hearing the meanings expressed by high school students of science: a qualitatitve study

8/2/2019 Hearing the Meanings Expressed By High School Students of Science: A Qualitatitve Study

1/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 7

Rzkkikf Mjgl0 MJGRIKF \MJ AJGKIKFX

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx J}~rjxxjl by Mifm Xhmood X|zljk|x oe Xhijkhj0 G Wzgdi|g|iuj X|zly

@jrjay E+ ^rihj

Dykhm Xhmood oe Jlzhg|iok$ Box|ok Hoddjfj

`jrjay+~rihjNbh+jlz

Rjejrjkhj gx0

^rihj$ @+E+ -2>72$ Agrhm)+ Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx J}~rjxxjl by Mifm Xhmood X|zljk|x oe Xhijkhj0 GWzgdi|g|iuj X|zly+ ^g~jr ~rjxjk|jl g| |mj gkkzgd ajj|ikf oe |mj Kg|iokgd Gxxohig|iok eorRjxjgrhm ik Xhijkhj \jghmikf$ Ikligkg~odix$ IK+


2/102


Gbx|rgh|

Xhijkhj jlzhg|iok ik xhmoodx ix oe|jk ikglujr|jk|dy ljxifkjl xo |mg| i| ix erjwzjk|dy ikhokxix|jk|

vi|m x|zljk|x diujl j}~jrijkhjx+ Xhijkhj ix |mjrjeorj xjjk by x|zljk|x gx gk jkljguor eor

xoajokj jdxj+ \mix rjxjgrhm ~roao|jx gk j}~dorg|iok oe ajgkikfx$ gddovikf x|zljk|x |o eikl |mjir

~dghj ik xhijkhj gkl |mj rodjx |mg| xhijkhj eiddx eor |mja+ Vi|m ajgkikfx ik |mj o~jk$ x|zljk|x hgk

jkfgfj ezddy ik xhijkhj$ j}~jriajk|ikf vi|m |mj ~o|jk|igd iljk|i|ijx |mjy agy |gcj ok gx hi|ipjkx

gkl xhijk|ix|x gkl hokxiljr |mj gh|iokx |mjy agy agcj gx xhijk|ieihgddy!jlzhg|jl ~jrxokx+

Z|idipikf wzgdi|g|iuj rjxjgrhm aj|molx$ |mix ~ro`jh| lrgvx z~ok ik|jruijvx vi|m gkl obxjrug|iokx

oe |mj liujrxj rgkfj oe x|zljk|x gkl |jghmjr ik g mifm xhmood biodofy hdgxx gkl x|zljk| gr|iegh|x

eroa |vo hgrl xor| gh|iui|ijx gkl |mj lj~ih|iok by x|zljk|x oe vmg| loikf xhijkhj doocx dicj+

Gkgdyxix oe |mix lg|g xzffjx|x |mg| x|zljk|x uijvx oe |mj ajgkikfx oe xhijkhj vjrj x|rokfdy

ikedzjkhjl by |mjir |jghmjr$ yj| |mjy vjrj doocikf |o rjdg|j xhijkhj |o diejx ~robdjax+ X|zljk|x

jkfgfjajk| vi|m xhijkhj vgx ikedzjkhjl by |mjir ljujdo~ikf xjkxj oe iljk|i|ijx$ bz| vgx gdxo

ia~gh|jl by hofki|iujdy! gkl gjx|mj|ihgddy!rihm Gmg' aoajk|x+ \mix rjxjgrhm ~rouiljx vgyx |o

hokxiljr |mjxj eiklikfx ik |mj ljujdo~ajk| oe ajgkikfezd xhijkhj hzrrihzdg+


3/102


Ik|rolzh|iok

Zkljrx|gklikf xhijkhj mgx bjhoaj gk ikhrjgxikfdy ia~or|gk| gx~jh| oe hiuih ~gr|ihi~g|iok

gkl jhokoaih o~~or|zki|y ik hok|ja~orgry xohij|y+ Gx xzhm$ |mj ~zr~oxjx gkl ugdzj eor |jghmikf

gkl djgrkikf xhijkhj ix jk|gkfdjl vi|m azd|i~dj dgyjrx oe ajgkikf+ Xhijkhj jlzhg|iok ik xhmoodx$

movjujr$ ix oe|jk ljxifkjl bgxjl ok |mj gxxza~|iok |mg| |mj ajgkikfx grozkl djgrkikf xhijkhj

grj ia~dihi| vi|mik |mj egh|x oe xhijkhj |mjaxjdujx -Lokkjddy$ 2>>2) gkl ix erjwzjk|dy ikhokxix|jk|

vi|m x|zljk|x diujl j}~jrijkhjx -Gicjkmjgl$ 7995$ 2>>73 Brihcmozxj % ^o||jr$ 2>>73 Hox|g$ 799:)+

Xhijkhj ix |mjrjeorj xjjk by x|zljk|x gx gk jkljguor eor xoajokj jdxj$ hok|ribz|ikf |o g dghc oe

ghhjxx |o |mj ckovdjlfj kjhjxxgry |o gllrjxx |mj xhijk|ieih gkl jkuirokajk|gd ixxzjx eghjl by

|mja gkl |mjir hoaazki|ijx -Hgdgbrjxj Bgr|ok$ 2>>23 Ergxjr!Gbljr$ G|vg|jr$ % Djj$ 2>>5)+

\mj hokujk|iokgd xhijkhj hzrrihzdza$ hokujyikf vmg| gkl mov xhijkhj jlzhg|orx xmozdl

|jghm$ rjx|x z~ok g hoabikg|iok oe |mrjj ljegzd| ~zr~oxjx0 7) ^rjxjk|ikf x|zljk|x vi|m |mj egh|x oe

kg|zrj |mg| hgk bj zkljrx|ool okdy ie xjjk ik |mj rifm| -xhijk|ieih) vgy -Aidkj$ 799=)3 2) Gxxzaikf

|mj iklzh|iok oe x|zljk|x ik|o xhijk|ieih ~roejxxiokx gx |mj ~riagry gkl jkl fogd -Gicjkmjgl$

2>>:3 Odi|xcy$ 2>>5)3 gkl 8) Gxxiaidg|ikf x|zljk|x ik|o gk iljgdipjl xhijk|ieih vordluijv -Hgrjy$

79=53 X|gkdjy % Brihcmozxj$ 799


4/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx >:3 Hgdgbrjxj Bgr|ok$

2>>23 Mzrl$ 2>>2)+ Okj vgy |o eox|jr |mix hokkjh|iok ix |o ~rouilj x|zljk|x |mj |iaj$ ~dghj$ gkl

x|rzh|zrj |o ljdibjrg|iujdy gkl rjedjh|iujdy kjfo|ig|j ajgkikf grozkl |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza+

\mix kjfo|ig|iok oe ajgkikfx gddovx x|zljk|x |o eikl |mjir ~dghj ik xhijkhjgx vjdd gx |mj rodj

|mg| xhijkhj eiddx eor |mja gkl |mjir hoaazki|ijx+ By ~rouilikf x|zljk|x g uoihj |mrozfm |mj

kjfo|ig|iok oe ajgkikf vj hgk aouj eroa hokhjiuikf |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza gx g x|g|ih boly oe

egh|x |o g diujl hzrrihzdza -Mzrl$ 2>>2)$ ik vmihm djgrkikf ~rouiljx hokkjh|iokx vi|m |mj

diejvordl oe |mj x|zljk|+

Ik orijk|ikf ay rjxjgrhm$ I gxc |mj oujrgrhmikf wzjx|iok0 Vmg| grj |mj rjdg|iokxmi~x

bj|vjjk ajgkikf gkl xhijkhj |mg| xzrrozkl |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza eor g |jghmjr gkl mjr x|zljk|x

gkl |jghmjrx? I ga xjjcikf |o zkljrx|gkl |mrozfm rjxjgrhm |mj diai|x gkl ~oxxibidi|ijx oe |mj

j}~dihi| kjfo|ig|iok oe ajgkikf grozkl |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza+ \mix rjxjgrhm ix zkljr|gcjk |o

gz|moripj x|zljk|x ~jrx~jh|iujx gkl frgk| x|zljk|x uoihj ik xhijkhj jlzhg|iok rjeora jeeor|x+

\mix gddovx jlzhg|orx|jghmjrx$ hzrrihzdza ljujdo~jrx$ rjxjgrhmjrx$ gkl ~odihy agcjrx|o mjgr

x|zljk|x gkl |mj ajgkikfx |mjy kjfo|ig|j grozkl |mjir xhijkhj djgrkikf+ Mjgrikf gkl jkfgfikf

x|zljk|x grj ia~or|gk| gx jghm kjv fjkjrg|iok hok|ikzjx |o eghj |mj xhijk|ieih gkl jkuirokajk|gd

hmgddjkfjx vj okdy bjfik |o j}~jrijkhj -Hgdgbrjxj Bgr|ok$ 2>>23 Molxok$ 2>>83 Mzrl$ 7996)+

\mjorj|ihgd Eozklg|iokx

\o frozkl |mix ikujx|ifg|iok$ I lrgv z~ok |mj hokhj~| oe eifzrjl vordlx -Moddgkl$

Dghmiho||j$ Xcikkjr$ % Hgik$ 799=) |o ikeora ay g~~roghm$ rjhofkipikf |mj hdoxj rjdg|iokxmi~x

bj|vjjk ajgkikf$ iljk|i|y$ gkl |mj ~ovjr oe |mj hzrrihzdza |o juocj zkiwzj aoljx oe

~gr|ihi~g|iok ik gk juoduikf vordl hok|ikzozxdy ok |mj agcj -Zrrij|g$ 2>>6)+ Moddgkl j| gd+ -799=)


5/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx :

ljeikj |mj hokhj~| oe eifzrjl vordlx g| i|x aox| bgxih djujd gx g xohigddy gkl hzd|zrgddy

hokx|rzh|jl rjgda oe ik|jr~rj|g|iok -Moddgkl j| gd+$ 799=$ ~+ :2)+ Xzx~jkljl gkl xz~~or|jl by

hzd|zrgd gkl ~jrxokgd vjbx oe ajgkikf -Fjjr|p$ 7968)$ eifzrjl vordlx grj$ ik g xjkxj$ g x~ghj eor

iljk|i|y ljujdo~ajk| vi|mik g hzd|zrgddy gkl ikliuilzgddy xifkieihgk| rjgda+ Ik |mj hok|j}| oe

|mix eifzrjl vordl$ iljk|i|ijx ~dgy oz| -or$ ik o|mjr vorlx$ grj eifzrjl)$ xifkieihgkhj ix frgk|jl |o

~gr|ihzdgr lixhozrxjx gkl ~rgh|ihjx$ gkl ~gr|ihzdgr oz|hoajx grj ugdzjl oujr o|mjrx -Moddgkl j|

gd+$ 799=)+ Lrgvikf ok Uyfo|xcy$ Moddgkl j| gd+ ~oik| |o |mj ia~or|gkhj oe~iuo|x$ vmihm xjruj gx

ajlig|ikf ljuihjx |o orfgkipj rjx~okxjx gx vjdd gx |o mjd~ gh|orx ~iuo| or xmie| ik|o |mj ergaj oe

g lieejrjk| vordl -Moddgkl j| gd+$ 799=$ ~+ :>)+ By |mix ljeiki|iok$ |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza ix g

ag|jrigd gr|iegh|$ gdokf vi|m o|mjr ag|jrigd gkl xyabodih gr|iegh|x$ vmihm hgk xjruj gx g ~iuo| |o

juocj g eifzrjl vordl -Zrrij|g$ 2>>6$ ~+ 77>)+

\mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa ix gdxo g xi|j vmjrj g kzabjr oe lieejrjk| hoaazki|ijx ik|jrxjh|

|mrozfm |mj ik|jrgh|iok oe i|x ajabjrx -Xjidjr % Jdajxcy$ 2>>6)+ X|zljk|x gkl |jghmjrxgx

mzagk gfjk|x vi|m liujrxj hzd|zrgd$ dikfzix|ih$ rghigd$ hdgxx$ gkl j}~jrijk|igd bghcfrozklxgrj

ajabjrx oe azd|i~dj hoaazki|ijx+ Ikliuilzgdx grj j}ga~djx oe mix|ory ik ~jrxok -Moddgkl %

Dguj$ 2>>7)0 |mjxj mix|orihgd egh|orx grj ko| hmjhcjl g| |mj loor vmjk jk|jrikf |mj hdgxxrooa$

bz| mguj g bjgrikf ok |mj ~rgh|ihj ik |mj hdgxxrooa$ brikfikf g liujrxi|y oe ajgkikfx |o |mj

j}~jrijkhjx oe |mj hdgxxrooa gkl hzrrihzdza+ \mix ikedz} oe ajgkikfx grozkl |mj xhijkhj

hzrrihzdza gkl hdgxxrooa ix ezr|mjr ikedzjkhjl by g rgkfj oe x|rzh|zrgd egh|orx$ xzhm gx ~odihijx$

~odi|ihx$ gkl ko|iokx oe hoa~j|i|iujkjxx -Ejkxmga$ 2>>93 Ergxjr!Gbljr j| gd+$ 2>>5)+

Jlzhg|iokgd rjxjgrhm azx| ghhozk| g| xoaj ~oik| eor |mj frov|m gkl ljujdo~ajk| oe |mj

ikliuilzgd djgrkjr -Jrihcxok$ 79=2) gkl |o |gcj xjriozxdy vmg| \zrkjr -79=2)$ lrgvikf ok |mj vorc

oe xohiodofix| Edorigk Pkgkijhci$ rjejrx |o gx |mj mzagkix|ih hojeeihijk|+ \zrkjr vri|jx$

xohiohzd|zrgd xyx|jax Sxzhm gx eifzrjl vordlxQ lj~jkl ko| okdy ok |mjir ajgkikf bz| gdxo eor


6/102


|mjir j}ix|jkhj z~ok |mj ~gr|ihi~g|iok oehokxhiozxmzagk gfjk|x -\zrkjr$ 796>7)+ \mix |ghi| eora oe kjfo|ig|iok eguorx

x|zljk|x vmo gdrjgly ckov mov |o xzhhjjl ik xhijkhj g| |mj j}~jkxj oe eiklikf vgyx eor x|zljk|x

|o bjhoaj xhijk|ieihgddy ckovdjlfjgbdj ajabjrx oe |mjir hoaazki|ijx or |o ~rouilj ghhjxx |o

xhijkhj eor x|zljk|x vmo agy bj ik|jrjx|jl ik xhijkhj!bgxjl ~roejxxiokx bz| lo ko| ckov vmjrj

|o bjfik -Gicjkmjgl$ 7995$ 2>>73 Brihcmozxj % ^o||jr$ 2>>7)+

Movjujr$ I gdxo hokxiljr |mj iljg |mg| x|zljk|x$ |jghmjrx$ gkl hzrrihzdza ljujdo~jrx mguj

|mj ~o|jk|igd |o bj gh|iuj ~gr|ihi~gk|x ik |mj jajrfjkhj oe eifzrjl vordlx ik |mj hdgxxrooa+

^rouilikf o~~or|zki|ijx eor |jghmjrx gkl x|zljk|x |o eohzx ok ajgkikf ix g vgy |ovgrlx g aorj

ikhdzxiuj xhijkhj jlzhg|iok j}~jrijkhj+ Ik dohg|ikf g ljxhri~|iok oe ajgkikf$ \gydor -799>)

ljxhribjx |mj |mrjj!liajkxiokgd x|rzh|zrj oe j}~jrijk|igd ajgkikf -oe g xi|zg|iok$ jujk|$ or

j}~jrijkhj)+ Eirx|$ ajgkikf ixeor g xzb`jh| or gfjk| or g froz~ oe xzb`jh|x$ xzhm gx g hoaazki|y+

Xjhokl$ ajgkikf ix oe xoaj|mikf$ xo |mg| ajgkikf ix lix|ikfzixmgbdjgd|mozfm ko| kjhjxxgridy

xj~grgbdjeroa |mj xi|zg|iok$ jujk|$ or j}~jrijkhj+ \mirl$ xoaj|mikf hgk okdy mguj ajgkikf ik g

eijdl$ xo |mg| ajgkikf okdy x|gklx ik rjdg|iok |o o|mjr ajgkikfx$ j}~jrijkhjx$ gkl x|rzh|zrjx+

Xzhm iljgx hgkko| bj lixhzxxjl vi|moz| j}~dorikf |mj ko|iok oeugdzjx+ Horrifgk gkl

Fzkx|okj -2>>6)$ ik ik|rolzhikf |mj hokhj~| oe ugdzj!fziljl xhijkhj jlzhg|iok$ lrjv ok |mj vorc

oe Mgdx|jgl -7995$ ~+ :$ ik Horrifgk % Fzkx|okj$ 2>>6) |o ljeikj ugdzjx gx0


7/102


\mj ~rikhi~djx$ ezklgajk|gdx$ hokuih|iokx$ iljgdx$ x|gklgrlx$ or diej x|gkhjx vmihm gh| gxfjkjrgd fziljx or gx ~oik|x oe rjejrjkhj ik ljhixiok!agcikf or |mj jugdzg|iok oe bjdijex orgh|iokx vmihm grj hdoxjdy hokkjh|jl |o ~jrxokgd ik|jfri|y gkl ~jrxokgd iljk|i|y+

Ugdzjx |mjk jajrfj g| |mj kj}zx oe ajgkikf$ iljgdx$ gkl iljk|i|y$ gkl jkhoa~gxx |mj iljg oe

hzrrjkhy ljxhribjl gbouj+ Mov ~jo~dj gh| ghhorlikf |o |mjxj ugdzjx mguj ~roeozkl gkl dgx|ikf

ia~gh|x ok |mj xmg~ikf oe eifzrjl vordlx$ ik glli|iok |o |mj rodjx |mg| |mjy ~dgy+

