heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle...heat and cold tolerance of the crape myrtle bark scale...
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Heat and cold tolerance of the crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
Zinan Wang, Yan Chen, and Rodrigo Diaz Department of Entomology, LSU
August 20, 2016
TNLA 2016 EXPO
I. Heat and cold tolerance II. Alternative hosts
Heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
I. Heat and cold tolerance II. Alternative hosts
Heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
I. Heat and cold tolerance II. Alternative hosts - For example. Plant Hardiness
Zone Map from USDA, 2012
Heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
I. Heat and cold tolerance II. Alternative hosts - For example. Plant Hardiness
Zone Map from USDA, 2012 - Quantify the heat and cold
tolerance - Predict the potential
distribution in the US
Heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
I. Heat and cold tolerance II. Alternative hosts - For example. Plant Hardiness
Zone Map from USDA, 2012 - Quantify the heat and cold
tolerance - Predict the potential
distribution in the US
- CMBS is not a specialist Asia: 13 other plant
species - How about in the US?
Heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
Nymph (b)
Nymph (b)
Female (d)
Pupa (c)
Nymph (b)
Female (d)
Pupa (c)Prepupa (c-1)
Pupa (c-2)
Nymph (b)
Female (d)
Pupa (c)Prepupa (c-1)
Pupa (c-2)
Male (e)
Nymph (b)
Female (d)
Pupa (c)Prepupa (c-1)
Pupa (c-2)
Male (e)Gravid female (f)
Nymph (b)
Egg (a) Female (d)
Pupa (c)Prepupa (c-1)
Pupa (c-2)
Male (e)Gravid female (f)
Nymph (b)
Egg (a) Female (d)
Pupa (c)Prepupa (c-1)
Pupa (c-2)
Male (e)Gravid female (f)
Heat tolerance was determined by heat exposure experiment in the lab under 104, 113, 118 F
CMBS nymphs collected from Shreveport, LA in July, 2015
Heat tolerance was determined by heat exposure experiment in the lab under 104, 113, 118 F
Temp ( F)
77 86 95
Heat acclimation
CMBS nymphs collected from Shreveport, LA in July, 2015
Time (h)
24 48 36 12
Heat tolerance was determined by heat exposure experiment in the lab under 104, 113, 118 F
Temp ( F)
77 86 95
Heat exposure temp and time
Heat acclimation
118 113 104
CMBS nymphs collected from Shreveport, LA in July, 2015
Time (h)
24 48 36 12
Temp ( F)
77 86 95
Heat exposure temp and time
Heat acclimation
118 113 104
Time (h)
24 48 36 12
Five time periods were set for each temperature
Each treatment was one combination of temperature and time period
Vials with infested branches were put into paper bags in the incubators or cold refrigerators with specific temperature
Incubators & Cold refrigerator (Percival Scientific® Series 101) & (Thermo Scientific® Series A28)
Vials with infested branches were put into paper bags in the incubators or cold refrigerators with specific temperature
Incubators & Cold refrigerator (Percival Scientific® Series 101) & (Thermo Scientific® Series A28)
Leg movements were used to confirm whether nymphs were alive or dead
Incubators & Cold refrigerator (Percival Scientific® Series 101) & (Thermo Scientific® Series A28)
Leg movements were used to confirm whether nymphs were alive or dead
Incubators & Cold refrigerator (Percival Scientific® Series 101) & (Thermo Scientific® Series A28)
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The mortality increased with longer exposure time or higher temperature
Lt50
104 F 113 F
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (h)
Prop
ortio
n of
Mor
talit
y
113 F 118 F 104 F
Time when got 50% mortality (Lt50) was used to quantify the performance under different temperatures
Lt50
104 F 113 F
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (h)
Prop
ortio
n of
Mor
talit
y
113 F 118 F 104 F
50% mortality
Lt50
104 F 113 F
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (h)
Prop
ortio
n of
Mor
talit
y
113 F 118 F 104 F
T = 104 F, Lt50 =37 h
Half population of CMBS can survive at 104 F for 37 h
Lt50
104 F 113 F
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Time (h)
Prop
ortio
n of
Mor
talit
y
113 F 118 F 104 F
T = 104 F, Lt50 = 37 h
T = 113 F, Lt50 = 9 h
T = 118 F, Lt50 = 1 h
CMBS adapts well to heat environment
Similar experiment was set up for measuring cold tolerance under 41, 37, 32, 28, 23, 18, and 14 F
