heavy ion physics in future -- dense matter physics & critical point search nu xu nuclear...
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Heavy Ion Physics in Future -- Dense Matter Physics & Critical Point Search
Nu Xu Nuclear Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Many Thanks to the Organizers!
S. Gupta, F. Liu, V. Koch, X.F. Luo, B. Mohanty, H.G. Ritter, M. Stephanov, K.J. Wu, P.F. Zhuang
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Nu Xu 2/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Basics on Quantum Chromodynamics
1) Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the established theory of strongly interacting matter.
2) Gluons hold quarks together to from hadrons:
3) Gluons and quarks, or partons, typically exist in a color singlet state: confinement.
baryonmeson
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Nu Xu 3/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
nuclei
hadron gas
CSC
quark-gluon plasma
TE
Baryon Chemical Potential
Tem
per
atu
re Ea
rly U
niv
ers
e
1 23
2 TE
RHIC, FAIR1 Tini TC
LHC, RHIC3
Phase BoundaryFAIR, NICA, CSR
The QCD Phase Diagram and High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
Quarkyonic
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yr. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Timeline of QCD and Heavy Ion Facilities
Spin
STAR FGT
BES
RHIC-II
STAR HFT
EIC (meRHIC, eRHIC)
US
LR
P
FAIR CBM K300
LHC
NICA
Oth
ers
RH
IC
Spin Heavy Ion R&D Future programs
J-PARC (50 GeV p+A)
JLab (12 GeV upgrade)
Nu X
u, Se
ptem
ber 2
009
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Nu Xu 5/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
HFT
TPC
FGT
STAR Detectors: Full 2π particle identification!
EMC+EEMC+FMS(-1 ≤ ≤ 4)TOF
DAQ1000
HLT
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Nu Xu 6/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
STAR Physics Focus
1) At 200 GeV top energy - Study medium properties, EoS - pQCD in hot and dense medium
2) RHIC beam energy scan - Search for the QCD critical point - Chiral symmetry restoration
Polarized p+p program - Study proton intrinsic properties
Forward program - Study low-x properties, search for CGC - Study elastic (inelastic) processes (pp2pp) - Investigate gluonic exchanges
Structure of Nucleon
Structure of Cold Nuclear Matter
Structure of Hot/Dense Matter
Matter with partonic degrees of freedom. Theory of QCD.
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Nu Xu 7/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Outline
(1) Introduction
(2) Recent results from RHIC
(3) Two Proposals: for exploring the locating QCD phase diagram
(4) Summary and Outlook
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Nu Xu 8/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Search for Local Parity Violation in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
Topological transitions have never been observed directly (e.g. at the level of quarks in DIS). An observation of the spontaneous strong, local parity violation would be a clear proof for the existence of the physics.
Chiral Magnetic Effect:
Kharzeev, PL B633 260 (06).Kharzeev, et al, NP A797 67(07).Kharzeev, et al, NP A803 227(08).Fukushima, et al, PRD78, 074033(08).
Animation by Derek Leinweber
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Nu Xu 9/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Search for Local Parity Violation in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
The separation between the same-charge and opposite-charge correlations.
- Strong external EM field- De-confinement and Chiral symmetry restoration
L or B
Voloshin, PR C62, 044901(00).
STAR; arXiv: 0909.1739 (PRL); 0909.1717 (PRC).
€
cos φα + φβ − 2ΨRP( )
Parity even observable
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Nu Xu 10/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
First Observation of
STAR Preliminary
€
Λ 3H →3H e + π −
STAR Preliminary
1st observation anti-hyper nucleus!
(1) Strangeness production saturated(2) Coalescence at work
Submitted to Science by STAR
200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC
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Nu Xu 11/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
y
x
py
px
coordinate-space-anisotropy momentum-space-anisotropy
Anisotropy Parameter v2
€
ε =⟨y 2 − x 2⟩⟨y 2 + x 2⟩
v2 = cos2ϕ , ϕ = tan−1(py
px
)
Initial/final conditions, EoS, degrees of freedom
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Nu Xu 12/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Low pT (≤ 2 GeV/c): hydrodynamic mass ordering High pT (> 2 GeV/c): number of quarks ordering
=> Collectivity developed at partonic stage! => De-confinement in Au+Au collisions at RHIC!