Ik hokfrzjkhj vi|m |mj eifzrjl vordl ko|iokx oe ~oxi|iokgdi|y gkl gz|morxmi~$ gx vjdd gx

vi|m |mj iljgx oe hzrrjkhy gkl ugdzjx ~oxi|jl gbouj$ ajgkikf mgx |mj ~o|jk|igd |o jkfjkljr

gfjkhy gkl gh|iok+ Eoddovikf Gmjrk -2>>7)$ I ~oxi|iok gfjkhy g| i|x aox| bgxih djujd gx |mj

xohiohzd|zrgddy ajlig|jl hg~ghi|y |o gh| -Gmjgrk$ 2>>7$ ~+ 772) vmihm ix eorfjl -h+e+$ Cjgkj$ 2>>8)

gaokf ckovdjlfjgbdj mzagk gfjk|x -Filljkx$ 79=5)+ Gfjkhy gdxo ~rouiljx g korag|iuj gkl

jugdzg|iuj gx~jh|$ ~rouilikf |mj ajgkx eor ikliuilzgdx |o `zlfj |mj oz|hoajx oe |mjir gh|iokx

-Jairbgyjr % Aixhmj$ 799=)+ Ik ay hokhj~|iok$ |mix gfjkhy eorfjl |mrozfm |mj kjfo|ig|iok oe

ajgkikf xjrujx gx |mj cjyx|okj bj|vjjk ajgkikf gkl iljk|i|y+ Gx Vjkfjr -7999) ko|jx$ Vmg|

agcjx ikeorag|iok ckovdjlfjvmg| agcjx i| ja~ovjrikfix |mj vgy ik vmihm i| hgk bj

ik|jfrg|jl vi|mik gk iljk|i|y oe ~gr|ihi~g|iok -Vjkfjr$ 7999$ ~+ 22>)+ Xoaj vgyx ik vmihm |mix

ik|jfrg|iok ohhzrx ix |mrozfm |jddikf x|orijx$ jkfgfikf ik ligdofzj$ rjkjvikf zkljrx|gklikfx$ or

~gr|ihi~g|ikf ik lirjh|jl gh|iok+ \mix g~~roghm |o ajgkikf ~rouiljx x|zljk|xgkl |jghmjrx

vi|m g vgy |o lrgv z~ok gkl ik g xjkxj rjergaj$ z|idipj$ gkl jaboly xhijk|ieih zkljrx|gklikfx eor

agky ~zr~oxjx$ aouikf bjyokl |mj ljegzd| ~zr~oxjx oe xhijkhj jlzhg|iok gkl xmg~ikf |mj eifzrjl

vordl oe |mj hdgxxrooa+

Gfjkhy rjwzirjx g ljfrjj oe rjedj}iui|y gkl ljdibjrg|iok ok |mj ~gr| oe |mj gh|or+ Ikljjl$

ghhorlikf |o Grhmjr -2>>>)$ i| ix |mix hg~ghi|y |o rjedjh| gkl ljdibjrg|j ok ozr ~rgh|ihjx gkl ik|jk|x

|mg| agcj zx mzagk gkl ~rouiljx zx |mj o~~or|zki|y |o xmg~j ozr vordl gx i| jajrfjx+ \mix


8/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx =

eohzx ok ljdibjrg|iok gkl rjedjh|iok ix hokxix|jk| vi|m |gcikf |mj mzagkix|ih hojeeihijk|

xjriozxdy gkl g kjhjxxi|y ik |mj j}~dorg|iok oe ajgkikfx grozkl |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza+

Vmjk hokxiljrikf |mj eifzrjl vordl oe |mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa ik difm| oe |mj fogdx fdjgkjl

eroa g mzagkix|ih g~~roghm |o xhijkhj jlzhg|iok$ i| ix kjhjxxgry |o rjhofkipj |mj ujry rjgd

hmgddjkfjx |o |mjxj g~~roghmjx+ Eor j}ga~dj$ Hgrdokj$ Mgzk!Ergkc$ gkl Vjbb -2>77) eozkl |mg|$

i| ix azhm jgxijr |o lo xhmood xhijkhj$ |o -rj)hrjg|j eifzrjl vordlx oe xhijkhj djgrkikf$ ik vgyx

|mg| rj~rolzhj |mj x|g|zx wzo -~~+


10/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 7>

\mjxj gh|iui|ijx vjrj ik|jkljl |o ~rouilj |mj |iaj$ x~ghj$ gkl x|rzh|zrj eor x|zljk|x |o

j}~dihi|dy kjfo|ig|j gkl rjedjh| z~ok |mj ajgkikfx grozkl |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza gkl vjrj

ik|jkljl |o ~rouilj x|zljk|x gkl |jghmjrx vi|m xoaj|mikf |o rjedjh| ok gkl |gdc gboz|$ g

ajlig|ikf dgyjr bj|vjjk |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza gkl |mj ligdofzj$ |mj I| ik |mj I!\moz!I|

ligdofih |rigl oe Lguil Mgvcikx -2>>2)+ Ik glli|iok$ |mjxj gh|iui|ijx vjrj ik|jkljl |o hgdd

g||jk|iok |o gkl gz|moripj x|zljk|x ~jrx~jh|iujx ik g brogljr jlzhg|iokgd x|rzh|zrj$ jx~jhigddy

vi|m rjfgrlx |o i|x ghgljaih gkl xohigd liajkxiokx -AhWziddgk$ 2>>:)+

\mjxj gh|iui|ijx vjrj ezr|mjr ljxifkjl |o x|gr| |mj `ozrkjy eroa |mikcikf gboz| vmg|

xhijkhj ajgkx |o |mikcikf gboz| |mj rodj |mjir djgrkikf ~dgyx ik |mj hoaazki|ijx oe vmihm |mjy

vjrj g ~gr| gkl ik xi|zg|iokx |mjy agy jkhozk|jr+ \mj gh|iui|ijx vjrj jkgh|jl ik X|gfj 2 oe |mj

rjxjgrhm+ Eor |mix ~g~jr$ okdy okj oe |mj gh|iui|ijx vidd bj lixhzxxjl0 Lrgvikf Xhijkhj+

Lrgvikf Xhijkhj+ \mj Lrgvikf Xhijkhj gh|iui|y -G~~jkli} E) ~rouiljl x|zljk|x vi|m |mj

o~~or|zki|y |o rjedjh| ok vmg| loikf xhijkhj doocx dicj+ X|zljk|xvjrj gxcjl |o lrgv vmg|

loikf xhijkhj doocx dicj+ \mj iddzx|rg|iokx vjrj |mjk ~gxxjl grozkl |o froz~x ik |mj hdgxx$ gkl |mj

x|zljk|x vjrj gxcjl |o gkgdypj |mj ~ih|zrjx eor xiaidgri|ijx$ lieejrjkhjx$ gkl ~g||jrkx+ \mj gh|iui|y

vgx bgxjl ok Dieeorl j| gd+ -2>>>) vmo gxcjl x|zljk|x |o lrgv ~ih|zrjx ik orljr |o ~roao|j

rjedjh|iuj djgrkikf$ glg~|jl eor |mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa+ Ezr|mjraorj$ Mgkjy j| gd+ -2>>


12/102


I gdxo gxcjl |mj x|zljk|x ik |mj hdgxx |o ~gr|ihi~g|j ik g ~idj xor| gh|iui|y gkl g rgkc orljr

gh|iui|y$ bo|m oe vmihm grj lrgvk eroa |mj eijdl oe hofki|iuj gk|mro~odofy+ Eor |mj ~idj xor|

gh|iui|y$ I vro|j z~ g ugrij|y oe x|orijx or uifkj||jx ljxhribikf ~jo~dj loikf gh|iui|ijx rjdg|jl |o

xhijkhj ok xagdd ~ijhjx oe ~g~jr -xjj G~~jkli} I)+ X|zljk|x vjrj gxcjl |o ~dghj |mj hgrlx ik|o gky

kzabjr oe rjdg|jl ~idjx+ Vmjk jujryokj mgl eikixmjl |mj |gxc$ I |ooc g ~mo|ofrg~m oe jghm okj

gkl z~dogljl |mj ~mo|ox |o ay dg~|o~+ I |mjk ik|jruijvjl jghm x|zljk| ikliuilzgddy ik |zrk gkl

gxcjl |mja vmy |mjy ~dghjl jghm oe |mj uifkj||jx ik|o |mj ~gr|ihzdgr ~idjx vidd doocikf g| |mj

lifi|gd ~mo|o oe |mjir hgrl xor| rjxzd|x+ Dg|jr$ |mj rjxzd|x oe |mj ~idj xor| gh|iui|y vjrj jk|jrjl ik|o

Gk|mro~gh -Borfg||i$ 7992)$ vmihm ~rouiljl gk gffrjfg|j ~ro}iai|y ag|ri} -xjj G~~jkli} @)+ \mix

ag|ri} vgx |mjk ia~or|jl ik|o ZHIKj| -Borfg||i$ Jujrj||$ % Erjjagk$ 2>>2) gkl g kok!aj|rih

azd|iliajkxiokgd xhgdikf -ALX) gkgdyxix vgx hoklzh|jl ok |vo liajkxiokx+

Vi|m |mj rgkc orljr gh|iui|y$ I ~rouiljl jujry x|zljk| vi|m g dix| oe ~o|jk|igd ikedzjkhjx ok

jkfgfjajk| ik |mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa ok xagdd x|ri~x oe ~g~jr -xjj G~~jkli} C)+ \mj x|zljk|x

vjrj gxcjl |o ~z| |mjxj ~o|jk|igd ikedzjkhjx ik orljr eroa aox| ikedzjk|igd |o djgx| ikedzjk|igd+

Vmjk jujryokj mgl hoa~dj|jl |mj |gxc$ I |ooc g ~mo|ofrg~m oe jghm okj gkl z~dogljl |mj

~mo|ox |o ay dg~|o~+ I |mjk ik|jruijvjl jghm x|zljk| ikliuilzgddy ik |zrk gkl gxcjl |mja vmy

|mjy ~dghjl jghm oe |mj uifkj||jx ik|o |mj ~gr|ihzdgr ~idjx vidd doocikf g| |mj lifi|gd ~mo|o oe |mjir

rgkc orljr rjxzd|x+ Dg|jr$ |mj rjxzd|x eroa |mj rgkc orljr gh|iui|y vgx ia~or|jl ik|o

GK\MRO^GH$ vmihm hgdhzdg|jl g Xai|mx Xgdijkhj Xhorj -Xai|mx X) eor jghm ~o|jk|igd ikedzjkhj$

bgxjl ok |mj ajgk gujrgfj gkl erjwzjkhy oe bjikf ikhdzljl -gx xoaj x|zljk|x j}hdzljl xoaj oe

|mj ~o|jk|igd ikedzjkhjx) ghroxx |mj rgkfj oe x|zljk| rjx~okxjx+

Dgx|dy$ I gdxo vro|j lgidy rjxjgrhm ajaox -Jajrxok j| gd+$ 799:) jujry lgy |mg| I vgx ik |mj

hdgxxrooa+ Gdd lg|g xozrhjx vjrj x|orjl gkl orfgkipjl z|idipikf |mj G|dgx+|i wzgdi|g|iuj lg|g

gkgdyxix xoe|vgrj+ By |rigkfzdg|ikf ghroxx |mjxj lg|g xozrhjx oujr |iaj$ I vgx gbdj |o eoddov |mj


13/102


ajgkikf kjfo|ig|iok ~rohjxx eroa ay ovk ~gr|ihi~gk|!obxjrujr ~oxi|iok$ gx vjdd gx eroa |mj

~jrx~jh|iuj oe |mj x|zljk|x gkl |mj |jghmjr+

Lg|g Gkgdyxix gkl Ik|jr~rj|g|iok

\mj lg|g gkgdyxix ~rohjxx vgx orijk|jl |ovgrl xor|ikf oz| |mj x|rzh|zrjx oe

xifkieihgkhj gkl lj|jraikikf |mjir xohigd frozkl gkl ia~or| -Fjjr|p$ 7968$ ~+ 9)+ Gx zkhoujrikf

ajgkikf rjwzirjx bo|m hgrjezd obxjrug|iok gkl ik|jr~rj|g|iok -Cugdj$ 79=8)$ |mjxj aoljx oe

gkgdyxix ~rouilj g robzx| |mjorj|ihgd frozklikf gkl ~rgh|ihgd ~rohjlzrjx eor j}~dorikf |mj

kjfo|ig|iok oe ajgkikfx grozkl |mj xhijkhj hzrrihzdza ik |mj hdgxxrooa+ Ik hoklzh|ikf |mj

gkgdyxix$ I lrjv z~ok g |vo!~rokfjl g~~roghm mifmdifm|jl by Movj gkl Jixjkmgr| -799>)+

Eirx|$ I zxjl |mj j|mkoxjagk|ih aoljd glugkhjl by X~rgldjy -7969) |o ikejr hzd|zrgd

ajgkikfx eroa ik|jruijv lg|g+ X~rgldjy ~rouiljx fzilgkhj |mrozfm eozr x|j~x oe gkgdypikf

ik|jruijv lg|g0 loagik gkgdyxix$ ik vmihm oujrgrhmikf hg|jforijx oe ajgkikf grj iljk|ieijl3

|g}okoaih gkgdyxix$ ik vmihm |mj hg|jforijx oe ajgkikf grj rjdg|jl |o okj gko|mjr3 hoa~okjk|igd

gkgdyxix$ ik vmihm lix|ikh| lieejrjkhjx bj|vjjk hg|jforijx oe ajgkikf grj iljk|ieijl3 gkl |mjaj

gkgdyxix$ ik vmihm |mj hg|jforijx oe ajgkikf grj dikcjl |o dgrfjr gkl brogljr hzd|zrgd g||ribz|jx+

Xjhokl$ ik orljr |o ~rouilj g hok|j}|zgdipjl$ aorj modix|ih$ gkl |iaj!lj~jkljk| gkgdyxix$ I

glo~|jl g uifkj||j gkgdyxix g~~roghm -Ugk Aggkjk$ 79==)$ giajl g| ~rjxjk|SikfQ |mj rjgljr

vi|m |mj x|orijx iljk|ieijl |mrozfmoz| |mj gkgdy|ihgd ~rohjxx$ |mj xgdijk| |mjajx$ rjhzrrikf

dgkfzgfj$ gkl ~g||jrkx oe bjdije dikcikf ~jo~dj gkl xj||ikfx |ofj|mjr -Gkegrg$ Brovk$ %

Agkfiokj$ 2>>2$ ~+ 87)+ Ugk Aggkjkx uifkj||j g~~roghm ~rouiljx g eohzx ok ajgkikf ik |iaj!

bgxjl hok|j}|zgd gh|iui|y$ hokxix|jk| vi|m g kg|zrgd mix|ory g~~roghm |o |gzfm| hofki|iuj

djgrkikf -Jrihcxok$ 79=2$ ~+ 7:>)$ vmjrj |jghmikf gkl djgrkikf grj hokhj~|zgdipjl gx ujrbx rg|mjr

|mgk kozkx$ gh|iokx gkl gh|iui|ijx rg|mjr |mgk x|g|ih ob`jh|x$ |ijl lirjh|dy vi|m |iaj ik djgrkikf+


14/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 7>>)+ WHG ~rouiljx g lj|gidjl gkl modix|ih ghhozk| oe |mj ajgkikfx vmihm grj

jabolijl ik |mjxj gr|iegh|x+ ^g||jrkx bo|m vi|mik ikliuilzgd gr|iegh|x gkl ghroxx |mj rgkfj oe

gr|iegh|x grj aj|molodofihgddy rjhofkipjl |mrozfm |mix aolj oe gkgdyxix+

Ay |mjorj|ihgd ergajvorc ~rouiljl ezr|mjr fzilgkhj ik |mj gkgdyxix oe |mj lg|g+ Lg|g vgx

holjl zxikf |mj G|dgx+|i wzgdi|g|iuj lg|g gkgdyxix xoe|vgrj oujr xjujrgd rozklx eoddovikf |mj

x|rzh|zrj oz|dikjl by Jajrxok j| gd+ -799:)0 -7) O~jk holikf |o jx|gbdixm brogl!bgxjl ~g||jrkx gkl

|mjajx3 -2) Vri|ikf iki|igd ajaox |o bjfik |o hokkjh| ko|jx gkl lg|g |o |mjorj|ihgd x|rzh|zrjx3 -8)

\mjaj xjdjh|iok |o ~riori|ipj gkl xor| |mj lg|g hoddjh|jl3 ->23 Movj % Jixjkmgr|$

799>)+ I vorcjl |o gllrjxx ixxzjx oe hrjlibidi|y$ |rgkxejrgbidi|y$ lj~jklgbidi|y$ gkl hokeiragbidi|y

-Gkegrg j| gd+$ 2>>2) vi|m rjejrjkhj |o |mj obxjrugbdj jujk|x gkl ik|jrgh|iokx$ ay rjxjgrhm

wzjx|iokx gkl |mjorj|ihgd ergajvorc -xjj \gbdj 7)+

\gbdj 7+ Hri|jrig gkl x|rg|jfijx eor rjxjgrhm wzgdi|y gkl rifor -eoddovikf Gkegrg j| gd+$ 2>>2)+

Hri|jrig X|rg|jfy Ljxhri~|iok

Hrjlibidi|y ^rodokfjl jkfgfjajk|ik |mj eijdl

^gr|ihi~gk| obxjrug|iok lg|g hoddjh|iok oujr |vo ezddhzrrihzdza zki|x+

^jjr ljbrijeikf Rjfzdgr hokxzd|x vi|m lixxjr|g|iok hoaai||jj ajabjrx+

\rigkfzdg|iok \rigkfzdg|jl ghroxx lg|g xozrhjx gkl azd|i~dj uoihjx+Ajabjr hmjhcx Hokxzd|x vi|m |jghmjr gkl x|zljk|x lzrikf lg|g hoddjh|iokgkl gkgdyxix+

\rgkxejrgbidi|y \mihc ljxhri~|iokx Z|idipj |mihc ljxhri~|iuj hg|jforijx -Fjjr|p$ 7968)$rjejrjkhikf |mj mijrgrhmihgd ajgkikfezd x|rzh|zrjx oegh|iokx$ ko| `zx| |mj gh|iokx |mjaxjdujx+

Lj~jklgbidi|y Hrjg|j gk gzli| |rgid Lohzajk|g|iok oe lg|g hoddjh|iok gkl gkgdyxix ~rohjxx+Holj!rjholj x|rg|jfy Azd|i~dj rozklx oe holikf$ vi|m rjejrjkhj |o lg|g$ rjxjgrhm

wzjx|iokx$ gkl |mjorj|ihgd ergajvorc+


15/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 7:

\rigkfzdg|iok \rigkfzdg|iok ghroxx xozrhjx gkl uoihjx+^jjr j}gaikg|iok Rjfzdgr hokxzd|x vi|m lixxjr|g|iok hoaai||jj ajabjrx+

Hokeiragbidi|y \rigkfzdg|iok \rigkfzdg|jl ghroxx xozrhjx gkl uoihjx+^rgh|ihj rjedj}iui|y Agik|gik gkl lohzajk| ay ovk ~rgh|ihj gkl bghcfrozkl+

\mjxj hri|jrig ~rouilj rifor |mrozfm g aj|molodofihgd gkl |rgkx~grjk| g~~roghm |o |mj hoddjh|iok

gkl gkgdyxix oe |mj lg|g+ \mjxj hri|jrig vjrj g~~dijl |o |mj lg|g hoddjh|jl$ gkgdypjl$ gkl

lixhzxxjl ik |mj eoddovikf xjh|iok+

Eiklikfx

Gx I iklihg|jl ik |mj |mjorj|ihgd ergajvorc$ |mj kjfo|ig|iok oe ajgkikf |gcjx ~dghj vi|mik

geijdl$ g xj| oe iljgx$ korax$ gkl zkljrx|gklikfx+ I| ix ia~or|gk| |o iljk|iey mov |mj |jghmjr gkl

mjr x|zljk|x ljeikj xhijkhj$ jlzhg|iok$ gkl |mj rjdg|iokxmi~x bj|vjjk |mj |vo ik g hokhj~|zgd

xjkxj ik orljr |o ~rouilj g ezddjr zkljrx|gklikf oe |mj kjfo|ig|iokx oe ajgkikf vmihm |gcjx ~dghj

vi|mik gkl grozkl |mjxj hg|jforijx+

Fgikikf Ckovdjlfj0 Ax+ X|okjmgax jrx~jh|iuj ok Xhijkhj

Xjujrgd lgyx bjeorj I ik|jruijvjl mjr eor |mj eirx| |iaj$ Ax+ X|okjmga gfrjjl |o ay oeejr

|o ~rouilj mjr vi|m ay ik|jruijv ~ro|ohod+ By doocikf oujr |mj wzjx|iokx bjeorj mgkl$ I mgl |mj

xjkxj |mg| xmj ejd| aorj hoaeor|gbdj vi|m |mj o~~or|zki|y |o ~rj~grj eor |mj wzjx|iokx I vgx foikf

|o gxc mjr gkl aikiaipj |mj ~o|jk|igd eor xzr~rixjx+ \mrjj lgyx bjeorj I vgx xj| |o xi| lovk gkl

ik|jruijv Ax+ X|okjmga eor |mj eirx| |iaj$ ~rjxzagbdy ge|jr rjuijvikf ay ik|jruijv ~ro|ohod$ xmj

dgzkhmjl ik|o g lixhzxxiok vi|m mjr x|zljk|x ok |mj ajgkikf oe xhijkhj+

Ax+ X|okjmga0 Vmg| lojx |mj vorl xhijkhj ajgk?Jlzgrlo0 \mix hdgxx+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Lojx gkyokj rjajabjr vgy$ vgy$ vgy g| |mj bjfikkikf oe hdgxx+

Lojx gkyokj rjajabjr vmg| xhijkhj? Vj hdjgkjl oz| ozr bikljrx$ xo |mixix foikf |o bj g |ozfm okj+ Xhijkhj$ |mj vorl$ ajgkx |o fgik ckovdjlfj+Rjajabjr? Fgik ckovdjlfj+ Yj~ S~oik|ikf |o AgrfgrilQ+

Agrfgril0 Yjgm$ bz| yoz fgik ckovdjlfj ik jujry hdgxx+Fgbrijd0 \mj xhijkhj oe+++Ax+ X|okjmga0 Yz~$ |mj xhijkhj oe$ vmg|? \mj xhijkhj oe mix|ory+ Yz~$ jujry|mikf

ix cikl oe dicj g xhijkhj+ Rifm|?Agrfgril0 Bz| vmy ix |mix hdgxx x~jhieihgddy hgddjl xhijkhj? Ik |mix hdgxx?


16/102


Ax+ X|okjmga0 OC$ vmg| grj x~jhieihgddy x|zlyikf ik |mix hdgxx?Azd|i~dj X|zljk|x0 Bi!od!o!fy+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Vmihm ix vmg|?Fgbrijd0 \mj x|zly oe diej'Ax+ X|okjmga0 \mj x|zly oe diej+ Gdrifm|' Gkl mov lojx |mg| g~~dy |o yoz?Fgbrijd0 Vjrj diej+

Gagklg0 Vjrj+++Ax+ X|okjmga0 Vjrj vjrj

Gagklg0 Diuikf |mikfx+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Rifm|' Diuikf |mikfx'Fgbrijd0 Vjrj diej+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Xo vjrj |ryikf |o agcj xjkxj oe+++Azd|i~dj x|zljk|x0 Ozrxjdujx+Ax+ X|okjmga0 J}gh|dy+ Gkl mov vj ei| ik|o vmg|+Roxg0 \mj vordl+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Gkl o|mjr diuikf orfgkixax+ OC? Gkl gx g xhijk|ix|$ gx ik |mj

rooa$ mjrj$ vi|m aj$ vj grj fgikikf ckovdjlfj$ rifm|? Yjx?

Jlzgrlo0 Yjgm+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Ygy+ Vjrj gdd xo mg~~y |o mguj gdd |mix ckovdjlfj+ Vmg| grj vj

doocikf eor vmjk vj grj xhijk|ix|x? Vmg|x |mj fogd oe g xhijk|ix|?Mjkry0 Ikeorag|iok+Fgbrijd0 Ckovdjlfj+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Ckovdjlfj+ Kov grj vj doocikf eor i| ik gky x~jhigd vgy?Jlzgrlo0 Ko+Agrfgril0 Ko+Ax+ X|okjmga0 Vmg| grj vj doocikf eor |mozfm gx g xhijk|ix|?Mjkry0 \o djgrk+Fgbrijd0 Kjv xodz|iokx+

Ax+ X|okjmga0 Kjv xodz|iokx$ vjrj doocikf eor ~g||jrkx$ vjrj doocikf |o ~z|gkxvjrx |o ozr wzjx|iokx+ Xo vj mguj |o fgik juiljkhj gkl rjgxokikf+

Bjeorj j}~dorikf |mix j}hmgkfj gkl vmg| i| xgyx gboz| Ax+ X|okjmgax uijvx ok |mj

j~ix|jaodofihgd gkl ok|odofihgd kg|zrj oe xhijkhj$ i| xmozdl bj ko|jl |mg| i| xjjajl gx ie oujr |mj

hozrxj oe |mix rjxjgrhm ~ro`jh|$ xmj vgx rjuixi|ikf gkl rjuixikf mjr ko|iokx oe xhijkhj gkl xhijkhj

jlzhg|iok+ Ik |mix gkgdyxix$ |mjrj grj |iajx vmjk bo|m Ax+ X|okjmga gkl |mix rjxjgrhmjr zxj |mj

|jrax xhijkhj gkl xhijkhj jlzhg|iok ik |mj hoddowzigd gkl viljdy ghhj~|jl xjkxj$ rg|mjr |mgk ik

|jrax oe Ax+ X|okjmgax x~jhieih xjkxj ljxhribjl ik lj|gid bjdov+ \mj oujrdg~ ik |mj zxj oe |jrax

ix lzj |o |mj kg|zrj oe |mj rjedjh|iok!ik!~rohjxx |mg| Ax+ X|okjmga jkfgfjl ik |o bj||jr

zkljrx|gkl mjr ovk hokhj~|x$ ljeiki|iokx$ gkl j}~jrijkhjx+


17/102


Vi|m |mix ik aikl$ |mj xmor| hdgxxrooa j}hmgkfj mifmdifm|x xjujrgd ia~or|gk| |mikfx+

\mrozfm |mj gbouj ligdofzj$ Ax+ X|okjmga xj| z~ |mj ~grgaj|jrx gkl ~oxxibidi|ijx oe |mj loagik

oe xhijkhj+ Xmj ~oxi|iokjl xhijkhj eor mjr x|zljk|x gx g ~rohjxx |o fgik ckovdjlfj+ Xmj ezr|mjr

~oxi|iokjl |mj ~rohjxx oe fgikikf ckovdjlfjxhijkhjik g lixhi~dikgry!gz|okoaozx agkkjr+ Ik

rjx~okxj |o Agrfgrilx ~oik| |mg| yoz fgik ckovdjlfj ik jujry hdgxx$ Ax+ X|okjmga rj~dijl

|mg| |mjrj ix S|Qmj xhijkhj oe mix|ory+ Yz~$ jujry|mikf ix cikl oe dicj g xhijkhj+

Ax+ X|okjmga ix ~rjxjk|ikf g zkiujrxgddy!g~~dihgbdj aolj oe fgikikf ckovdjlfj$

irrjx~jh|iuj oe lixhi~dikj gkl hok|jk|$ jujk |mozfm |mj aolj i|xjde jk|gidx ~gr|ihzdgr aj|molx gkl

fogdx+ \mj jkl fogd$ ghhorlikf |o |mj |jghmjr$ ix |o ko| okdy ljujdo~ xodz|iokx |o ~robdjax$ bz|

gdxo |o SdoocQ eor ~g||jrkx$ ~z| gkxvjrx |o ozr wzjx|iokx by fgikSikfQ juiljkhj gkl

rjgxokikf+ I| xmozdl bj ko|jl |mg| Ax+ X|okjmga mgx bjjk jk|mzxigx|ih gkl ikx|rzajk|gd ik

brikfikf g ~gr|ihzdgr ~jlgfofihgd gkl hzrrihzdgr g~~roghm |o xhijk|ieih grfzajk|g|iok$ vmihm

~oxi|iokx |mj ~rohjxx gx |mj ik|jfrg|iok oe hdgiax$ juiljkhj$ gkl rjgxokikf -AhKjidd$ 2>>93

AhKjidd % Crg`hic$ 2>72) |o ko| okdy Ho|x|jgl Mifm Xhmood bz| |mj lix|rih| gx g vmodj+ Xmj jujk

mgl g rj~rjxjk|g|iok oe |mj ergajvorc mgkfikf ok g bzddj|ik bogrl ok mjr vgdd+

Lzrikf ozr okj!ok!okj ik|jruijv dg|jr$ Ax+ X|okjmga rji|jrg|jl mjr ljeiki|iok oe xhijkhj$

x|g|ikf |mg| |mj vorl xhijkhj ix gk zabrjddg eor fgikikf ckovdjlfj ok jujry|mikf+ Gx gk

zabrjddg$ xmj ezr|mjr rjikeorhjl |mg| |mj aj|molx by vmihm |mg| ckovdjlfj ix fgikjl ix xjhoklgry

|o |mj ~rohjxx oujrgdd+ Eor aj$ Sxhijkhj ixQ g djgrkikf ~rohjxx$ xmj ko|jl+ Mov lo yoz djgrk$

gkl vmy lo yoz djgrk+ Xhijkhj ix S|Qmj gr| oe fgikikf ckovdjlfj$ Ax+ X|okjmga ezr|mjr

j}~dgikjl$ bz| mov lo yoz fj| |o |mg| ckovdjlfj ~oik|$ ix mov lo yoz djgrk?

\mj wzjx|iok grixjx gx |o vmg| Ax+ X|okjmga agy |rjg| gx ckovdjlfj or ckovikf+ Ik

Erjkhm g lix|ikh|iok ix aglj bj|vjjk xguoir$ |mg| ix$ ckovikf xoaj|mikf$ gklhokkg|rj$ or

ckovikf by j}~jrijkhj -E+ \zrkjr ik U+ \zrkjr gkl J+ Brzkjr$ 79=5)+ Ik okj ~gr|ihzdgr j~ixolj


18/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 7=

ik |mj hdgxxrooa$ Ax+ X|okjmga brozfm| z~ bo|m gx~jh|x oe ckovdjlfj+ Ik rjedjh|ikf ok gk

gh|iui|y ik vmihm x|zljk|x hz| oz| ~zppdj ~ijhjx rj~rjxjk|ikf |mj x|rzh|zrj oe LKG gkl |mjk

gxxjabdjl |mja$ Ax+ X|okjmga xgil |o |mj hdgxx0

Kov ie vj mgl `zx| fokj |o djh|zrj gkl xgil mjrjx yozr ko|jx$ mjrjx yozr uohgb$vozdl yoz mguj hoaj |o |mix hokhdzxiok$ or xjjk |mj ~g||jrkx gx jgxidy gx ie yozkjjljl |o lo xoaj|mikf+ \mj vmodj ~oik| oe agcikf ozr ~zppdj vgx eor yoz |oj}~jrijkhj g di||dj bi|+ ^jo~dj vmo mgl |o ljhi~mjr |mix$ Vg|xok gkl Hrihc$ |mjy

vjk| |mrozfm g ujry xiaidgr |gxc gx yoz lil$ j}hj~| |mjy mgl aorj hoa~dj}x|rzh|zrjx oe ikeorag|iok |o eifzrj oz| mov LKG vgx hokx|rzh|jl+

Ik |mix ~gxxgfj$ Ax+ X|okjmga vgx agcikf g x|g|jajk| gfgikx| g xia~dj eora oe fgikikf

ckovdjlfj$ oe ckovikf xoaj|mikf$ |mj xguoir!|y~j+ Ikx|jgl$ xmj vgx xj||ikf z~ |mj ia~or|gkhj

oe |mj hokkg|rj!|y~j oe ckovikf by agcikf |mj ~oik| |mg| ie xmj mgl xia~dy fiujk |mj x|zljk|x

|mj ikeorag|iok$ |mjy vozdl ko| mguj bjjk gbdj |o xjj |mj ~g||jrkxg fogd oe xhijkhj gkl

xhijk|ix|xie |mjy mgl ko| gxxjabdjl |mj ~zppdj |mjaxjdujx+

Ax+ X|okjmga ezr|mjr hokkjh|jl |mix gh|iui|y |o |mj vorc oe rjgd xhijk|ix|x$ Lrx+ Vg|xok

gkl Hrihc$ |mj xhijk|ix|x hrjli|jl vi|m xzhhjxxezddy aoljdikf |mj x|rzh|zrj oe LKG+ Xmj

hok|ikzjl$ ai}ikf ik |mj iljg oe ckovdjlfj fgik oe |mj xguoir!|y~j$ vmihm rjwzirjx |mg|

ckovdjlfj bj xjjk ik gk ob`jh|iuj xjkxj0

Vmjk vj o~jk ozr hmg~|jrx |mjrjx gdvgyx g wzihc rjuijv xjh|iok+ Kov vjrjfj||ikf |o |mj ~oik| vmjrj vjuj eiddjl ozr mjglx vi|m gk gvezd do| oe ikeorag|iok$gkl vjrj x|gr|ikf |o eorfj| xoaj oe i|$ xo vj mguj |o hokx|gk|dy rjuijv+ Xo eor yoz$

yozr moajvorc ix foikf |o bj ok ~gfj 7=9$ yozrj foikf |o vri|j oz| |mj wzjx|iokx$|mjrjx eiuj oe |mja$ gkl |mjk gkxvjr |mja+

Ax+ X|okjmga mifmdifm|jl |mj kjjl eor rjuijv vi|m$ vjrj fj||ikf |o |mj ~oik| vmjrj vjuj

eiddjl ozr mjglx vi|m gk gvezd do| oe ikeorag|iok$ gkl vjrj x|gr|ikf |o eorfj| xoaj oe i|+ \mix

x|g|jajk| vozdl iklihg|j |mg| ckovdjlfj ix fgikjl gkl dox| gkl |mjk fgikjl gfgik$ rj~rjxjk|g|iuj

oe |mj xguoir!|y~j+ \mix ai}ikf oe |y~jx ix ko| kjhjxxgridy ~robdjag|ih$ gx |mj hgxj hgk bj aglj

|mg| bo|m xguoirgkl hokkg|rj grj kjhjxxgry eor g ezdd gkl ljj~ zkljrx|gklikf+


19/102


\mzx xhijkhj$ ghhorlikf |o Ax+ X|okjmga$ ix g liujrxj gkl ikliuilzgdipjl gr| oe fgikikf

ckovdjlfj+ \mj hrjg|iuj gkl ikujk|iuj gr| oe fgikikf ckovdjlfj$ movjujr$ gdxo j}mibi|x g x|rokf

jdjajk| oe jeeihijkhy gkl jhokoay$ vmihm mgx gk ikedzjkhj oujr mov okj jkfgfjx vi|m |mj

hok|jk| grjg+ \mj fogd ix ko| okdy |o rjghm gk jkl ~oik|$ bz| bj gbdj |o fgik zkljrx|gklikfx |mg|

x|ihc vi|m |mj djgrkjr gx |mjy |rgujd |mjir ~g|mvgy gkl djgrk |o g~~dy aj|molx oe xzhhjxx eroa

okj xzb`jh| grjg |o gko|mjr+ \mj ~gr|ihzdgri|ijx oe xhijkhj jlzhg|iok$ |mj ckovdjlfj |mg|

x|zljk|x fgik ik mjr hdgxxrooa$ grj lixhzxxjl ik |mj eoddovikf xjh|iok+

\mj Xzb`jh| oe Xhijkhjx ^rohjxx0 Ax+ X|okjmga gkl Xhijkhj Jlzhg|iok

Ljx~i|j mjr lj|jraikg|iok |o zkiujrxgdipj xhijkhj gx g ~rohjxx oe fgikikf ckovdjlfj

iklj~jkljk| oe hok|jk|$ Ax+ X|okjmga ix gdxo hgrjezd |o gr|ihzdg|j g lix|ikh|iok bj|vjjk mjr

hdgxxbiodofygkl o|mjr hdgxxjx$ ik |jrax oe |mj cikloe hok|jk| ckovdjlfj bjikf fgikjl+ \mj

cikl oe ckovdjlfj bjikf fgikjl$ xmj rjaikljl mjr x|zljk|x lzrikf lixhzxxiok ik hdgxx$ ix

biodofihgd ckovdjlfj$ gboz| diej gkl diuikf |mikfx+ \mix eohzx ~rouiljx g ujkzj eor j}~dorikf

ozrxjdujx$ ~rjxzagbdy mzagk bjikfx$ gx diuikf |mikfx gkl mov diuikf |mikfx rjdg|j |o okj gko|mjr+

