

10

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, kg

/km

2/y

Belarus Pb


Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries (1990-2010)

0

5

10

15

20

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Slo

ve

nia

Lu

xe

mb

ou

rgU

nite

d_

Kin

gd

om

Fra

nce

Sp

ain

Au

str

iaB

elg

ium

Lith

ua

nia

Ne

the

rla

nd

sG

erm

an

yS

we

de

nIta

lyF

inla

nd

Mo

na

co

Po

rtu

ga

lB

ela

rus

Ukra

ine

La

tvia

Esto

nia

De

nm

ark

No

rwa

yM

on

ten

eg

roH

un

ga

ryM

old

ova

Ire

lan

dC

roa

tia

Cze

ch

_R

ep

ub

licS

lova

kia

Po

lan

dB

osn

ia_

He

rze

go

vin

aR

om

an

iaR

ussia

Se

rbia

Gre

ece

FY

R_

Ma

ce

do

nia

Bu

lga

ria

Alb

an

iaC

yp

rus

Ma

lta

Ice

lan

dT

urk

ey

Ge

org

iaA

rme

nia

Aze

rba

ijanM

ea

n r

ed

uctio

n r

ate

, %

pe

r ye

ar

Pb

Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b

0

5

10

15

20

Sw

itze

rla

nd

Slo

ve

nia

Lu

xe

mb

ou

rgU

nite

d_

Kin

gd

om

Fra

nce

Sp

ain

Au

str

iaB

elg

ium

Lith

ua

nia

Ne

the

rla

nd

sG

erm

an

yS

we

de

nIta

lyF

inla

nd

Mo

na

co

Po

rtu

ga

lB

ela

rus

Ukra

ine

La

tvia

Esto

nia

De

nm

ark

No

rwa

yM

on

ten

eg

roH

un

ga

ryM

old

ova

Ire

lan

dC

roa

tia

Cze

ch

_R

ep

ub

licS

lova

kia

Po

lan

dB

osn

ia_

He

rze

go

vin

aR

om

an

iaR

ussia

Se

rbia

Gre

ece

FY

R_

Ma

ce

do

nia

Bu

lga

ria

Alb

an

iaC

yp

rus

Ma

lta

Ice

lan

dT

urk

ey

Ge

org

iaA

rme

nia

Aze

rba

ijanM

ea

n r

ed

uctio

n r

ate

, %

pe

r ye

ar

Hg

Analysis of long-term trends will be further discussed at TFMM Workshop (November, 2014)

Co-operation with TFMM


Country-scale pollution assessment Case studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries

Approach:

Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data

Requirements:

• Detailed emissions data (fine resolution, source categories, LPS)

• Additional measurements from national monitoring networks

• Participation of national experts in joint analysis of the results

Countries involved:

Country Czech Rep Croatia Netherlands Belarus

Status complete complete complete in progress

Croatia

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9


• Contribution of different emission source categories

Pb deposition in the Netherlands

Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands

Additional information on country scale:

• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)

• Contamination of the country provinces

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Me

an

de

po

sitio

n, kg

/km

2 /y

Source categories:

- Aviation

- Small-scale combustion

- Industrial processes

- Transport

- Iron and steel production

- Other



Pb deposition in the Netherlands


Major foreign contributors:

- Germany

- Belgium

- United Kingdom

- France

Major national contributor:

- Noord-Holland province


• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces



• Contamination of a country provinces




Percents

Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition

(Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands)

• Pollution from large point sources


• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces



• Contamination of a country provinces



Monitoring data:

• 1 background site (Berezinsky reserve)

• 19 urban stations

• Heavy metal measurements in soil

Case studies: Further activity Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9

Preparation of input data for modelling September, 2014

Pilot calculations with fine resolution October, 2014

Joint analysis of the results January, 2015

Calculation of country-specific information March, 2015

Preparation of the report April, 2015

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in EECCA countries (Belarus)

Emissions data (Pb, 2010):

• Resolution – 10x10 km2

• Source categories

• Large-point sources

Timeline:

Assessment results will be presented at the next TFMM meeting in spring 2015

Measurement sites in Belarus


Objective: Provide boundary concentrations of heavy

metals for national scale simulations with MINNI model

Support of national scale modelling Co-operation with national experts from Italy (MINNI project)


Air concentrations of As over EMEP domain (simulated by MSC-E)

Considered species: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Se

Domain: Italy and surrounding

territories

Period: 2010

Emissions: EMEP official data, expert

estimates 0.1

0.3

0

0.5

1

2

5

10

MINNI simulations

ng/m3

Should we intensify activities on heavy metals of second priority within EMEP?