Partonic Collectivity at RHIC
STAR: preliminaryQM 0907.2265
PHENIX: nucl-ex/0604011
QM
09: arXiv 0907.2265
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Nu Xu 13/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Collectivity, De-confinement at RHIC - v2 of light hadrons and multi-strange hadrons - scaling by the number of quarks
At RHIC: nq-scaling novel hadronization processê Partonic flow De-confinement
PHENIX: PRL91, 182301(03) STAR: PRL92, 052302(04), 95, 122301(05) nucl-ex/0405022, QM05
S. Voloshin, NPA715, 379(03)Models: Greco et al, PRC68, 034904(03)Chen, Ko, nucl-th/0602025Nonaka et al. PLB583, 73(04)X. Dong, et al., Phys. Lett. B597, 328(04).….
i ii
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Nu Xu 14/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
sQGP and the QCD Phase Diagram
In 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC, strongly interacting matter formed:
- Jet energy loss: RAA
- Strong collectivity: v0, v1, v2
- Hadronization via coalescence: nq-scaling
Questions:Is thermalization reached at RHIC?- Systematic analysis with dN/dpT and dv2/dpT results…
- Heavy quark and di-lepton measurements
When (at which energy) does this transition happen?What does the QCD phase diagram look like?- RHIC beam energy scan
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Nu Xu 15/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
The QCD Critical Point
- Low baryon density, cross over
- LGT calculation, universality, andmodels hinted the existence ofthe critical point on the QCD phasediagram* at finite baryon chemicalpotential.
- Experimental evidence for eitherthe critical point and/or 1st order transition is important for ourknowledge of the QCD phase diagram*.
* Thermalization assumed
M. Stephanov, K. Rajagopal, and E. Shuryak, PRL 81, 4816(98); K. Rajagopal, PR D61, 105017 (00)
http://www.er.doe.gov/np/nsac/docs/Nuclear-Science.Low-Res.pdf
RHIC (200) & LHC: Determine the temperature Tini, TC
BES: Explore the QCD phase diagram TE and the location phase boundary
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Nu Xu 16/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
RHIC run10 Physics Programs
RHIC cool down early Dec.STAR shift starts Dec. 15th
Beam Energy (GeV)
25 cryo-week
30 cryo-week
20 cryo-week CR
Physics
200 10 10 10 Thermalization J/Ψ v2, mee62.4 4 4 5
39 1 1.5
BES programs, TE, phase boundary
27 2 4.5
18 0 1.5
11.5 2 2.5 2.5
7.7 1 1 2.5
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Nu Xu 17/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Exploring the QCD Phase Diagram
(1) Proposal II: NQ scaling in v2 for locating the possible QCD phase boundary
(2) Proposal I: high moments for locating the possible QCD critical point
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Nu Xu 18/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
(II) At the CP at finite value of μB, the power of the correlation length of the system is proportional to the order of the moments:
Susceptibilities and High MomentsM. Cheng et al., arXiv: 0811.1006
(I) Susceptibilities from the lattice QCD calculationsμB=0
Increase of the non-Gaussian fluctuation at the critical point
M. Stephanov, PRL 102, 032301(09)
€
χ2X =
1
VT 3δNX
2
χ 4X =
1
VT 3δNX
4 − 3 δNX2 2
[ ]
χ 4X /χ 2
X ⇒ κ X
€
δN( )2∝ξ 2, δN( )
3∝ξ 4.5 δN( )
4− 3 δN( )
2 2
∝ξ 7
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Nu Xu 19/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Observables: χq, χS
Event by Event:
1. net-proton Kurtosis Kp(E)2. two proton correlation function C2(E)3. ratio of the d/p4. ratio of K/p M. Cheng et al., PRD79, 074505(09);arXiv:0811.1006
F. Karsch, INT, 08 M. A. Stephanov, PRL102, 032301(09)€
Kp =Np
4 − 3 Np2 2
Np2
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Nu Xu 20/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Basics on Skewness and Kurtosis
Mean:
Variance:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
s(Gaussian) = κ(Gaussian)=0, Probe of non-Gaussian fluctuation.
€
M = N
σ 2 = N − N( )2
s =N − N( )
3
σ 3
κ =N − N( )
4
σ 4− 3
s < 0 s > 0
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Nu Xu 21/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Random Sources and Critical Point(1) The sum of independent thermal
sources is also a random thermal source. The multiplicity distribution is Possion and follows the CLT.