Ax+ X|okjmga gdxo ~oik|x oz| |mg| fgikikf ckovdjlfj ik biodofy rjwzirjx djgrkikf g

~gr|ihzdgr xj| oe xciddx+ Xmj rjdg|jl |mg|$

SIQk biodofy |mjrj grj ljeiki|jdy ~robgbdy g cikl oe dicj g do| oe xzbxj|x oe xciddxyoz mguj |o mguj |o fgik yozr oujrgdd ckovdjlfj+ Yoz mguj |o xor| oe ckov |mg|yoz&rj foikf |o bj gxcikf hjr|gik wzjx|iokx$ bghcikf i| z~ vi|m g bi| oe juiljkhj$gkl |mjk xz~~or|ikf i| vi|m g rjgd iljg+ G |mjory+

Xmj ~oik|jl oz| |mg| hok|rgry |o xhijkhj ik fjkjrgdor |mj gr| oe fgikikf ckovdjlfj fjkjrgddy

ik biodofy okj xmozdl bj gxcikf g hjr|gik cikl oe wzjx|iok ljgdikf vi|m g ~gr|ihzdgr xj| oe hok|jk|+

Ik glli|iok$ ik |mj ~rohjxx oe gkxvjrikf |mjxj wzjx|iokx$ juiljkhj gkl |mjorj|ihgd xz~~or| grj

kjhjxxgry eozklg|iokx z~ok vmihm |o lrgv+ Ik lixhzxxikf |mj |mjorj|ihgd xz~~or| -g rjgd iljg or

g |mjory) okj hgk gxxzaj xmj ix rjejrrikf |o |mj hgkok oe jx|gbdixmjl xhijk|ieih zkljrx|gklikfx+

\mix ~rohjxx |mjk$ oe fgikikf ckovdjlfj ik biodofy$ jx|gbdixmikf juiljkhj gx g bghcikf$ gkl


20/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 2>

lrgvikf z~ok |mjorj|ihgd xz~~or| ix vmg| mg~~jkx ik biodofy hdgxx$ ik xhijkhj jlzhg|iok3 ik o|mjr

vorlx$ |mj vmg| |o |mj mov oe xhijkhj+

Kjgr |mj jkl oe |mj jgrdijr hdgxxrooa lixhzxxiok$ vmjk lixhzxxikf juiljkhj gkl rjgxokikf$

Ax+ X|okjmga aglj |mj |rgkxi|iok eroa ~rohjxx |o iljk|i|y by ~mrgxikf mjr wzjx|iok |o |mj hdgxx

gx Vmg|x |mj fogd oeg xhijk|ix|? By agcikf |mix aouj eroa g ~rohjxx |o g |y~j oe ~jrxok$ xmj

vgx gdxo aouikf |o iljk|ieyikf vmo ~gr|ihi~g|jx ik biodofy$ |mg| ix$ xhijk|ix|x+ G| |mj jkl oe |mj

vjjc oe |mg| eirx| hdgxxrooa j}hmgkfj$ |mj x|zljk|x jkfgfjl ik |mj Lrgvikf Xhijkhj ik Gh|iok

gh|iui|y -|mj rjxzd|x oe vmihm grj ljxhribjl bjdov)+ \mj biodofy hdgxxjx vmihm aj| lzrikf |mj H!

bdohcx |iaj xdo| vjrj gdxo uixi|jl by g vorcikf xhijk|ix| eroa g kjgrby kg|zrgd mix|ory azxjza

vmo x~ocj |o |mja agikdy gboz| |mj |mrjg|x z~ok xhijkhj jlzhg|iok by froz~x gkl ikliuilzgdx

vmo vozdl hgx| lozb| ok |mj ~rohjxx oe juodz|iok$ gx vjdd gx brijedy gboz| mix vorc x|zlyikf |mj

lj|jraikg|iok oe xj} hmroaoxoajx ik djo~grl fjhcox+ G| |mj bjfikkikf oe |mj hdgxx ~jriol ge|jr

|mjxj |vo jujk|x$ Ax+ X|okjmga djl g lixhzxxiok grozkl x|zljk|x ia~rjxxiokx0

\jghmjr0 Xo g do| oe yoz ik yozr ~ih|zrjx gkl |mikfx dicj |mg| kjujr rjgddy ~z|yozrxjde ik |mj ~ih|zrj$ yoz lilk| |mikc oe yozrxjde gx xhijk|ix|x+ I eozkl

|mg| ik|jrjx|ikf+ Yoz lok| |mikc |mg| dicj ik mjrj yozrj xhijk|ix|x?Agrfgril0 Vmjk vjrj loikf dgbx+\jghmjr0 Vmjk yoz lo dgbx+ Xo$ ik yozr aikl yozrj g xhijk|ix| okdy vmjk yozrj

loikf g dgb+Agdj X|zljk|0 Yjx+

@zgkg0 Ko+\jghmjr0 Ko+

@zgkg0 I ejjd dicj vmjk vjrj loikf moajvorc gkl djgrkikf kjv |mikfx+\jghmjr0 Xo gdxo vmjk yozrj loikf moajvorc gkl djgrkikf |mikfx$ yozrj g

xhijk|ix|+Gagklg0 I rjgddy lok| |mikc Ia g xhijk|ix|+\jghmjr0 Yoz lok| |mikc yozrj g xhijk|ix| szkckovkq+ Xo$ ~jo~dj$ mj Srjejrrikf |o

|mj uixi|ikf xhijk|ix|Q brozfm| z~ xoaj rjgddy ik|jrjx|ikf |mikfx$ I |mozfm||mg|$ zm$ gx g xhijk|ix| |mjy dooc g| juiljkhj gkl zxj juiljkhj |o agcjx|g|jajk|x+ Gkl ik yozr ovk diej$ lo yoz jujr dooc g| |mikfx gkl agcj gx|g|jajk|?

Jlzgrlo0 Yjgm+\jghmjr0 Yjgm+ Xo grj yoz rjgddy g xhijk|ix| |mjk?Jlzgrlo0 Ik g vgy+


21/102


\jghmjr0 I ajgk$ jujk ok g xia~dj |mikf$ jujryboly dix|jkjl |o |mj vjg|mjr rj~or||olgy$ rifm|? Or yoz o~jk yozr viklov xoaj|iajx+ Xo vmg| lil yoz lo

vi|m |mg| ikeorag|iok? Lo yoz ljhilj vmg| |o vjgr gx g rjxzd|? Xo yozmgl |o$ cikl oe$ lo vmg|? Yoz mgl |o |mikc gboz| i|$ agcj gk gxxza~|iok$gkl ~rj~grj yozrxjde bgxjl ok ~rior ckovdjlfj+ \mix ix rjgddy vmg| gxhijk|ix| lojx+ \mjy |gcj xoaj juiljkhj$ |mjy x|g|j xoaj ~g||jrkx$ or xoajobxjrug|iokx$ gkl |mjk |mjy lrgv gkl agcj hokhdzxiokx+ Gkl yoz fzyxmjgrl |mj vjg|mjr xgyikf i| vgx foikf |o bj 6>$ mo~jezddy$ |olgy$ |mjrjeorj

yoz ckjv |mg|$ yoz ckov$ I ajgk$ Iuj xjjk g kzabjr oe x|zljk|x oz| ik |mjmgdd |olgy vjgrikf xmor|x'

Eirx| oe gdd$ Ax+ X|okjmga ik |mix xjhokl j}hmgkfj rjikeorhjl |mj iljg |mg| |mj ckovdjlfj

fgikjl ik xhijkhj jlzhg|iok xmozdl mguj gk ia~gh| ok x|zljk|x iljk|i|ijx gkl xjkxj oe mov |mjy

hoklzh| |mjaxjdujx ik |mj vordl+ Aorj x~jhieihgddy$ xmj vgx ~zxmikf eor x|zljk|x |o |mikc oe

|mjaxjdujx gx xhijk|ix|x+ Xjhokldy$ g |jkxiok vmihm I vidd gllrjxx ik lixhzxxikf |mj x|zljk|x

lrgvikfx oe xhijkhj ik gh|iok ix hdjgrdy gr|ihzdg|jl ik |mix j}hmgkfj+ Agrfgril ~oik|x |mg| xmj

ejjdx dicj xmj ix g xhijk|ix| vmjk loikf dgbx+ @zgkg j}~gkljl |mj ko|iok oe bjikf g xhijk|ix| |o

loikf moajvorc gkl djgrkikf kjv |mikfx$ ik rjhofki|iok oe Ax+ X|okjmgax brogl ljeiki|iok

oe xhijkhj vmihm xmj xmgrjl vi|m |mj hdgxx |mj vjjc bjeorj+ I| vgx ik rjx~okxj |o Gagklgx

j}~rjxxiok oe rj`jh|iok$ I rjgddy lok| |mikc Ia g xhijk|ix|$ |mg| Ax+ X|okjmga brozfm| |mj

lixhzxxiok bghc |o |mj xzbxj| oe xciddx djgrkjl ik biodofy$vorcikf vi|m juiljkhj$ eiklikf

~g||jrkx$ gkl agcikf -or ik |mix hgxj$ gh|ikf ok) g hdgia+ Xmj brozfm| ik g |gkfibdj j}ga~dj |o

iddzx|rg|j mjr hgxj$ ljhilikf vmg| |o vjgr bgxjl ok |mj vjg|mjr$ gx ie |o xgy |mg| jujk ik jujrylgy

diej okj gh|x gx g xhijk|ix|+

Ckovikf ik |mj Eijdl gkl |mj Rodj oe |mj \jghmjr0 Ik|rolzhikf |mj X|zljk| ^jrx~jh|iuj

Gx I |zrk |o |mj x|zljk| ~jrx~jh|iuj$ I xmozdl ~oik| oz| |mg| lirjh| x|zljk| rjx~okxjx

|mrozfm ik|jruijvx vjrj ko| gx ik!lj~|m gkl lj|gidjl gx Ax+ X|okjmgax+ \mix ix kji|mjr

xzr~rixikf kor ~robdjag|ih$ bz| |mj ikeorag|iok |mjy lil ~rouilj vgx rihm gkl |mozfm|ezd ik i|x

ovk vgy+ G| |iajx$ ~gr|ihzdgrdy vmjk ljxhribikf |mj dgrfjr eijdl oe xhijkhj i|xjde$ |mjy vjrj

~rouilikf aj vi|m hdoxj ik|jr~rj|g|iokx oe |mj hdgxxrooa lixhozrxj+ G| o|mjr |iajx$ |mjy


22/102


~rjxjk|jl hozk|jr~oik|x |o xoaj oe |mj ~oik|x ~rouiljl |o aj by Ax+ X|okjmga$ ik ~gr|ihzdgr ik

rjdg|iok |o |mj rodj oe |mj |jghmjr ik |mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa gkl |mj kg|zrj oe xhijkhj jlzhg|iok+

Vmjk lixhzxxikf |mjir rjdg|iokxmi~x vi|m |mj |jghmjr$ |mj rodj oe |mj |jghmjr gx g xozrhj oe

ckovdjlfj gkl gkxvjrx |o wzjx|iokx vgx g |mjaj vmihm jajrfjl+

\mj x|zljk|x ko|jl g ag|jrigd ikx|gk|ig|iok oe |mix rodj$ gx Ax+ X|okjmga rjxjrujl gk grjg

oe mjr vgdd |o hoddjh| x|zljk| wzjx|iokx oujr |mj hozrxj oe |mj vjjc$ rjejrrjl |o by |mj |jghmjr gkl

x|zljk|x gx \mj ^grcikf Do|+ X|zljk|x hozdl ~z| x|ihcy ko|jx vi|m wzjx|iokx gboz| |mj xhijkhj

hok|jk| oe |mj vjjc$ or gxc fjkjrgd xhijkhj wzjx|iokx+ Ljbrg$ g x|zljk| eroa Brgpid$ ljxhribjl

xmgrikf ckovdjlfj gx g hjk|rgd rodj oe g |jghmjr0

Ljbrg0 I |mikc |mg| xmj |mikcx |mg| juodz|iok ix dicj |mj bif iljg cikl oe |oo+ Xikhjxmj |gdcx g do| gboz| i|+ Gkl xmjx dicj i|x mjr agik fogd+ Jujk |mozfm vj|gdc gboz| LKG$ dicj$ i|x dicj$ i|x mjr `ob |o |jghm zx gboz| dicj gdd |moxjx|zee+ Xmj rjgddy dicj$ vmjk xmj vgx |gdcikf gboz| juodz|iok$ xmj rjgddy fo|ik|o i|+ Gkl I dicj mov xmj dicjx |o mjd~ zx |oo$ xikhj xmj lojx |mj wzjx|iok|mikf+ \mg| bogrl+ Dicj ie vj mguj g wzjx|iok$ vj `zx|+++

Rjxjgrhmjr0 Om$ \mj grcikf Do|+Ljbrg0 Yjgm+ Xmj dicjx |o xmgrj mjr ckovdjlfj |oo+ Xmjx ko| g xjdeixm |jghmjr+Rjxjgrhmjr0 Aa maa+Ljbrg0 Hgzxj I mgl g |jghmjr$ ko| dgx| yjgr$ bz| dicj ik Brgpid$ ie yoz gxcjl |mja g

wzjx|iok$ dicj |mix |jghmjr$ mj vozdlk| gkxvjr+ Mj vgx dicj$ vjdd yoz mguj|o eikl oz|$ mj cj~| mix ckovdjlfj eor miaxjde$ jujk |mozfm mj vgx g|jghmjr+

Ljbrg ljxhribjl juodz|iok gx g hjk|rgd ~rikhi~dj ik biodofy gkl hokkjh|jl |mj hokhj~| oe LKG |o

i|$ ko|ikf mov Ax+ X|okjmga lojx xo gx vjdd+ Xmj iklihg|jl |mg| agcikf |mjxj hokkjh|iokx hdjgr

ix mjr `ob+ Ik glli|iok$ ik rjdg|iok |o \mj ^grcikf Do|$ Ljbrg rjagrcx |mg| Ax+ X|okjmga ix ko|

g xjdeixm |jghmjr gkl dicjx |o xmgrj mjr ckovdjlfj+ Xmj ~oxi|iokx |mix g||i|zlj |ovgrlx xmgrikf

ckovdjlfj gfgikx| mjr |jghmjr ik Brgpid vmo rjezxjl |o gkxvjr wzjx|iokx$ g||ribz|ikf |mix rjezxgd

|o g xjkxj |mg| mj cj~| mix ckovdjlfj eor miaxjde$ jujk |mozfm mj vgx g |jghmjr -ja~mgxix

glljl)+ \jghmjrx by |mjir ujry ~zr~oxj$ ghhorlikf |o Ljbrg$ xmgrj |mjir ckovdjlfj vi|m |mjir


23/102


x|zljk|x+ Yj| Ljbrg lojx ko| ~oxi|iok |mix rodj ik x|rg|jfih |jrax gx Ax+ X|okjmga lojx$ bz|

ikx|jgl xmj xjjx g |jghmjr gx g xozrhj oe ckovdjlfj gkl zkljrx|gklikf+

Fgbrijd xiaidgrdy ko|jl \mj ^grcikf Do|$ bz| ljxhribjl i| ko| okdy gx glugk|gfjozx eor

x|zljk|x bz| bjkjeihigd eor Ax+ X|okjmga gx vjdd0

Fgbrijd0 Erilgyx vjdd gxc wzjx|iokx$ I lok| ckov ie yozuj xjjk |mja ok dicj |mixvgdd+ Ok |mj oz|xilj vjdd ~ox| x|ihcy ko|jx gkl x|zee+ Gkl vjdd gxcwzjx|iokx gboz| x|zee vj vgk| |o ckov |mg| mgx |o ~jr|gik |o xhijkhj+ Gklxoaj|iajx xmj aifm| ko| ckov |mj gkxvjr$ xo agybj xmjdd fo gkl dooc i|z~+ Gkl ie xmj lojx ckov$ I ejjd dicj$ agybj xmj lojxk| djgrk i| eroa zx$~jr xj$ bz| xmjdd rjajabjr i| bjhgzxj oe zx$ bjhgzxj vj gxcjl |mj wzjx|iokgboz| i|+

Rjxjgrhmjr0 Xo yoz |mikc i|x ia~or|gk| eor mjr |o fj| wzjx|iokx eroa yoz fzyx+Frgbrijd0 Yjgm$ `zx|+++ dicj rjuijv$ I fzjxx$ eor mjr+ @zx| |o rjajabjr o|mjr x|zee

|mg| vjrj ko|$ agybj lixhzxxikf ik |mj hdgxx lzrikf |mg| |iaj ~jriol+ Dicjrifm| kov vjrj |gdcikf gboz| |mj LKG$ gkl rj~dihg|iok$ gkl agybjxoajboly vidd gxc mjr xoaj|mikf gboz| gkiagdx or xoaj|mikf+ I| vidd bjcikl oe dicj mjr rjuijv+

Ik |mix j}hmgkfj$ Fgbrijd ~oxi|iokjl |mix gx ko| okdy zxjezd gkl bjkjeihigd eor |mj x|zljk|x$ bz| eor

|mj hok|ikzjl ~roejxxiokgd ljujdo~ajk| oe Ax+ X|okjmga+ Fgbrijd rjgxokx |mg| x|zljk|x agy gxc

biodofy!rjdg|jl wzjx|iokx ko| lirjh|dy hokkjh|jl |o |mj xhijkhj hok|jk| g| mgkl ik |mj hdgxxrooa+

\mjxj wzjx|iokx hgk mjd~ Ax+ X|okjmga brzxm z~ ok g rgkfj oe xhijkhj |o~ihx$ ~mrgxikf i| ik

hdgxxrooa |jrax gx Fgbrijd lil$ I| vidd bj cikl oe dicj mjr rjuijv+ I| xmozdl bj ko|jl |mg| eroa

Fgbrijdx ~jrx~jh|iuj$ gx g xozrhj oe ckovdjlfj$ Ax+ X|okjmga gdrjgly ckovx |mj gkxvjrx+ I|x

`zx| |mg| xmj agy kjjl |o rjuijv |o bj rjaikljl oe |mj gkxvjr+

@zgkg gdxo brozfm| ik |mj ko|iok oe |jghmjr gx g xozrhj oe ckovdjlfj gkl gx g rjxozrhj eor

wzjx|iokx$ bz| eroa g ~jrxokgd ~jrx~jh|iuj0

@zgkg0 Idd djgrk gboz|$ dicj$ I lok| ckov$ mjd~ikf xcik gkl x|zee$ gkl Idd gxc ay|jghmjr$ om$ vmg|x ik djaok |mg| agcjx yozr xcik j}eodig|j? Gkl I lok|ckov xmj xgil$ i| dicj |gcjx xcik$ dicj |mj odl hjddx$ gkl dicj ~z|x ik kjvhjddx$ gkl |mjk |mg| cikl oe dicj$ za$ g||ghmjl |o LKG$ gkl agcikf kjvhjddx$ gkl I eozkl |mg| rjgddy ik|jrjx|ikf+

Rjxjgrhmjr0 Lil yoz djgrk gboz|$ yoz lilk| djgrk gboz| djaokx gkl xcik ik mjrj$yoz djgrkjl gboz| i| xoajvmjrj jdxj$ gkl gxcjl?