CMBS nymphs collected from Shreveport, LA in Jan, 2016
Temp ( F)
77 Cold acclimation
Cold exposure temp and time
59 68
23 18 14
41 37 32 28
Time (h)
24 48 36 12 60
Cold tolerance was determined under 41, 37, 32, 28, 23, 18, and 14 F using CMBS collected on Jan, 2016
Higher mortality was found when exposing to lower temperature or longer time
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Prop
ortio
n of
mor
talit
y
Time (h)
18 F 14 F 23 F 28 F 32 F 37 F 41 F 1.21.2
CMBS is limited by cold temperature
0
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1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Prop
ortio
n of
mor
talit
y
Time (h)
18 F 14 F 23 F 28 F 32 F 37 F 41 F
T = 23 F, Lt50= 9 h
T = 28 F, Lt50= 18 h
1.21.2
Lt50 was not enough to understand the cold tolerance because the temperature changes all the time
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Prop
ortio
n of
mor
talit
y
Time (h)
18 F 14 F 23 F 28 F 32 F 37 F 41 F
T = 23 F, Lt50= 9 h
T = 28 F, Lt50= 18 h
T = 25 F, Lt50= ?? h
1.21.2
Three dimensional surface integrated temperature as a continuous variable into the model analysis
S(T,t) = . . ( . ). . ( . ) R2 = 0.64 S: Survival; T: temperature; t: time.
42.8 39.2
35.6 32 28.4
24.8 21.2
17.6 14
This surface can give us much information!
42.8 39.2
35.6 32 28.4
24.8 21.2
17.6 14
This surface can help to understand the performance of CMBS at any temperature
42.8 39.2
35.6 32 28.4
24.8 21.2
17.6 14
T = 23 F, Lt50= 9 h
T = 28 F, Lt50= 18 h
T = 25 F, Lt50= 11 h
This model helps to understand the survival of CMBS at any combination of temperature and time
42.8 39.2
35.6 32 28.4
24.8 21.2
17.6 14
Coldest time in Jan,
2017 in Houston could
get 29 F for 10 h.
Survival = S (29, 10)
=
The survival information can help to predict the distribution
42.8 39.2
35.6 32 28.4
24.8 21.2
17.6 14
Coldest time in Jan,
2017 in Houston could
get 29 F for 10 h.
Survival = S (29, 10)
= 68%
Temperature data of cold fronts were used to estimate the mortality caused by the cold temperature
Cold front data from 677 stations from past 15 years
Temperature data of cold fronts were used to estimate the mortality caused by the cold temperature
95% Survival = 5% Mortality
Temperature data of cold fronts were used to estimate the mortality caused by the cold temperature
0% Survival = 100% Mortality
Area with mortality < 95% was defined as potential distribution of CMBS
From EDDMapS, current reports of CMBS in the US was represented as blue points
I. Heat and cold tolerance II. Alternative hosts - For example. Plant Hardiness
Zone Map from USDA, 2012 - Quantify the heat and cold
tolerance - Predict the potential
distribution in the US
Heat and cold tolerance of crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) and alternative hosts with horticultural importance
- Five other plant species were found to be hosts in the US
15 plant species were tested under no-choice condition in the greenhouse, and crape myrtle was set as control
1. Phylogenetically related plants;
E.g. henna, heimia, pomegranate, etc.
15 plant species were tested under no-choice condition in the greenhouse, and crape myrtle was set as control
1. Phylogenetically related plants;
E.g. henna, heimia, pomegranate, etc.
2. Species reported in Asia as hosts;
E.g. persimmon, blackberry, fig, etc.
15 plant species were tested under no-choice condition in the greenhouse, and crape myrtle was set as control
1. Phylogenetically related plants;
E.g. henna, heimia, pomegranate, etc.
2. Species reported in Asia as hosts;
E.g. persimmon, blackberry, fig, etc.
3. Species reported in the US as hosts;
E.g. American beautyberry, etc.
15 plant species were tested under no-choice condition in the greenhouse, and crape myrtle was set as control
1. Phylogenetically related plants;
E.g. henna, heimia, pomegranate, etc.
2. Species reported in Asia as hosts;
E.g. persimmon, blackberry, fig, etc.
3. Species reported in the US as hosts;
E.g. American beautyberry, etc.
Host plant was defined as being able to sustain the development from egg to adult, and reproduce
fig (Ficus carica L.) flowering Quince (Chaenomeles x “Cameo”)
persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)
persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.)