Current activities on implementation

of the new grid:

• Preparation of input information for

the new EMEP domain

• Adaptation of GLEMOS model code for

regional simulations on the new grid

• Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid

with high spatial resolution

• Preliminary evaluation against EMEP

observations

Current and new EMEP domains

Current EMEP domain

New EMEP domain

Further development of GLEMOS (Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System)

Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid

Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4


Required information: Orography (m, a.s.l.)

Precipitation (mm/month)

Input information for the new grid Preparation of variety of input information for modeling

Fraction of forests and shrubs (%)

Land cover information should be harmonized between the EMEP and WGE Centers

• Geophysical information (orography, …)

• Generation of meteorological input

(wind speed, precipitation, …)

• Land use/land cover information

• Characteristics of underlying surface

and vegetation (LAI, OM content, …)

• Data on reactants and aerosols in the

atmosphere

• Generation of oceanic data (sea

currents, salinity, …)



Pilot modelling on the new EMEP grid Nested simulations of Hg deposition (January and July 2010)

Hg total deposition over

the globe (1°×1°)

Hg deposition over the new EMEP

grid (0.2°×0.2°)



Hg0 concentration (0.2°×0.2°) and locations

of EMEP monitoring sites

Comparison of simulated Hg0 concentration with measurements

0

1

2

3

0 1 2 3

Observed, ng/m3

Modelle

d,

ng/m

3

January

July

1:12:1

1:2

Evaluation of monthly mean

Hg wet deposition

Evaluation of pilot modelling results Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4


Comparison of simulated Hg wet deposition with measurements

Hg wet deposition (0.2°×0.2°) and locations

of EMEP monitoring sites

0

1

2

0 1 2

Observed, g/km2/y

Mo

de

lled,

g/k

m2/y

January

July

1:12:1

1:2

Evaluation of monthly mean

Hg wet deposition

Evaluation of pilot modelling results Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4


Comparison of hourly Hg concentration (January 2010)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

DOY

Hg

0 c

on

ce

ntr

atio

n,

ng

/m3

Observed GLEMOS

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

DOY

Hg

(II)

pa

rt c

on

ce

ntr

atio

n,

pg

/m3

Observed GLEMOS

Model Observations

Hg0

Hg(II)part

Day of year

Day of year

Location of Waldhof site

Underlying map – Hg

anthropogenic emissions

(0.2°x0.2°)

Evaluation of pilot modelling results Simulated Hg0 concentration vs. measurements at Waldhof (DE2)

DE2


Evaluation of the model performance on the new EMEP grid will be continued with other pollutants (Pb, Cd, POPs)


Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg

General cycling of Hg in the ocean Development of model parameterizations:

• Air-water exchange of Hg between the atmosphere and the ocean

• Hg oxidation and reduction under solar and dark conditions

• Hg adsorption by suspended particulate matter and colloids

• Methylation and demethylation (biotic and abiotic)

Literature survey of Hg processes in seawater is published in Ocean Science Discussion (Batrakova et al., 2014)

Simulated Hg concentration in seawater

Item 1.3.8c

Further development of GLEMOS


Objective:

Multi-model assessment of Hg atmos. processes and Hg pollution levels over the globe and in selected regions

Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project

Tasks of the analysis:

• Global Hg concentration and deposition patterns

• Regional Hg patterns in Europe and Asia

• Hg dispersion and processes in the Polar regions

• Inverse modelling and evaluation of Hg emissions

• Source-receptor relationships on a global scale

Hg processes in the atmosphere

Storage in centralized database

Simulations program

Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 …

Distributed analysis

Measurements Simulation results

Multi-model experiments

GMOS

network

Information flows of the study

Co-operation with TF HTAP Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3

TF HTAP


• Regional Hg networks (EMEP, AMAP, MDN, AMNet, NAtChem, …)

• GMOS global network for Hg (2012 - …)

Mercury multi-model assessment

GMOS GMOS

EMEP

EMEP

AMAP

NAtChem

MDN AMNet

NAtChem

AMNet

MDN

AMAP

• Hg measurements within EMEP (1990 - …)