@zgkg0 Ko' Yjgm$ gkl i| hgaj |ofj|mjr+


24/102


Eifzrj


31/102


Eifzrj )+ \mj dgborg|ory!dicj xj||ikfx rjedjh|jl egirdy hdoxjdy

|mj hdgxxrooax dgb grjg$ ikhdzlikf |mj bdghc!gkl!brovk dgb bjkhmjx+ \mj ~jo~dj ik |mj lrgvikfx

vjrj zxzgddy loikf |mikfx$ xzhm gx ikujx|ifg|ikf gkl j}gaikikf or vorcikf vi|m |jx| |zbjx+ Vmidj

|mj dje| lrgvikf ik Eifzrj 7> |ijl bghc |o Ax+ X|okjmgax ckovdjlfj x|g|jajk|$ |mj lrgvikfx ik

|mix hg|jfory vjrj gh|iuj rg|mjr |mgk ~gxxiuj$ vjrj zxzgddy |ijl |o g ~dghj or ~jrxok$ gkl gky

~grg~mjrkgdig or ~ro~x vjrj |ijl |ofj|mjr gkl orijk|jl |o loikf g ~gr|ihzdgr |gxc zkdicj |mj

lrgvikfx ik |mj Xhijkhj gx Hoddjh|iok hg|jfory+

Eifzrj


32/102


Xhijkhj gx Kg|zrj+ \mj lrgvikfx ik |mj Xhijkhj gx Kg|zrj hg|jfory -Eifzrj


33/102


Rjxjgrhmjr0 Yjgm+ Xo$ lojx g ~gik|ikf oe g eixm S~oik|ikf |o |mj eixm |gkc ok gkjgrby hozk|jrQ mguj |o lo vi|m xhijkhj?

Agrfgril0 G ~gik|ikf?Rjxjgrhmjr0 Yjgm+ Ia gxcikf+++s|vo x|zljk|x |gdcikf g| okhjqMjkry0 I| hozdl bj |mj gh|zgd$ doocikf g| |mj gh|zgd eixm+++Agrfgril0 +++Doocikf g| |mj gh|zgd eixm$ gkl i|x g eixm$ gkl |mj eixm ix gk orfgkixa$

gkl |mj hmgrgh|jrix|ihx oe |mj orfgkixa vjrj doocikf g| xhijkhj+Rjxjgrhmjr0 OC$ xo+++ xo$ vmjk yoz xi| lovk ik mix|ory hdgxx$ ix |mg| xhijkhj?Agrfgril0 Ko+Rjxjgrhmjr0 Ko? Mov hoaj?Agrfgril0 Yjgm$ i| cikl oe ix+++Mjkry0 I|x xhijkhj mix|ory'Roxg0 szkckovkq+ I|x ko| rjgddy xhijkhj$ |mjyrj ko| |gdcikf gboz| xhijkhj+Mjkry0 Vjdd$ i| hozdl ikuoduj i|$ i|x `zx| ko| ajk|iokikf i|$ bjhgzxj |mg|x ko| vmg|

|mj xzb`jh|x gboz|$ xo |mjy hozdl ikuoduj i|+

\mix lixhzxxiok ix ik ~gr| ik rjgh|iok |o |mj hdgxxrooa lixhozrxj xjujrgd lgyx bjeorjmgkl vmjk Ax+

X|okjmga ik|rolzhjl xhijkhj gx fgikikf ckovdjlfjgkl gxxjr|jl |mg| |mjrj ix g xhijkhj oe

mix|ory+ Vmjk gxcjl gboz| g ~gik|ikf oe g eixmajgk| gx gk gr|ix|ih rj~rjxjk|g|iokAgrfgril

gkl Mjkry bo|m ~zddjl i| zkljr |mj zabrjddg oe xhijkhj+ \mix aouj ko| okdy brozfm| gr|ix|ih

rj~rjxjk|g|iokx gkl ik|jr~rj|g|iok ik|o |mj loagik oe xhijkhj$ bz| kg|zrj gx vjdd vi|m Agrfgrilx

hoaajk| |mg| i|x g eixm$ gkl |mj eixm ix gk orfgkixa$ gkl |mj hmgrgh|jrix|ihx oe |mj orfgkixa

vjrj doocikf g| xhijkhj+ \mjy gdxo ljgd| vi|m |mj hokhj~| oe xzb`jh| ag||jr vmjk I gxcjl |mja ie

mix|ory hdgxx vgx xhijkhj+ Roxg vgx viddikf |o lix|ikfzixm mix|ory eroa xhijkhj$ vmidj Agrfgril

vgx aorj |jk|g|iuj$ gkl Mjkry vgx rjgly |o hdgxxiey mix|ory hdgxx gx xhijkhj bjhgzxj mix|ory hozdl

ikuoduj xhijkhj+ \mjxj hg|jforijx oe lrgvikfx gkl lixhozrxj xzhm gx |mj ligdofzj gbouj ~oik| |o

xoaj lieeihzd|y by x|zljk|x ik ljujdo~ikf eira hg|jforijx ik ljeikikf vmg| ix gkl vmg| ix ko|

xhijkhj+ \mj hdgxxieihg|iok ~rohjxx vgx ik ~gr| ~robdjag|ipjl by Ax+ X|okjmgax j}~dihi|

ljeiki|iok oe xhijkhj gx fgikikf ckovdjlfj gkl ikxix|jkhj |mg| xhijkhj g~~dijx |o gky ~zrxzi|+ Ik

|mj ik|jrjx| oe lixhdoxzrj$ I hokeiljl ik |mj |mrjj x|zljk|x |mg| |mjir wzjx|iokx gkl hokhjrkx vjrj

bjikf ljbg|jl by xhijk|ix|x gkl ~midoxo~mjrx$ gkl |mg| I lil ko| mguj g ljeiki|iuj gkxvjr eor |mja+


34/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 8>2) gkl

g kok!aj|rih azd|iliajkxiokgd xhgdikf -ALX) gkgdyxix vgx hoklzh|jl ok |vo liajkxiokx+ \mj

rjxzd|x oe |mix gkgdyxix hgk bj xjjk ik Eifzrj +>95 ik 7< |rigdx+ Gx |mj x|rjxx ugdzj eor |mj ALX gkgdyxix vgx djxx |mgk >+7$ i| ix

vi|mik ghhj~|gbdj diai|x -Borfg||i$ 7996)+

By j}gaikikf |mj ligfrga fjkjrg|jl |mrozfm |mj ALX gkgdyxix gkl hoa~grikf |mj

ligfrga vi|m |mj ik|jruijvx$ I vgx gbdj |o ik|jr~rj| |mj xhgdjx oe |mj |vo liajkxiokx rj~rjxjk|jl

ik |mj ligfrga+ \mj } -dje|!rifm|) liajkxiok j}mibi|x g hok|ikzza iljk|ieijl by |mj x|zljk|x

bj|vjjk ^jo~dj ok |mj dje| gkl \mikfx ok |mj rifm|+ \mj y -z~!lovk) liajkxiok j}mibi|x g

hok|ikzza bj|vjjk Hok|ribz|ikf |o g Frjg|jr Hoaazki|y or Jk|jr~rixj gdokf |mj |o~ gkl

Ikliuilzgd Jk`oyajk| gdokf |mj bo||oa+

G hdzx|jr o~|iaipg|iok gkgdyxix vgx hoklzh|jl |o lj|jraikj |mj o~|iagd kzabjr oe

hdzx|jrx |mg| hozdl bj eozkl ik |mj ALX gkgdyxix+ Ghhorlikf |o ajgxzrjx oe bo|m ei| gkl r!xwzgrj

ugdzjx$ eozr hdzx|jrx vgx hgdhzdg|jl |o bj |mj o~|iagd kzabjr oe hdzx|jrx vi|m |mj dovjx| ei| ugdzj

->+826) gkl |mj mifmjx| r!xwzgrj ugdzj ->+


35/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 8:

\mj ALX ligfrga rj~rjxjk|x g hoa~oxi|j uijv oe mov |mj hdgxx gx g vmodj hg|jforipjl

lieejrjk| gx~jh|x oe loikf xhijkhj bgxjl ok |mj ~rouiljl uifkj||jx+ Jujry x|zljk| vgx gdxo

ik|jruijvjl |o ~rouilj gk oujruijv oe |mjir xor|ikf$ gkl gd|mozfm ikliuilzgd x|zljk|x xor|x lil

ko| kjhjxxgridy ei| j}gh|dy |mj hoa~oxi|j ligfrga ik Eifzrj 72$ |mjir ik|jruijv x|g|jajk|x grj zxjl

|o bj||jr ljxhribj |mj rgkfj oe hg|jforijx+ Jghm hdzx|jr vidd bj j}gaikjl ik |zrk+

\y~ihgd Xhijkhj+ \mj eirx| froz~ oe uifkj||jx lixhzxxjl ix |mj \y~ihgd Xhijkhj hdzx|jr$

vmihm ikhdzlj xzhm gh|iui|ijx gx hoklzh|ikf eijdlvorc ik g xgd| agrxm$ vri|ikf gk gr|ihdj eor g

xhijkhj `ozrkgd$ xj||ikf z~ g birl ejjljr$ gkl hgrryikf oz| j}~jriajk|x vi|m g ~gr|ihdj ghhjdjrg|or

-xjj G~~jkli} I eor |mj ezdd uifkj||jx)+ Ciabjrdy ljxhribjl |mj froz~ ik |jrax oe vmg| ~jo~dj

vozdl |mikc oe gx |y~ihgd xhijkhj gh|iui|ijx$ I|x gdd ~rj||y azhm dicj vmg| ~jo~dj vozdl |mikc oe

biodofy$ gkl dicj xhijkhjx gkl x|zee+ X|zljk|x gdxo |jkljl |o rjdg|j i|jax ik |mix hdzx|jr ik |jrax

oe hok|ribz|iokx |o |mj xhijk|ieih hoaazki|y


36/102


Eifzrj


37/102


or |mj xhijk|ieih jk|jr~rixj+ Fgbrijd |jrajl |mj hdzx|jr gx lirjh|dy xhijkhj$ vmidj Bjryd

j}~dgikjl |mg|$ S|Qmix froz~ mgl |o lo vi|m dicj$ mjd~ikf oz| xhijkhj$ dicj$ agcikf g `ozrkgd gkl

|mjk$ gr|ihdj$ |moxj vjrj |mikfx dicj$ mjd~jl vi|m xhijkhj+

Agcikf \mikfx Xhijkhj+ \mj kj}| froz~ oe uifkj||jx ix |mj Agcikf \mikfx Xhijkhj

hdzx|jr$ ik vmihm x|zljk|x |jkljl |o ~dghj gh|iui|ijx xzhm gx ia~rouikf x|ihcy ko|jx$ vri|ikf g

hoa~z|jr ~rofrga$ agcikf g hdohc$ gkl ~gik|ikf g lj|gidjl dgklxhg~j+ X|zljk|x vjrj egirdy hdjgr

ik |mjir ljxhri~|iokx |mg| |mj uifkj||jx rj~rjxjk|jl g xjkxj oe agcikf or ia~rouikf |mikfx$ rg|mjr

|mgk `zx| hok|ribz|ikf |o xhijkhj or jkfgfikf ik gk ikujx|ifg|iok+ Ag|| j}~dgikjl |mg|$

|mix okj Shdzx|jrQ ix dicj |ryikf |o agcj |mikfx bj||jr+ Xo$ |mjyrj |ryikf$ Ia

agcikf |mja bj||jr+ Dicj$ mjx |ryikf |o agcj x|ihcy ko|jx bj||jr$ gkl |mix okjxdicj ~gik|ikf$ gkl |mix okjx agcikf g hdohc+

Xiaidgrdy$ Bjryd ljxhribjl |mg|$ i|x dicj ikujk|ikf |mikfx+ Dicj agcikf g hdohc or ~gik|ikf+

Lydgk ~mrgxjl i| xdifm|dy lieejrjk|dy$ ik |jrax oe j}~jriajk|x$ bz| gdxo ik |jrax oe zxikf

|jhmkodofy0

gdd oe |mja vjrj loikf j}~jriajk|x$ |mjy vjrj j}~jriajk|ikf ok vmg| |mjy vjrj|ryikf |o eifzrj oz|+ Dicj |mj x|ihcy ko|jx$ |mjy vjrj$ |mj ~jrxok vgx |ryikf |o eikl

lieejrjk| vgyx |o agcj dicj |mj x|ihcikjxx x|zee+ Gkl |mjk |mj ~gr|ihdjx!g|oax okjx$|mjy vjrj zxikf xoaj|mikf eor g|oax$ or I lok| ckov$ or zxikf g aghmikj+ Gkl$yjgm$ I lok| ckov$ |mjy vjrj gdd bgxihgddy gdd j}~jriajk|ikf ok vmg| |mjy vgk|jl|o lo+

Vmg| ix ik|jrjx|ikf ix |mg| g hoaaok |mrjgl |mg| rgk |mrozfm |mjxj ljxhri~|iokx ik hok|rgx| |o |mj

\y~ihgd Xhijkhj hdzx|jr vgx |mg| |mj fogdx oe |mj gh|iui|ijx vjrj ikmjrjk| ik |mj |mikfx

|mjaxjdujx|mj jkl rjxzd|x$ dicj ia~roujl x|ihcikjxx$ g ~gik|ikf$ or gk j}~jriajk|rg|mjr |mgk

ik hok|ribz|ikf |o g dgrfjr hoaazki|y or jk|jr~rixj+ \mj x|zljk|x |jkljl |o g||ribz|j |mix

hok|ribz|ory bjmguior$ ok |mj o|mjr mgkl$ |o |mj gh|iui|ijx ik |mj \y~ihgd Xhijkhj hdzx|jr+

Xhijkhj$ ^jo~dj$ gkl Hoaazki|ijx+ \mj Xhijkhj$ jo~dj$ gkl Hoaazki|ijx hdzx|jr

dgrfjdy rj~rjxjk|x |mj gh|iui|ijx oe mix|orihgd rjxjgrhm$ hoaazki|y orfgkipikf$ j|mkofrg~mih

rjxjgrhm$ j}gaikikf g ~g|ijk|$ gkl |gcikf g vgdc+ \mjrj vgx g egirdy x|rokf hokxjkxzx gaokf |mj


38/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 8=

x|zljk|x gx |o |mix froz~+ Bjryd ghhozk|jl eor |mj |gcikf g vgdc uifkj||j by ~oxi|iokikf |mj xohigd

hoaazki|y gx ~gr| oe |mj dgrfjr kg|zrgd hoaazki|y$ x|g|ikf$ dicj |mj hoaazki|y ix ~gr| oe

kg|zrj+ Yoz kjjl g hoaazki|y+ Ik glli|iok |o |mj iljg oe x|zlyikf xohigd froz~x$ x|zljk|x gdxo

mifmdifm|jl |mj iljg |mg| xoaj oe |mj ikliuilzgdx ik |mj uifkj||j gdxo vgk|jl |o gxxix| |mj

hoaazki|y gx vjdd+ \mjxj gdd mgl |o lo vi|m$ rjdg|jl Bjryd$ dicj g hoaazki|y |mg|+++ or dicj g

froz~ oe ~jo~dj |mg|$ dicj$ vjrj$ xmj vgk|jl |o fj| |o ckov or mjd~+ Xiaidgrdy$ Fgbrijd j}~dgikjl

|mg|$ \mjy grj |mj okjx |mg| dicj mjd~ |mj ~jo~dj$ dicj j}gaikikf g ~g|ijk|$ or vorcikf ik g

hoaazki|y or hi|y+ Dicj djgrkikf gboz| ~jo~dj+

\jghmikf Xhijkhj+ Aouikf eroa djgrkikf gboz| gkl mjd~ikf hoaazki|ijx$ |mj kj}|

hdzx|jr ix gboz| |jghmikf+ \mj uifkj||j vmihm ljxhribjl |mj gh|iui|y oe |jghmikf biodofy ix xi|zg|jl

vi|mik i|x ovk hdzx|jr+ \mg| ix$ x|zljk|x lil ko| hokxix|jk|dy ~dghj |mj gh| oe |jghmikf biodofy ik g

~gr|ihzdgr ~idj xo |mg| i| hozdl ei| ik|o gko|mjr hdzx|jr+ Xoaj x|zljk|x ~dghjl |jghmikf biodofy gx g

horj gh|iui|y oe xhijkhj$ gx Rzbyx|g|jl$ xmjx |jghmikf dicj g biodofy hdgxx$ xo i|x dicj lirjh|dy

xhijkhj+ O|mjrx$ ok |mj o|mjr mgkl$ ~oxi|iokjl |jghmikf ok |mj ~jri~mjry$ gx Jlzgrlo j}~dgikjl$