(2) In the absence of CP, it can be shown:
(3) Energy and centrality (volume) dependence of the non-Gaussian behavior => Critical Point!
(4) Extract thermodynamic properties of the medium!
Random thermal source i
€
κ ∗σ 2 = const. ∝χ 4
χ 2
T 2
s∗σ = const. ∝χ 3
χ 2
T
€
Δp = N p( ) − N p ( )
Latti
ce r
esul
ts
Clusters
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Nu Xu 22/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Higher Moments Analysis (BES)STAR Preliminary, QM09
1) Higher moments are more sensitive to QCD critical point related fluctuation.
2) The 4th moment, Kurtosis, is directly related to the corresponding thermodynamic quantity: susceptibility of conserved quantum numbers such as Baryon number and strangeness.
QM
09: arXiv 0907.4542
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Nu Xu 23/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
κσ2 vs. Collision Energy
- Energy and centrality dependence of κσ2
- Flat results from models without the CP
MC data
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QCD Phase Boundary and the Critical Point
Summary I1) Beam energy scan (BES) at RHIC is an
important/necessary step forward for exploring the QCD phase diagram with high-energy nuclear collisions
2) LGT predicts a spike at finite value of μB indicating the existence of CP
3) κ×σ2 for net-protons are consistent with unity for the beam energy range: √sNN = 200 - 62.4 -19.6 GeV at RHIC. Other conventional observables should also be studied.
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Nu Xu 25/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
y
x
py
px
coordinate-space-anisotropy momentum-space-anisotropy
Anisotropy Parameter v2
€
ε =⟨y 2 − x 2⟩⟨y 2 + x 2⟩
v2 = cos2ϕ , ϕ = tan−1(py
px
)
Initial/final conditions, EoS, degrees of freedom
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Nu Xu 26/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
(a) Patonic matter: coalescence of massive quarks for hadronization
Clear NQ scaling in v2 !
(b) Hadronic matter: rescatterings amongst hadrons No NQ scaling in v2 !
Au+Au Collisions at 9.2 GeV AMPT (v2.1)
J. Tian et al, Phys. Rev. C79, 067901(2009).
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Nu Xu 27/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Observable*: Quark Scaling in v2
- m ~ mp ~ 1 GeV- ss φ not K+K- φ- h << p,
In the hadronic case, no numberof quark scaling and the value of v2 of φ will be small.
* Thermalization is assumed!
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Energy Dependence of the v2-scaling and the QCD Phase Boundary
Summary II
1) NQ scaling in v2: partonic collectivity & de-confinement in high-energy nuclear collisions.
2) Scaling in v2: partonic dof dominantsNo scaling in v2: hadronic dof dominants
3) The multi-strange hadrons are particularly clean for the search, φ, for example.
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Nu Xu 29/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Other Observables
(1) Local parity violation
(2) Event-by-Event fluctuations: N(K)/N(pion), N(K)/N(p), <pT>, …
(3) Correlation functions: BB, MM, MB, clusters, light nuclei
(4) … Chiral properties (?)
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Nu Xu 30/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
Observables and Advantages
For STAR: - Large acceptance: full azimuthal coverage and |y| < 1.0 - Clean particle identification: (TPC, ToF, EMC) - Acceptance does not change with beam energy, systematic errors under control - Lower luminosity at lower beam energies. Fixed target exp. will be better
Torrieri
SPS RHIC
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Nu Xu 31/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
STAR Detector
MRPC ToF barrel100% ready for run 10
BBC
PMD
FPD
FMS
EMC barrelEMC End Cap
DAQ1000
FGT
Completed
Ongoing
MTD
R&DHFT
TPC
FHC
HLT
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Nu Xu 32/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
9.2 GeV
Collider Acceptance
√sNN
6 GeV
17 GeV
√sNN = 9.2 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
Fix
-tar
get
Mod
e N
A49
C
ollid
er M
ode
STA
R
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Nu Xu 33/33Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, October 31st, 2009
nuclei
hadron gas
CSC
quark-gluon plasma
TE
Baryon Chemical Potential
Tem
per
atu
re Ea
rly U
niv
ers
e
1 23
2 TE
RHIC, FAIR1 Tini TC
LHC, RHIC3
Phase BoundaryFAIR, NICA, CSR
The QCD Phase Diagram and High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
Quarkyonic