heat treating ruby and sapphire technical aspects

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HEAT TREATING RUBY AND SAPPHIRE: TECHNICAL ASPECTS By Kurt Nassau Ruby and sapphire of natural or synthetic origin can be heat treated to improve asterism; to remove asterism or silk; to improve add or remove color; and even to alter imperfections. At least nine distinct processes can be identified although several may occur simultaneously. Some of these treatment methods correspond to natural processes and may not leave any evidence of their use; others do n ot correspond to natural processes and are readily identifiable. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Nassau is a research scientist residing in Bernardsville NJ He does not wish to be con tacte d on any aspect of this article. Acknowledgments: The author is grateful to Robert Crowningshield of the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory in New York for helpful discussions; and to Robert E Kane of the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory in Los Angeles for gathering the illustrations and writing the figure legends 'I981 Gemological Institute of America recen t months, a variety o f heat- treated sapphires and rubies with gemological characteristics different from any previously seen have appeared on the market. Contradictory rumors abound regarding the different manner s and method s o f treatment. Example s o f heat tr eatment metho ds tha t have been used to improve th e appearance o f gemstones include the conver sion of green aqu ama rin e to blue; the pinking o f brown chromium-containing topaz; the crackling o f quartz ; the reddening o f yellow agate, carnelia n, and tiger's -eye; the develo pment o f t he blue color o f ta nza n- ite; and the conversion of a methys t to citrine or to greened amethyst. Such processes may b e termed heat- ing, burning, annealing, firing, high-temperature soaking, and so on. The use of these types o f hea t tr eat men t is usually not specified. Th e reaction o f synt hetic corund um (Nassa u, 1980a) to various types o f h eat tre atment ha s been studied widely, and the results are equally applicable to the natural material. Although most of the treatment me thods describe d here have been known for some time, their use to improve rubies and sapphires has become widespread only recently. The important parameters in any type of heat treatment are: 1. The temperature-time relati onshi p 2 The oxidation-reduction conditions 3 The presence of che mical substanc es that can in- teract with the gemstone Heat trea tme nt of corun dum can affect the presence o f milkiness and asterism, the color, and even the internal structu re (inclusi ons as well) o f the material. A number o f separate processes have been distinguished, although several may be performed simultaneously. The exact temperature , duration o f treatment, and chemi cals used Heat Treating Ruby and Sapphire GEMS GEMOLOGY Fall 1981 2

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