Bz| i|x dicj |mjyrj |jghmikf xoaj|mikf gkl$ dicj$ |mjyrj ko| rjgddy loikf xhijkhj+ \mix dghc oe

hokxjkxzxgkl ikljjl$ xjjaikfdy ligaj|rihgddy o~~oxjl uijvxghhozk|x eor |jghmikf biodofy gx

g hdzx|jr ik gkl oe i|xjde+ Vmjk uijvjl gfgikx| |mj liajkxiokgd xhgdjx$ movjujr$ x|zljk|x hdjgrdy

~oxi|iokjl |jghmikf gx gk gh|iui|y vmihm hok|ribz|jl |o g brogljr hoaazki|y gkl jk|jr~rixj+

X|zljk| Xor|x gkl |mj Zabrjddg oe Xhijkhj+ I| xmozdl gdxo bj ko|jl |mg| x|zljk|x vjrj

mjxi|gk| |o j}hdzlj uifkj||jx oe gh|iui|ijx eroa |mj zabrjddg oe xhijkhj$ hrjg|ikf g ujry dgrfj

zabrjddg ikljjl+ Xoaj oe |mj gh|iui|ijx vjrj vri||jk x~jhieihgddy |o ~robdjag|ipj |mj ko|iok

j}~rjxxjl ik hdgxxrooa lixhozrxj |mg| xhijkhj hozdl bj gky|mikf gkl x|zljk|x vjrj fiujk j}~dihi|

~jraixxiok |mrozfm |mj ikx|rzh|iokx eor |mj gh|iui|y |o j}hdzlj gky oe |mj uifkj||jx eroa |mj

ljeiki|iok oe xhijkhj+ X|zljk|x$ movjujr$ vjrj |jk|g|iuj ik loikf xo$ gd|mozfm ohhgxiokgddy


39/102


j}hdzljl uifkj||jx vmidj |gdcikf |mrozfm |mjir hg|jforipg|iok+ X|zljk|x vjrj viddikf |o `j||ixok

|mj ~gik|ikf g dgklxhg~j uifkj||j$ bo|m ik |mjir ~idj xor|x gkl ik |mjir j}~dgkg|iokx$ gx Jlzgrlo

j}~dgikjl$ I lok| ckov gboz| |mg| okj$ dicj$ i|x `zx| dicj ~gik|ikf+ I ajgk$ I lok| ckov rjgddy

vmg| i| mgx |o lo |mj$ I lok| rjgddy xjj vmg| i| mgx |o lo vi|m xhijkhj+

Djgm gkl Iljk|i|y!Hjk|jrjl Xor|ikf+ Ko| gdd x|zljk|x |ooc gk gh|iui|y!hjk|rih g~~roghm |o |mj

~idj xor|+ Rg|mjr |mgk xor|ikf ghhorlikf |o gh|iui|ijx!ik! ~rohjxx$ Djgm$ eor j}ga~dj$ eohzxjl

~riagridy ok iljk|i|ijx gkl vmg| |mjir gh|iui|ijx xgil gboz| |mja+ Ik ljxhribikf mjr rjgxokikf

bjmikl mjr xor| ~rohjlzrj$ xmj hokx|rzh|jl iljk|i|ijx gkl |ghi| kgrrg|iujx oe bjikf ik |mj vordl eor

jghm oe |mj ~jo~dj ejg|zrjl ik |mj uifkj||jx+ \mj kgrrg|iujx gkl iljk|i|ijx xmj lixhzxxjl xjrujl gx

gk ik|jrjx|ikf hozk|jr~oik| |o |mj hokxjkxzx!orijk|jl ALX gkgdyxix gbouj+

Djgm liuiljl |mj uifkj||jx ik|o |mrjj xj~grg|j froz~x -xjj Eifzrj


40/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx

Djgmx xjhokl froz~$ Koragd jo~dj/Xhijk|ieih Gh|iui|ijx$ ikhdzljl |mj uifkj||jx vmihm

oz|dikjl j}gaikikf g ~g|ijk|$ hoklzh|ikf j|mkofrg~mih rjxjgrhm$ gkl ia~rouikf x|ihcy ko|jx+

\mix froz~$ Djgm ko|jl$ ikhdzljl$ glugkhjl ~jo~dj$ vmo dicj yoz ckov$ dicj mgl gk jlzhg|iok$

lo dicj xhijk|ieih x|zee+ Dicj |mg|x |mjir eijdl+ \mjxj |mrjj ~jo~dj$ ghhorlikf |o Djgmx

hdgxxieihg|iok$ grj jlzhg|jl ik xhijkhj$ |mjir eijdl ix xhijkhj$ gkl grj jkfgfjl ik xhijk|ieih

gh|iui|ijx$ bz| grjk|ljeikjlby xhijkhj+ ^gr| oe mjr hdgxxieihg|iok ix |mg| xmj xjjx |mjir vorc gx ik g

lirjh| vgy bjkjei||ikf ~jo~dj+ Hoaajk|ikf ok |mj ia~rouikf x|ihc ko|jx uifkj||j$ xmj rjdg|jl

|mg| xzhm vorc$ aifm| hok|ribz|j |o mjd~ikf zx$ ik xoaj xor| oe gvcvgrl vgy+ Xmj hok|ikzjl$

Ie yoz fo| |o x|ihc xoaj|mikf ok xoaj|mikf$ bz| yoz kjjl dicj$ fiuj g di||dj ko|j+

Dicj yoz ckov mov I vorc g| Sg x~or|x x|orjQ$ gkl vj gdvgyx mguj di||dj x|ihcy ko|jxok |mj xiljx$ dicj$ |o mjd~ zx rjajabjr vmg| vjrj loikf+ Xo vj hgk agcj |moxjjujk aorj x|ihcijr$ xo |mjy vok| egdd oee gdd |mj |iaj+

Jujk ie |mj hok|ribz|iok ix gvcvgrl$ gx ik |mj hgxj oe ia~rouikf |mj x|ihcy ko|jx$ |mj ~jo~dj grj

hok|ribz|ikf kokj|mjdjxx gkl grj |mjrjeorj ko| ljeikjl by xhijkhj+ I vgx ko| gbdj |o fj| Djgm |o

ljeikj gvcvgrl eor aj$ or |o j}~dgik vmy ia~rouikf x|ihcy ko|jx vgx gvcvgrl -I|x `zx|

gvcvgrl$ xmj rj~dijl |o ayg||ja~| |o fj| mjr |o lo xo)+

Djgmx eikgd froz~$ Xhijk|ieih jo~dj/Xhijk|ieih Gh|iui|ijx$ vgx hoa~rixjl oe hoklzh|ikf

eijdlvorc ik g xgd| agrxm$ loikf gk j}~jriajk|$ vri|ikf g hoa~z|jr ~rofrga$ vri|ikf g xhijk|ieih

gr|ihdj$ |jghmikf biodofy$ gkl brjjlikf djo~grl fjhcox+ \mjxj gh|iui|ijx$ ghhorlikf |o Djgm$

+++mguj |o lo vi|m |mj vordl$ rg|mjr |mgk vi|m ~jo~dj+ \mj dgx| froz~ ix$ xmj hok|ikzjx$ i|x

aorj dicj oz|xilj oe dicj$ ko|mikf |mg| mgx |o lo vi|m mzagkx+ Ik mguikf |o lo vi|m |mj vordl$

rg|mjr |mgk mzagkx$ |mix froz~ gkl |mjxj ~jo~dj grj jeejh|iujdy xj~grg|jl oz| by Djgm+ \mjxj

grj ~jo~dj vmo grj ljeikjlby xhijkhj+ Ik egh|$ xmj fojx ezr|mjr |o xgy$ I|x `zx| dicj$ vmg|

xhijk|ix|x vozdl$ vmg| xhijk|ix|x lo ik |mjir x~grj |iaj+ Xo rg|mjr |mgk hok|ribz|ikf gky|mikf oe

ia~or|gkhj or zxj$ ko ag||jr mov gvcvgrl$ |mjxj grj gh|iui|ijx |mg| xhijk|ix|x~jo~dj vmo grj


41/102



42/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx > +6:>I|&x G Rjwzirjl Hdgxx 7: 7>> :+>56 >+625Ay Wzjx|iokx 7: 7>> :+5>> >+5==Ay Hokhjrkx 7: 7>> :+=>> >+562Ay Ik|jrjx|x 7: 7>> 5+556 >+576

Ay Xhmood 7: 7>> 6+>56 >+:9>Ay \jghmjr 7: 7>> 6+788 >+:==Fj| G Fool @ob 7< 98 6+5+:79Kg|zrj gkl Jkuirokajk| 7< 98 6+6=5 >+:>:Ay Mo~jx 7: 7>> =+556 >+> =+=>> >+> 7>+2>> >+858Ay Erijklx 7: 7>> 7>++858^jo~dj Grozkl \mj Vordl 7: 7>> 77+> >+295Ay Hozk|ry 7< 98 77+=:6 >+2:7

\gbdj :+7+ X|zljk| rgkcikfx oe ikedzjkhjx ok |mjir jkfgfjajk| ik xhijkhj hdgxx+

\mj ikedzjkhjx rgkcjl aox| mifmdy by x|zljk|x ikhdzljl Ay ^grjk|x$ I|x G Rjwzirjl

Hozrxj$ Ay Wzjx|iokx$ Ay Hokhjrkx$ gkl Ay Ik|jrjx|x+ \mjxj ikedzjkhjx$ eor |mj aox| ~gr|$ grj

iaajlig|j$ hdoxj by$ gkl hgrry |gkfibdj hokxjwzjkhjx+ ^grjk|x oe|jk xj| j}~jh|g|iokx eor |mjir

hmidlrjk |o lo vjdd ik xhmood$ gkl i| vgx dgrfjdy |mj x|zljk|x vmo hgaj eroa moajx ik vmihm g

dgkfzgfj o|mjr |mgk Jkfdixm vgx x~ocjk vmo rgkcjl |mjir ~grjk|x mifmdy+ Eor j}ga~dj$ @zgkg

xmgrjl$ Ay ~grjk|x mguj gdvgyx |gzfm| aj mov ia~or|gk| i| ix |o x|zly+ Gkl bgxihgddy$ ie yoz

lok| x|zly$ dicj$ yozr diej vok| bj |mj xgaj+ I| hgzxjx hmgkfj+ Xiaidgrdy$ Jlzgrlo xgil gboz| mix

~grjk|x$ |mjy vgk| aj |o fj| g fool frglj$ yoz ckov$ gkl xmov g bi| oe ik|jrjx| ik xhmood gkl

gdd |mj hdgxxjx+ \mj rjwzirjajk| gx~jh| oe |mj hozrxj ix okj |mg| hgkko| bj ifkorjl$ gkl agky

x|zljk|x rgkcjl |mix ji|mjr eirx| or xjhokl+ Agrfgril j}~rjxxjl |mix xjk|iajk| gx$ I|x g rjwzirjl

hdgxx bjhgzxj |mg|x rjgddy vmy Ia |gcikf i|+ Bjhgzxj ie I mgl g hmoihj$ dicj Ia ko| rjgddy

ik|jrjx|jl ik xhijkhj g| gdd+ Oe ik|jrjx| ix |mj |rigl oe x|zljk|x wzjx|iokx$ hokhjrkx$ gkl ik|jrjx|x+

Zkdicj xoaj o|mjr ikedzjkhjx vmihm |jkljl |o bj ~dghjl gx djxx ikedzjk|igdxzhm gx Ay Mo~jx

gkl Ay J}~jrijkhjxwzjx|iokx gkl hokhjrkx |jkl |o bj ik |mj aoajk| g||ribz|jx+ Xoaj

x|zljk|x gdxo g||ribz|jl |mjxj |o g xjkxj oe vmo |mjy grj+ Ay wzjx|iokx$ I fzjxx Ia hzriozx$


43/102



44/102



45/102



46/102



47/102



48/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx >7)ik|o |mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa vmihm ikedzjkhjx |mjir

~gr|ihi~g|iok$ rjdg|iokxmi~x$ gkl ghmijujajk|+ \mj kjfo|ig|iok oe |mjxj ~jrxokgd j}~jrijkhjx gkl

ajgkikfx vi|m vmg| ix ugdzjl ik |jrax oe ~rgh|ihjx$ lixhozrxjx$ gkl oz|hoajx hok|ribz|j |o |mj

eifzrikf oe |mj vordl oe |mj hdgxxrooa gkl mov ikliuilzgdx iljk|i|ijx ~dgy oz| -Zrrij|g$ 2>>6)+


49/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx 77)+

Ljbrg0 Ajaorijx$ Mo~jx$ Ejgrx$ gkl Dgkfzgfj

Ljbrg ix gk j}hjddjk| hgxj |o hoa~grj vi|m Ax+ X|okjmgax+ Xiaidgr |o Ax+ X|okjmga$

Ljbrg j}~rjxxjx g rjdg|iujdy mifm ljfrjj oe ik|rikxih ao|iug|iok |o jkfgfj gkl ~gr|ihi~g|j ik

xhijkhj hdgxx+ Ljbrgx j}~jrijkhjx gkl ikedzjkhjx grj wzi|j lieejrjk| |mgk Ax+ X|okjmgax$ yj| |mj

jk|mzxigxa ix ujry azhm |mj xgaj+ Gx g |ja~orgry rjxiljk| oe |mj Zki|jl X|g|jx eroa Brgpid xmj

eozkl mjr Jkfdixm dgkfzgfj xciddx |o bj gk ia~or|gk| ajlig|ikf egh|or ik mjr djgrkikf ~rohjxx+

Ljbrg xmgrjl vi|m aj |mg| mjr ~grjk|x grj liuorhjl gkl bo|m grj rjagrrijl+ Xmj vgx

brozfm| |o Ho|x|jgl by mjr eg|mjr vmo vgx xjjcikf ja~doyajk| ik |mj ZX+ Xmj diujl vi|m mjr

eg|mjr$ mjr x|j~!ao|mjr$ gkl g kjvbork xix|jr+ Mjr ao|mjr$ mjr x|j~!eg|mjr$ gkl g yozkfjr

bro|mjr vjrj x|idd ik Brgpid$ gdokf vi|m mjr j}|jkljl egaidy+ G ligfrgaag|ih rj~rjxjk|g|iok hgk

bj eozkl ik Eifzrj :+7+ \mjxj rjdg|iokxmi~x grj ia~or|gk| |o Ljbrg gkl eifzrj x|rokfdy ik|o mjr

ajgkikfx oe xhijkhj hdgxx+ I vidd lixhzxx |mjxj rjdg|iokxmi~x ik lj|gid dg|jr+


50/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx :>

Eifzrj :+7+ Ligfrga oe Ljbrgx egaidy rjdg|iokxmi~x gkl dohgdjx+

^gx| J}~jrijkhjx+ Ljbrg vgx okj oe |mj ejv x|zljk|x ik |mj hdgxx vmo j}~rjxxjl |mg| xmj

jk`oyx djgrkikf xhijkhj gkl ~gr|ihi~g|ikf ik xhijkhj hdgxx ok g rjfzdgr bgxix+ Vmjk gxcjl vmg|

xmj jk`oyx gboz| xhijkhj hdgxx$ xmj rjx~okljl0

Bjhgzxj I dicj |o ckov mov diej vorcx$ gkl dicj |o fgik ckovdjlfj gkl++++ Hgzxjjx~jhigddy$ hgzxj I vgk| |o bj g loh|or$ xo$ or g biodofix|$ xo I mguj |o ckov |moxjx|zee$ gkl I eikl i| rjgddy ik|jrjx|ikf+

Ik mjr rjx~okxj$ Ljbrg z|idipjl |mj xgaj dgkfzgfj |mg| Ax+ X|okjmga mgl zxjl ik hokujrxg|iok

gkl ik mjr |jghmikf$ ik |jrax oe zkljrx|gklikf mov diej vorcx gkl fgikikf ckovdjlfj+ Movjujr$

Ljbrg gdxo brozfm| ik mjr ovk fogdx$ |o ~zrxzj g hgrjjr ik ajlihikj or biodofy+ Xmj xgil |mg| xmj

mgl vgk|jl |o fo ik|o |mj xhijkhjx gx g hgrjjr xikhj hmidlmool$ Hgzxj I frjv z~$ dicj$ ay

frgklag mgx g egra xo I zxjl |o fo |o mjr egra jujry vjjcjkl$ xo I frjv z~ vi|m |mj kg|zrj

ciklg$ vi|m |mj jkuirokajk|+ Mjr ~gx| j}~jrijkhjx oe x~jklikf |iaj ok mjr frgklao|mjrx egra

mjd~jl mjr |o g~~rjhig|j kg|zrj gkl |o ~ro~jd mjr |ovgrlx g hgrjjr ik |mj xhijkhjx+

Vmidj mjr uixi|x |o mjr frgklao|mjrx egra j}~oxjl mjr fjkjrgddy |o kg|zrj gkl |mj

jkuirokajk|$ Ljbrg brozfm| z~ gko|mjr j}~jrijkhj vmihm rjikeorhjl mjr ik|jrjx| ik xhijkhj gkl

mjr hmoihj |o ~zrxzj g hgrjjr ik biodofy or ajlihikj+ Xmj rjhgddjl mjr j}~jrijkhj ik mjd~ikf vi|m

gkl xjjikf |mj jujk|x djglikf z~ |o mjr bgby x|j~!xix|jrx bir|m0

Xmj Sx|j~!ao|mjrQ mgl g bgby xo I eoddovjl mjr ~rjfkgkhy gkl I fo| |o vg|hm |mj$dicj |mj dgbor+ Gkl i| vgx rjgddy gagpikf+ Hgzxj I vgk|jl |o$ vmjk I xgy I vgk| |obj g loh|or$ I vgk| |o bj g ailviej$ xo$ i| vgx dicj g frjg| j}~jrijkhj+ I| vgx dicj$om$ |mg| fiujx aj gk iljg oe mov i|x foikf |o bj dicj+ Gkl I fo| |o mjd~ |mja |oo+

I| vgx rjgddy hood'