Host plant was defined as being able to sustain the development from egg to adult, and reproduce
Females of two generations were found for the host plants
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host American beautyberry
Callicarpa americana L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) pomegranate
Punica granatum L. (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
henna Lawsonia inermis L. (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host
Henna is source of dyes For example: 1 kg= $200 (Amazon)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host henna
Lawsonia inermis L. (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
henna Lawsonia inermis L. (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host heimia
Heimia salicifolia Link (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host
Perennial shrubs native to Texas (and Mexico) (USDA, 2016)
heimia Heimia salicifolia Link (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host oooooooooooooooooo bbebebebebeeeeeebeeeeeeebeeebeeebebeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeebebeeeeebebebeeeebeeebebeeeeebeeeeeeeeebeeeeeee thththttthhhhhhhhhthtthhhhhhhththhhhttthtthhtttthhhhthhhhttthttttththhttthhhthhtttthththththttttthhttthhhhhhtttttthhttthhhhhththhthhthtthtthheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee hhhhhohhohohhhhohohohohohohohhhohhhhohohohohohhohhohohhhoohhhhhohhohohohohhhhhhhhhhohhhhhhhhhhhhhhohhhhhhhhohhohooohhhhhohohhhhhohooooohhhhhhhhhhoooooohhhhhhhhohhohhooooohhhhhhhhhohohooohhhhhhohhhhhohhhhhhoohhhhhohhhhhoooohhhhhhhohhhhhhooohhooooohhhhhhooooooohhhhhhoohooohhhhooooooohooooooohhhhhooooooooooohhhhooooo ttststststsheimia
Heimia salicifolia Link (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host winged loosestrife
Lythrum alatum Pursh (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
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Lythrum alatum Pursh (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host
Perennial shrubs native to North America (USDA, 2016)
winged loosestrife Lythrum alatum Pursh (Myrtales:
Lythraceae)
Five plant species on my list were found to be the host nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd totototototototototototottttotttotototttottttoototottottotooootottooootttotototoottottttoootoooooo bbbebebbbbbbbbbebebebebebebebebbbbbebebbbbbbbebebbbebebbbbebbeeeeebebebeeebebebbbebbebeeeebebebebebeebbeeeebeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeebbeeeebebeeeeeebbebeeeeeeeebebebebebebebebeeebbebbbbeebebbbeeeeeeebbbbeeeeebeeeeeeeee tthththththththhhhhhhhhhththththhhhthththhhhthtthhthtthtthhhhthhthhhhhhhhhthhhhhtthhhthhhhhhhththhhhhhhhhhhhtthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhttheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee hhhohhhhhhohohohohohhhhohhhooohohohohhohohohhhohohhhhhohohoohohhohohohhhohohohhhhooohhoohoohohoohohohohohoooooohohooohohohohohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhohhhhhhhhhhhhhhhoststttttttttttttststtswinged loosestrife
Lythrum alatum Pursh (Myrtales: Lythraceae)
purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L.
We also have other loosestrifes! European wand loosestrife
Lythrum virgatum L. California loosestrife
Lythrum californicum L.
0
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500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Num
ber o
f ovi
sacs
Time (week)
Population density on different plant species
Crape Myrtle
American Beautyberry
Henna
Heimia
Pomegranate
Population growth among different species
Some pics about damage American beautyberry
Some pics about damage henna
Some pics about damage crape myrtle
Some pics about damage Henna
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Non-hosts in my test list Japanese boxwood Buxus microphylla Siebold And Zucc. “Japonica”
sugarberry Celtis laevigata Willdenow
blackberry Rubus x “Kiowa”
Non-hosts in my test list cigar flowers
Cuphea spp. “Strybing Sunset”; “Dynamite”; “Vermillionaire”
Take-home messages
Questions? Thank you! [email protected]
• CMBS adapts well to hot environment, but limited by cold temperature
• Cold tolerance model can help to understand the performance of CMBS and predict its distribution in the US
• CMBS can attack at least five other plant species including American beautyberry, pomegranate, henna, heimia, and winged loosestrife
Nothing on this slide!! Get back to the last one!
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Num
ber o
f ovi
sacs
Time (week)
Population density on different plant species
Crape Myrtle
American Beautyberry
Henna
Sinicuichi
Pomegranate
Population growth among different species
0
100
200
300
400
500
Henna Sinicuichi Americanbeautyberry
Crape myrtle Pomegranage
Number of ovisacs at ninth week