Co-operation with TF HTAP

More close co-operation between EMEP and other monitoring programs is required to get access to measurement data

Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project

Monitoring networks and programs for Hg:

Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3


EMEP/MSC-E performs general coordination of the study and leads Hg model assessment on a global scale

Participating models:

Model Scale Institution

GLEMOS global/regional EMEP/MSC-E

ICHMERIT global CNR-IIA (Italy)

GRAHM global Environment Canada

GEOS-Chem global MIT (USA)

CMAQ-Hg-Hem hemispheric Lamar University (USA)

WRF-Chem regional CNR-IIA (Italy)

CMAQ-Hg regional HZG (Germany)

Co-operation with TF HTAP

Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project

Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3


Co-operation with international bodies

Support of Minamata Convention on Mercury (UNEP)

EMEP/MSC-E activities:

• Participation in the Global Mercury Assessment

2013 for the 5th session of the Intergovernmental

Negotiation Committee (Geneva, January 2013)

• Updated model estimates for the Conference of

Plenipotentiaries on adoption of the Minamata

Convention (Japan, October 2013)

• Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-

operation with UNEP and AMAP for the 6th session

of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee

(Thailand, November 2014)

Antarctica Arctic Middle East

CIS countries

c

Australia North America

Africa South America Europe

c

East Asia Central America Southeast Asia

South Asia Size scale (units: g/km2/y)

Europe

Africa

Middle East

North America

Central America Other

South Asia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

CIS countries

Natural / legacySouth America

5

10

20

Antarctica Arctic Middle East

CIS countries

cc

Australia North America

Africa South America Europe

cc

East Asia Central America Southeast Asia

South Asia Size scale (units: g/km2/y)

Europe

Africa

Middle East

North America

Central America Other

South Asia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

Australia

CIS countries

Natural / legacySouth America

5

10

20

5

10

20

Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6


Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)

Intercontinental transport of Hg Pilot estimates of source-receptor relationships for Hg deposition

Source regions

South Asia East Asia

South East Asia Australia and New Zealand

Africa Middle East

North America Mexico & Central America South America

Europe CIS countries

Arctic Antarctica

Source/receptor regions:

Natural and legacy sources

Hg d

epositio

n f

lux, g/k

m 2 /y

0

5

10

15

20

Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2


Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)

Hg deposition to the ocean Source attribution of Hg deposition to fishing areas (2010)

Hg d

epositio

n f

lux, g/k

m /y

2

0

4

8

12

- Hg deposition flux

0

6

12

18

Fis

heries p

roduction, x10 t/y

6

- Total marine capture fisheries

production (FAO, 2013)

FAO fishing areas

18 - Arctic Sea

21 - Northwest Atlantic

27 - Northeast Atlantic

31 - Western Central Atlantic

34 - Eastern Central Atlantic

37 - Mediterranean and Black Sea

41 - Southwest Atlantic

47 - Southeast Atlantic

48 - Antarctic Atlantic

51 - Western Indian Ocean

57 - Eastern Indian Ocean

58 - Antarctic Indian Ocean

61 - Northwest Pacific

67 - Northeast Pacific

71 - Western Central Pacific

77 - Eastern Central Pacific

81 - Southwest Pacific

87 - Southeast Pacific

88 - Antarctic Pacific

Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2


Workplan elements on HMs for 2015

Assessment of heavy metal pollution:

Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels within EMEP and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)

Country-scale assessment of HM pollution within the Case studies (Belarus) in co-operation with TFMM and national experts (1.3.5)

Evaluation of the role of large point sources (LPS) in HM pollution within EMEP countries (1.3.5)

Research and development:

Further testing and evaluation of regional modelling on the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)

Further development of multi-media modelling of Hg to assess contribution of secondary and legacy sources their interaction with climate change (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)

Refinement of wind re-suspension of HMs and study of Hg interaction with atmospheric aerosol (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)


Workplan elements on HMs for 2015

Co-operation with international bodies:

Assessment of HM pollution of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM) (1.1.7)

Coordination of multi-model study of Hg dispersion in the environment within GMOS/TFHTAP model experiments (1.1.7, 1.6.3, co-funded by EC)

Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-operation with UNEP and AMAP to support Minamata Convention (1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, co-funded by AMAP)

heavy metal pollution assessment within emep

Documents