Ko| okdy vgx xmj frgk|jl ghhjxx |o xjj mjr x|j~!ao|mjrx dgbor ~rohjxx$ xmj vgx gdxo gxcjl |o mjd~

oz|+ G| |mix ~oik| xmj hdgrieijl mjr hgrjjr fogdx |o bjhoaikf g ailviej gkl Ljbrg xgv |mix

j}~jrijkhj gx gk o~~or|zki|y |o ~rgh|ihj |mix rodj ~rouilikf mjr vi|m gk iljg oe mov i|x foikf |o


51/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx :7

bj dicj+ I| xmozdl bj ko|jl |mg| ik |mj rg~ildy hmgkfikf xohigd gkl jhokoaih hdiag|j ik Brgpid$

ailviujx grj ~dgyikf gk ia~or|gk| gkl ~rofrjxxiuj rodj ik |mj jx|gbdixmajk| oe voajkx rifm|x

-Hgrr % Rijxho$ 2>>6)+ I vidd ~oik| oz| dg|jr gkl ik aorj lj|gid mjr hoaai|ajk| |o zxikf xhijkhj

|o brikf gboz| hmgkfj3 xzeeihj i| |o xgy |mg| ik |mix ~gxxgfj$ Ljbrgx hoaai|ajk| ix rjedjh|jl mjrj+

Gx mjr jugdzg|iok oe |mj j}~jrijkhj xzax i| z~ -I| vgx rjgddy hood')$ i| xjjajl gx |mozfm xmj ko|

okdy g~~rjhig|jl |mj j}~jrijkhj oe mjr x|j~!ao|mjrx dgbor$ bz| gdxo zxjl i| |o x|rjkf|mjk mjr

hoaai|ajk|x |o mjr ez|zrj hgrjjr fogdx+

Hoj}ix|ikf ik Rjdg|iokxmi~x+Gx ajk|iokjl jgrdijr$ Ljbrgx egaidigd rjdg|iokxmi~x grj

bo|m hoa~dj}x~gkkikf g liuorhj$ |vo rj!agrrigfjx$ g hdoxj!cki| j}|jkljl egaidy$ gkl |vo

hok|ikjk|xgkl ikedzjk|igd+ Ik lixhzxxikf mjr rjdg|iokxmi~ vi|m mjr egaidy$ Ljbrg ia~dijl |mg|

vgk|jl |o xmgrj mjr ik|jrjx| ik gkl ckovdjlfj oe xhijkhj vi|m mjr egaidy gkl |o agcj i| g ~gr| oe

vmo xmj vgx ik rjdg|iok |o |mja+ Vmjk gxcjl ie xmj lixhzxxjl xhijkhj or biodofy hdgxx vi|m mjr

egaidy$ Ljbrg rj~dijl0

Ko| rjgddy$ bjhgzxj |mjy grj ko| rjgddy ik|jrjx|jl ik |mg| x|zee$ gkl vmjk I x|gr||gdcikf gboz| |mg|$ |mjy xgy$ om$ ay foxm$ mjrj xmj hoajx gfgik' SLjbrg$Q vi|m mjr

biodofy x|zee' S\Qmjy eikl i| ujry gkkoyikf+ \mjyrj dicj$ om$ `zx| bjhgzxj xmjdicjx i|$ gkl xmj ckovx g bzkhm oe x|zee$ xmj |mikcx xmjx bj||jr+ Bz| Ia dicj I lok||mikc Ia bj||jr+ I `zx| vgk|$ I `zx| vgk| |o xmgrj i| vi|m ay erijklx gkl vi|m ayegaidy+

Ljbrg ljxhribjl g xi|zg|iok ik vmihm xmj xozfm| oz| gk glzd| egaidy ajabjr |o xmgrj mjr ik|jrjx|

ik gkl ljuo|iok |o xhijkhj+ Xmj vgx ko| okdy rj`jh|jl bz| hgx| gx grrofgk| gkl xjde!ia~or|gk| ik

vmg| xjjajl dicj gk ikedzjk|igd j}~jrijkhj eor mjr+ Vmjk gxcjl |o jdgborg|j gkl j}~dgik$ xmj

iklihg|jl |mg| xmj rjhjiujl |mix |rjg|ajk| eroa mjr x|j~ao|mjr+ Xmjx dicj$ om$ mjrj hoajx

SLjbrgQ$ Ljbrg rjdg|jl ik g xgrhgx|ih |okj$ ik gk g||ja~| |o iai|g|j |mj uoihj oe mjr x|j~ao|mjr+

Xmj `zx|$ xmj ~rj|jklx |o bj kihj xoaj|iajx$ bz| I lok| ckov ie xmj rjgddy ix+

Ljbrg gdxo lixhzxxjl |mj ikedzjkhj mjr j}|jkljl egaidy mgx ok mjr x|zlijx+ Xmj

lix|ikfzixmjl bj|vjjk |mj egaidy ok mjr lglx xilj gkl ok mjr aoax xilj$ hgx|ikf mjr egaidy ok


52/102


mjr eg|mjrx xilj gx aorj xz~~or|iuj oe mjr x|zlijx |mgk mjr ao|mjrx+ Xmj gdxo ergajl mjr

j}~dgkg|iok ik |jrax oe xhmoodikf ik fjkjrgd$ ko| `zx| djgrkikf xhijkhj x~jhieihgddy0

Ay lglx xilj$ |mjy xz~~or| aj$ bz| ay aoax xilj$ |mjy xgy i|x ujry mgrl$ yozrjko| foikf |o bj gbdj |o fo |o hoddjfj$ `zx| bjhgzxj |mjy lilk| fo |o hoddjfj bjhgzxj|mjy lilk| vgk||o+ \mjy vjrjk| lzab+I lok| vgk| |o ~z| i| |mg| vgy$ bz| |mjy

`zx| vgk|jl |o mguj ezk$ gkl ko| x|zly$ xo + I|x g ~rj||y zk!xagr| ljhixiok |o agcjgx g |jjkgfjr$ xo+ I|x ko| ay egzd| |mg| |mjy mguj g bgl diej+

Ljbrg j}~rjxxjl |mj iljg |mg| mjr ao|mjrx j}|jkljl egaidy aglj g ~rj||y zk!xagr| ljhixiok ik

ko| hmooxikf |o g||jkl hoddjfj+ Xmj ljkijl |mg| mjr egaidy vgx lzab$ bz| xmj j}~dgikjl |mg|

|mjy aglj ~oor hmoihjx gkl xo |mjy mguj g bgl diej+ Ljbrg iklihg|jl |mg| mjr ao|mjrx egaidy ix

ia~oxikf |mjir ovk ergaj oe rjejrjkhj gkl j}~jrijkhj ok |o Ljbrg$ xo |mg| ie |mjy lilk| fo |o

hoddjfj$ kji|mjr vozdl Ljbrg+ Bz| Ljbrg ~zxmjl bghc gfgikx| |mix ~ro`jh|iok gkl rj`jh|jl |mj

~g|mvgy xmj ejd| |mjy |mjaxjdujx hmoxj eor |mjaxjdujx by vorcikf mgrl ik xhmood gkl xj||ikf

fogdx eor mjrxjde oe hoddjfj gkl g hgrjjr ik |mj xhijkhjx+

Vmidj Ljbrg lilk| ejjd dicj xmj hozdl xmgrj mjr ik|jrjx| ik |mj xhijkhjx vi|m mjr egaidy$

xmj lil mguj g erijkl oz|xilj oe |mj hdgxx$ Hokx|gkg$ vi|m vmoa xmj ejd| xmj hozdl rjdg|j+

Ghhorlikf |o Ljbrg$ Hokx|gkg xmgrjl mjr ik|jrjx| ik |mj xhijkhjx0

Ko$ bz| vi|m ay erijklx$ I mguj `zx| okj erijkl$ Hokx|gkg$ xmj doujx biodofy |oo+Gkl |mjk vj `zx| |gdc gboz| i|$ mov$ juodz|iok vorcx gkl x|zee+ Gkl vj xmgrj$ Ixmgrj vi|m mjr vmg| I djgrk ik |mix hdgxx$ gkl |mjk xmj xmgrjx vi|m aj vmg| xmjdjgrkx ik hmjaix|ry hdgxx+

Vmidj vj hgk gxxzaj |mg| bo|m Ljbrg gkl Hokx|gkg xmgrj g kzabjr oe lieejrjk| ciklx oe

j}~jrijkhjx$ j}~jrijkhjx ik |mj hdgxxrooagkl |mj xhijkhj hdgxxrooa x~jhieihgddygrj ikhdzljl

ik |mjir ligdofzj gkl |mj x|rzh|zrj oe |mjir erijklxmi~+ Gx Brihcmozxj gkl ^o||jr -2>>7) ~oik|jl

oz|$ ie jkfgfjajk| ik xhijkhj ix ljjajl g agrfikgdipjl gh|iui|y gkl ko| ugdzjl gx g eora oe

iljk|i|y!eorag|iok vi|mik okjx xohigd x~mjrj$ hok|ikzjl ~gr|ihi~g|iok ix aglj azhm aorj

lieeihzd|+ \mix erijklxmi~ gkl hoaaok ik|jrjx| ix g vgy |mg| Ljbrg gkl Hokx|gkg grj gbdj |o

x|ja |mjxj o|mjr ikedzjkhjx gkl bzidl ugdzj eor jghm o|mjrx ik|jrjx| ik xhijkhj+


53/102


Gk|ihi~g|ikf |mj Ez|zrj0 Aoljdx oe Xzhhjxx+ Ik glli|iok |o egaidigd gkl ~jjr

rjdg|iokxmi~x$ Ljbrg gdxo ~oik|jl |o g rodj aoljd eroa |jdjuixiok gx gk ikedzjkhj ok mjr

jkfgfjajk| ik |mj hdgxxrooa+ \mix |jdjuixiok ~jrxokgdi|y vgx Rihmgrl Rgxazxxjk$ ok |mj

Brgpidigk kg|zrj gkl xhijkhj ~rofrga Xjdugfja go J}|rjao-Vidlkjxx |o |mj J}|rjaj)0

Vmjk I vgx di||dj$ I zxjl |o vg|hm g xmov ik Brgpid$ |mix fzy vgx g biodofix|$ gkl mjvgx dicj rjgddy egaoz!$ ko| egaozx$ bz| mj vgx rjgddy rjx~jh|jl$ gkl mjx rjgddyrjx~jh|jl ik ay hozk|ry+ Xo dicj mjx ay rodj aoljd$ I vgk| |o bj dicj mia+ Mjxrjgddy xagr|$ mjx rjgddy g vixj fzy$ xo I vgk| |o bj dicj mia+

Ljbrg ix mifmdifm|ikf |mj egh| |mg| Rihmgrl Rgxazxxjk ix rjgddy rjx~jh|jl gkl rjgddy vixj ik |mj

jyjx oe |mj ~zbdih+ \mjxj hmgrgh|jrix|ihx rjxokg|jl vi|m Ljbrg xo xmj gx~irjl |o bj dicj mia+

Bz| |mjrj vgx gko|mjr vgy |mg| Ljbrg gx~irjl |o bj dicj mia$ ik |jrax oe |mj vgy Rihmgrl

Rgxazxxjk |gdcjl gkl j}~rjxxjl miaxjde0

I vgk| |o bj gbdj |o |gdc gboz| xhijkhj gkl ~rokozkhj |mj vorlx+ Jujk ik^or|zfzjxj$ i|x cikl oe mgrl$ |mjrj grj agky bif vorlx$ mj SRihmgrl RgxazxxjkQ|gdcx gboz| i| vi|moz| g ~robdja+ Gkl mj mjd~x ~jo~dj |oo$ mj mjd~x |mjjkuirokajk|$ xo I vgk| |o$ I |mikc |mg|x vmg|x g xzhhjxxezd hgrjjr+ Mj mgl g fogdgkl mj ezdeiddjl vmg| mj vgk|jl+

Xmj ko|jl |mg| Rihmgrl Rgxazxxjk vgx gbdj |o |gdc gboz| xhijkhj gkl ~rokozkhj |mj vorlx

vi|moz| g ~robdja+ Ljbrg gdxo ljxhribjl mjr iljg oe gxzhhjxxezd hgrjjr$ ergaikf agrcjrx oe

xzhhjxx ik |jrax oe mjd~ikf bo|m ~jo~dj gkl |mj jkuirokajk|+ Xmj ezr|mjr xgv xzhhjxx gx mguikf g

fogd ik |mj eirx| ~dghj gkl ezdeiddikf |mg| fogd+ ^rjxjk|ikf Rihmgrl Rgxazxxjk gx g aoljd$ Ljbrg

ljxhribjl xzhhjxx ik |jrax oe bjikf gbdj |o hoaazkihg|j hdjgrdy gboz| xhijkhj gkl bjikf gbdj |o

ezdeidd okjx fogdx+

\mix ljxirj |o bj gbdj |o |gdc gboz| xhijkhj hdjgrdy$ zxikf bif vorlx$ vgx rjedjh|jl ik

o|mjr ikx|gkhjx gx vjdd+ Lzrikf |mj ^zbdih Xjruihj Gkkozkhjajk| gh|iui|y$ Ljbrg bdzr|jl oz| |o

mjr froz~$ I mg|j ay x|z~il ghhjk|+ I gxcjl mjr |o j}~dgik mov mjr ghhjk| hokkjh|jl |o djgrkikf

xhijkhj$ |o vmihm xmj rj~dijl0


54/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx : aok|mx ~rior |o |mix x|zly)$ xmj vgx zkgbdj |o z|idipj gkl

~rokozkhj |mj x~jhigdipjl uohgbzdgry vi|m |mj xgaj jgxj gkl eghidi|y |mg| mjr ~jjrx xjjajl |o

gdrjgly ~oxxjxx$ gkl |mjrjeorj xmj xgil |mg| mjr ejddov x|zljk|x zxjl |o agcj ezk oe aj gkl

x|zee+ Ljbrg xgil |mg| xmj vgx ko dokfjr bjikf aglj ezk oe$ bz| |moxj ciklx oe ejjdikfx gkl

ikgljwzghy ljx~i|j mjr x|rokf ik|jrjx| gkl ljxirj |o xzhhjjl ik |mj xhijkhjx+

Gk|ihi~g|ikf |mj Ez|zrj0 X|g|zx gkl Ejgrx+ \mjrj ix gko|mjr xilj |o Ljbrgx o~|iaix|ih

gkl ~rofrjxxiuj g||i|zlj |o jkfgfj ik gkl zxj xhijkhj+ Ko| okdy ix xmj ezdeiddikf gk ik|jrjx| gkl

bzidlikf |ovgrlx g fogd$ Ljbrg ix gdxo x|guikf oee g ejgrezd ez|zrj$ g x~jh|jr j}~rjxxjl |o mjr by mjr

eg|mjr+ Vmjk gxcjl vmy i| ix ia~or|gk| |o ckov xhijkhj$ xmj rjx~okljl0

I|x ia~or|gk||o ckov$ hgzxj dicj bjikf g xhijk|ix| or biodofix|$ i|x dicj i|x |mjez|zrj x|zee+ Hgzxj juodz|iok ix mg~~jkikf rjgddy egx|$ gkl vj lok| ckov vmg|xfoikf |o mg~~jk |o |mj vordl+ Gkl vj mguj |o eikl$ mguj aorj |jhmkodofy$ xo vjhgk mjd~ ~jo~dj ik |mj ez|zrj+ Hgzxj agky bgl x|zee ix foikf |o mg~~jk+ Gkl$loh|orx gkl biodofix|$ |mjy$ gdvgyx$ dicj |mjy gdvgyx vidd bj kjjljl+ Ie |mj vordl ixgboz| |o jkl$ ko okj ix foikf |o kjjl dicj g xikfjr gkl x|zee$ cikl oe+ \mg|x vmg| I|mikc$ vmg| ay lgl |gzfm| aj+ Bjhgzxj ko okj ix foikf |o dicj kjjl g lgkhjr$|mjyrj foikf |o xguj |mj ia~or|gk| ~jo~dj+ Lo yoz ckov dicj$ vgx i|$ Vordl Vgr\vo$ |mg| Mi|djr$ vgx i| Mi|djr$ rifm|$ |mg| ciddjl |mj zxjdjxx ~jo~dj$ gkl |mjy `zx|cj~| |mj egaozx ~jo~dj |mg| |mjy kjjljl$ dicj xzhm gx loh|orx$ gkl dicj$ gkl jujk|mozfm mj vgx dicj g$ mj mgl$ mj zxjl azxih$ bz| mj vgxk| gk ia~or|gk| fzy$ xo$ay lgl xgyx yoz mguj |o bj ia~or|gk|$ xo |mjyrj `zx| ko|$ |mjyrj ko| fokkg cidd

yoz vmjk yoz frov z~ ie gky|mikf bgl mg~~jkx+ Xo |mjyrj fokkg kjjl aj+Mo~jezddy'

Vmidj mjr ghhozk| hok|gikjl g ai}|zrj oe lyx|o~igk jdjajk|x oe xhijkhj eih|iok koujdx gkl

mix|orihgd ikghhzrghijx$ xmj vgx loikf mjr bjx| |o agcj xjkxj oe gkl ik|jr~rj| xoaj g~~grjk|dy


55/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx ::

wzgxi!~ro~mj|ih x|g|jajk|x by mjr eg|mjr+ Xmj vgx frgk|ikf zrfjkhy |o mjr hgrjjr ~g|m gx vjdd gx g

kjjl |o g~~jgr ik|jddifjk| |mrozfm |mj zxj oe dgkfzgfj+ By xozklikf ik|jddifjk|$ xmj vozdl bj

kjjljl lzrikf xoaj mzagk!vrozfm| g~ohgdy~xj+ By bjikf ia~or|gk|$ |mjyrj ko| fokkg cidd

yoz vmjk yoz frov z~ ie gky|mikf bgl mg~~jkx+

\mix x|rokf lixxokgkhj bj|vjjk bjikf ejgrezd oe gk iagfikjl ez|zrj g~ohgdy~xj$ ~zxmikf

bghc gfgikx| zkxz~~or|iuj rjdg|iujx gkl eiklikf g ciklrjl x~iri| ik g erijkl$ ljxirikf |o mjd~

|mrozfm xhijkhj$ gkl lrgvikf z~ok jgrdy eorag|iuj j}~jrijkhjx vi|m |mj kg|zrgd vordl agcj eor g

ujry ik|jrjx|ikf ~jrxok gkl gk ik|jrjx|ikf ~jrx~jh|iuj ok jkfgfikf ik xhijkhj hdgxx+ \mjxj grj

ljj~ gkl xjriozx ixxzjx |mg| Ljbrg ix kjfo|ig|ikf$ gx vjdd gx gk ia~jklikf rj|zrk |o Brgpid g| |mj

jkl oe |mj xhmood yjgr+ Ljbrg |rjg|jl |mix kjfo|ig|iok gx gk o~~or|zki|y |o x|rzffdj gkl xzhhjjl$

jujk ik |mj eghj oe g dgkfzgfj bgrrijr+ Xmj vorcjl mgrl gkl ljdibjrg|jdy |o eifzrj mjr ovk

iljk|i|y vi|mik g hdgxxrooa gkl vordl eiddjl vi|m bgrrijrx+ Vmidj Ljbrg jkfgfjljujk ie eroa g

x|rokf yj| lixxokgk| bgxj oe j}~jrijkhjx$ rjdg|iokxmi~x$ ik|jrjx|x$ fogdx$ gkl ejgrxko| gdd

x|zljk|x ik |mj hdgxx g~~roghmjl |mj hdgxxrooa j}~jrijkhj ik |mj xgaj vgy+ Ciabjrdy gkl Djgm$

eor j}ga~dj$ vmidj ko| eghikf |mj ciklx oe x|rzh|zrgd gkl rjdg|iokgd ixxzjx$ g~~roghmjl xhijkhj

hdgxx ujry lieejrjk|dy+

Djgm0 Hokerok|ikf |mj Brihc Vgdd

Djgm ix gk gujrgfj x|zljk|$ bo|m ik |jrax oe mjr frgljx gkl ik |jrax oe mjr ~gr|ihi~g|iok+

Ljx~i|j |mj egh| |mg| xmj ix wzi|j xohigd -gkl ik egh|$ g| |mj jkl oe gk ik|jruijv xmj gxcjl

~jraixxiok |o xjkl g |j}| ajxxgfj bghc |o okj oe mjr erijklx$ g eora oe ik|jrgh|iok ko| gddovjl

lzrikf rjfzdgr hdgxx |iaj)$ lzrikf hdgxxrooa lixhzxxiokx xmj |jklx |o |gcj g x|j~ bghc gkl okdy

~gr|ihi~g|jx vmjk hgddjl z~ok+ Mjr egaidy vgx g ajabjr oe |mj vmi|j ailldj hdgxx ik Ho|x|jgl

gkl |mjy x~jgc Jkfdixm g| moaj+ Ik Ax+ X|okjmgax biodofy hdgxx$ g| djgx|$ xmj bjerijkljl Fgbrijd$


56/102


~rjejrrikf |o ~gr|kjr vi|m mia ik xagdd froz~ gh|iui|ijx gkl oe|jk hmg||ikf vi|m mia lzrikf |mj

lovk|iajx oe hdgxx+

Djgmuoihjl g hoa~jddikf aj|g~mor eor mjr ~gxxiuj jkfgfjajk| ik hdgxx$ |mg| oe g brihc

vgdd hoaikf lovk bj|vjjk mjr gkl mjr ~gr|ihi~g|iok+ \rghjx oe |mix brihc vgdd hgk bj eozkl ik

mjr ~gx| j}~jrijkhjx$ mjr rjdg|iokxmi~x$ gkl mjr ~dgkx eor gk gk|ihi~g|jl ez|zrj+ Bz| eirx|$ I vidd

lohzajk| gk j}~dorg|iok oe |mj brihc vgdd i|xjde+

Rgixikf |mj Brihc Vgdd+ Vmidj Djgm vgx ko| jk|mzxigx|ih gboz| xhijkhj hdgxx$ xmj xgil

xmj jk`oyjl |gcikf bzxikjxx hdgxxjx+ I gxcjl mjr |o ljxhribj |mj lieejrjkhjx bj|vjjk mjr bzxikjxx

gkl biodofy hozrxjx0

Vjdd$ I |gcj g bzxikjxx hozrxj$ gkl i|x ~rj||y azhm ko|jx$ |mg|x i|+ Bz| i|x ~rj||yazhm$ i|x dicj gk jkuirokajk| vmjrj yoz hgk |gdc |o |mj |jghmjr$ yoz hgk |gdc |odicj o|mjr x|zljk|x vi|moz| bjikf dicj$ xmzllz~+ Yoz ckov vmg| I ajgk? Bz| Iajgk dicj o|mjr hdgxxjx$ dicj$ |mjyrj gdd |mj xgaj+ Yoz |gcj ko|jx$ yoz lo gh|iui|ijx$

yoz lo dicj x|z~il x|zee dicj |mg|$ bz| i|x gffrgug|ikf$ hgzxj dicj biodofyx g agikxzb`jh|$ ag|mx g agik xzb`jh|+ OC$ I lok| dicj |moxj$ bjhgzxj |oo azhm|mikcikf

Djgm ajk|iokjl |mg| vmidj |mj hdgxxrooa gh|iui|y x|rzh|zrjx ik mjr bzxikjxx gkl xhijkhj hdgxxjx

vjrj rjdg|iujdy gkgdofozx|gcikf ko|jx ok vmg| ix xgil ik hdgxxxmj ejd| xmj vgx geeorljl gk

jkuirokajk| ik mjr bzxikjxx hozrxj vmjrj xmj hozdl |gdc+ Xmj xgil |mg| xmj hozdl |gdc |o |mj

|jghmjr gkl |gdc vi|m o|mjr x|zljk|x vi|moz| bjikf |odl |o xmzllz~+ Xmj aoujl ok |o xgy |mg|

biodofy gkl ag|m$ gx j}ga~djx$ grj agik xzb`jh|x+ I| ix dicjdy |mg| by agik xmj ix rjejrrikf |o

|mj iljg |mg| |mjxj hozrxjx grj rjwzirjl$ zkdicj mjr jdjh|iuj bzxikjxx hozrxjx$ bz| xmj gdxo

ljxhribjl |mjxj hozrxjx gx rjwzirikf |oo azhm |mikcikf+

I |mjk gxcjl Djgm |o ljxhribj |mikcikf eor aj$ gkl xmj rjx~okljl vi|m |mj brihc vgdd

aj|g~mor0

Djgm0 Djgrkikf xoaj|mikf kjv ix mgrl vmjk yozrj cikl oe ik g aiklxj|$ vmjrjyoz dicj vmg| yoz ckov+ Ie |mg| agcjx xjkxj+

Rjxjgrhmjr0 Hozdl yoz |jdd aj g di||dj bi|


57/102


Djgm0 Vjdd$ Ia mg~~y vi|m vmg| I ckov kov$ I vok| ejjd dicj I kjjl |o ckovaorj$ I gdrjgly ckov |mg| |mj x|zee Ia djgrkikf kov ixk| rjgddy foikf |omjd~ aj+ Xo i|x `zx| dicj |mix bif brihc vgdd |mg| `zx| dicj xmovx z~$ |mg|lojxk| vgk| |o dj| ikeorag|iok ik bjhgzxj i|x `zx| dicj mov ix |mix foikf |omjd~ aj? Dicj |mjrjx ko ~oik| ik djgrkikf |mix+

Bjeorj aouikf ok |o |mj brihc vgdd$ i| ix ik|jrjx|ikf |mg| Djgm dikcjl |mikcikf vi|m djgrkikf

xoaj|mikf kjv vmjk yozrj cikl oe ik g aiklxj|$ vmjrj yoz dicj vmg| yoz ckov+ Eor Djgm$

|mikcikf ix rjwzirjl vmjk xoaj|mikf kjv hmgddjkfjx mjr hzrrjk| |rg`jh|ory$ ~jr|zrbikf mjr

aiklxj|+ Vmjk Djgm ko|jl |mg| ik |mj aiklxj| vmjrj yoz dicj vmg| yoz ckov$ vmg| okj ckovx

ix dgrfjr |mgk `zx| hok|jk|$ bz| gdxo g ~g|mvgy vi|m g xj| oe giax$ fogdx$ gkl ~rgh|ihjx+ Vmjk

djgrkikf xoaj|mikf |mg| rjgddy ixk| foikf |o mjd~ aj$ |mg| ix$ djgrkikf xoaj|mikf |mg| agy

hmgddjkfj mjr |rg`jh|ory$ |mix bif brihc vgdd |mg| `zx| dicj xmovx z~+ Djgmx brihc vgdd lojxk|

vgk| |o dj| ikeorag|iok ik$ bz| by loikf xo$ |mj brihc vgdd ix hokx|rgikikf Djgm |o g ~gr|ihzdgr

~g|mvgy jujk aorj xo$ jeejh|iujdy xmz||ikf oz| gd|jrkg|j o~~or|zki|ijx+ Vmjrj |mix ~g|mvgy groxj

eor Djgm hgk bj eozkl ik ~gx| ik|jrgh|iokx gkl j}~jrijkhjx gkl |mj rjdg|iokxmi~x vi|m mjr ~grjk|x+

^gx| gkl ^rjxjk| J}~jrijkhjx gkl Rjdg|iokxmi~x+ Djgm hmoxj mjr |rg`jh|ory vmjk xmj

vgx yozkfjr$ gkl i| g~~jgrjl gx ie xmj vozdl ko| vgujr eroa |mg| |rg`jh|ory+ Djgm ljhdgrjl |mg|

xmj vidd fo ik|o bzxikjxx dicj mjr eg|mjrgkl$ ik egh|$ xmj ~dgkx ok |gcikf oujr mjr eg|mjrx

hoaajrhigd hdjgkikf bzxikjxx vmjk xmj ix odl jkozfm+ I gxcjl Djgm vmjk |mix ljhixiok vgx

aglj$ gkl xmj rjx~okljl0

I |mikc i| vgx rifm| ge|jr I `zx| fo| oz| oe ailldj xhmood$ I `zx| eikixmjl =|m frglj$gkl I mgl |o ~ihc jdjh|iujx+ Gkl I vjk| z~ |o ay lgl gkl I xgil$ I lok| ckov vmg|I vgk| |o |gcj+ Gkl mj xgil$ vjdd$ mj xgil$ ik ay ~jrxokgd o~ikiok$ yoz hozdl |gcj gbzxikjxx hozrxj or gk gz|oao|iuj hdgxx+ Gkl Ia dicj$ Ia ko| foikf |o |gcj gk

gz|oao|iuj hdgxx$ grj yoz cillikf aj? Gkl |mjk I |ooc$ za$ xo I vgx dicj$ gdrifm|$vmg|jujr+ I gxcjl ay aoa$ gkl xmj vgx dicj$ om$ yoz xmozdl lo dicj cki||ikf orxoaj|mikf+ Ia dicj$ yjgm$ Ia lokj+ Xo I vgx dicj$ vjdd$ Idd |ry bzxikjxx eor g yjgr$xjj vmg| i| fojx+ Xo I vjk| |o ik|ro |o bzxikjxx$ gkl I dicjl i|+ Dicj I hgzfm| ok$ i|

vgx ezk$ I jk`oyjl i|+ Xo$ Iuj bjjk vorcikf vi|m ay lgl xikhj mj x|gr|jl Smix ovkbzxikjxxQ$ vmihm vgx dicj xi} yjgrx gfo+


58/102

Mjgrikf |mj Ajgkikfx :=

Gx Djgm vgx ljhilikf ok jdjh|iujx$ mjr eg|mjr jkhozrgfjl mjr |o |gcj gk jdjh|iuj ik xoaj|mikf |mg|

|mjy xmgrjl |ofj|mjr3 Djgm mgl |odl aj jgrdijr |mg| xmj vgx mjr lgllyx fird$ gkl vorcjl vi|m

mia ok mix ovk bzxikjxx gkl gdxo vorcjl ok hgrx vi|m mia+ Xmj gdxo doocjl |o mjr ao|mjr gkl

gxcjl eor gluihj+ Gd|mozfm i| ix dicjdy |mg| Djgmx ao|mjr lil ko| rjhoaajkl cki||ikf gx gk

jdjh|iuj ~jr xj$ i| ix dicjdy |mg| vmg| xmj xzffjx|jl lil ko| xjja zxjezd |o Djgm+ Djgmx

j}~jrijkhj ik mjr bzxikjxx hozrxj$ movjujr$ xmj eozkl bo|m zxjezd gkl jk`oygbdj+ Xmj vgx gbdj |o

hokkjh| vmg| xmj vgx djgrkikf ik |moxj bzxikjxx hozrxjx |o vorcikf vi|m mjr eg|mjr ok mix ovk

bzxikjxx+ \mj jdjh|iuj hmoihjx vjrj ~oxi|iokjl ik xzhm g vgy gx |o bzidl z~ok |mj rjdg|iokxmi~x

|mg| Djgm gkl mjr eg|mjr vjrj ljujdo~ikf+ I| xmozdl gdxo bj ko|jl |mg| vmjk fiujk |mj

o~~or|zki|y |o jkfgfj ik g kjv ~g|mvgy or |o ljujdo~ g kjv ik|jrjx|$ Djgm |zrkjl i| lovk ik

orljr |o eoddov |mj hozrxj ik vmihm xmj hozdl hok|ikzj |o rjdg|j vi|m mjr eg|mjr+

I ezr|mjr gxcjl Djgm gboz| mjr rjdg|iokxmi~ vi|m mjr eg|mjr grozkl mix bzxikjxx gkl mjr

ik|jk| |o |gcj oujr eroa mia0

Xo mj vgx gdvgyx dicj ik bzxikjxx+ Xo kov mj ovkx mix$ gkl |mjk$ mj$ mj cj~| okbrikfikf i| z~$ gkl mjx dicj$ vjdd$ ix |mix vmg| yoz vgk| |o lo$ lo yoz vgk| |o fo

ik|o bzxikjxx? Ia dicj$ vjdd$ xo egr$ I |mikc yjgm+ Gkl mjx dicj$ vjdd$ OC+ Vjdd$ mjvgx dicj$ vjdd$ yoz ckov vmg| I lo$ hgzxj dicj I xjj mia dicj agcj z~ |mj biddx eor|mj |mikf$ gkl I xjj mia dicj ~gy ~jo~dj$ dicj yoz ckov vmg| I ajgk$ dicj Iuj bjjkg ~gr| oe |mg|? Xo mjx dicj$ vjdd$ movl yoz ejjd gboz| |gcikf i| oujr okj lgy+ GklIa dicj$ vjdd$ I lok| ckov+ I lok| ckov$ i|x ciklg froxx+ Gkl mjx dicj$ vjdd$ yozckov$ yoz agcj |mix azhm g yjgr$ yoz fiuj |mg|$ dicj yoz ckov vmg| I ajgk? Dicjmj j}~dgikjl i|+ Gkl I vgx dicj$ vjdd$ I lok| ckov+ Gkl |mjk I |mozfm| gboz| i|$gkl Ia dicj$ vjdd$ vmg| vozdl I lo ie I lilk| mguj |mg|? Gkl I hozdlk| xjj ayxjdeloikf gky|mikf jdxj bz| rzkkikf mix bzxikjxx+ Xo |mg|x rjgddy gdd I kjjl+

Gd|mozfm I ga zkhjr|gik gx |o vmjk ik Djgmx diej mjr eg|mjr gxcjl ie xmj vozdl dicj |o |gcj oujr

eor mia$ i| vgx g eozklg|iokgd j}~jrijkhj eor mjr$ ~rouilikf mjr vi|m g ~g|mvgy gkl g xjkxj oe

~zr~oxj+ Djgm ajk|iokjl |mg| xmj ~gr|ihi~g|jl ik |mj ~rgh|ihjx oe bzxikjxx vi|m mjr eg|mjr xikhj

mj x|gr|jl oz| ok mix ovk$ gkl jk`oyjl x~jklikf |mg| |iaj vi|m mjr eg|mjr gx vjdd gx |mj vorc+

Mjr eirx| rjx~okxj vgx okj oe zkhjr|gik|y gkl jujk vi|m gk ikhdikg|iok |o rj`jh| mix oeejr$ ejjdikf


59/102


|mg| i|x ciklg froxx+ Ge|jr mjr eg|mjr j}~dgikjl |mj ~grgaj|jrx gkl j}~jh|g|iokx oe rzkkikf mjr

ovk bzxikjxx$ xmj ljhiljl |o ghwzijxhj$ ergaikf mjr ljhixiok ik |jrax oe mjr ~o|jk|igd ez|zrj gkl

mjr iljk|i|y0 vmg| vozdl I lo ie I lilk| mguj |mg|? Gkl I hozdlk| xjj ayxjde loikf gky|mikf

jdxj bz| rzkkikf mix bzxikjxx+ Vmg| xmj xgil kj}| dgil |mj frozklvorc eor mjr x|rgifm|!gkl!

kgrrov |rg`jh|oryXo |mg|x rjgddy gdd I kjjlgddovikf mjr ajk|gd brihc vgddx |o bdohc o|mjr

o~|iokx gkl mjr jkfgfjajk| ik |mikcikf$ djgrkikf$ gkl gh|iui|y |mg| ji|mjr hmgddjkfjl or lil ko|

zkxvjruikfdy gkl ikx|rzajk|gddy gdifk vi|m mjr hmoxjk ~g|mvgy+

Djgm ejd| dicj xmj aglj mjr hmoihj gkl rjxjk|jl gky g||ja~| |o hmgkfjor brogljkmjr

~oxxibidi|ijx eor hmoihj+ Xmj ckjv mjr ik|jrjx|x$ vgx gvgrj oe mjr fogdx$ gkl gky|mikf jdxj vgx

j}|rgkjozx$ jujk ie i| vgx rjwzirjl$ dicj biodofy hdgxx0

I|x `zx|$ I lok| ckov$ Il rg|mjr ko| djgrk |mix x|zee+ I|x ko| vmg| Ia ik|jrjx|jl ik+Hgzxj Ia bjikf eorhjl |o |gcj |mix hdgxx$ vjdd ko| eorhjl$ bz| I ajgk dicj$ i|x grjwzirjajk|+ Xo I lok|

hearing the meanings expressed by high school students of science: a qualitatitve study

Documents