HEARING

3

4

SOUND

SOUND: PITCH

Sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s)

High Pitch

Low Pitch

1 Sec

1 Hertz (Hz) = Number of Waves that Pass a Point in 1 sec

SOUND: HEARING RANGE

Human Hearing Range: __________ : ___________

(16Hz)

SOUND: VOLUMELow Volume

High Volume

‘Hoo Hoo’

‘Hoo Hoo’

Fig. 1-5 in Podulka et al. 2004

External Ear: Auricular Feathers and Ear Opening

12

Ear Opening5

Fig. 4-48 in Podulka et al. 2004

Three Regions of Ear:(External Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear)

External Ear: Tympanic Membrane

Fig. 7-4 in Gill 2007

Middle Ear: Columella

Humans

Middle Ear: Eustachian Tube (= Auditory Tube)

Inner Ear: Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals(Vestibular Window = Oval Window; Cochlear Window = Round Window)

Fig. 4-49 in Podulka et al. 2004

Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth, Membranous Labyrinth(Perilymph, Endolymph)

Fig. 4-50 in Podulka et al. 2004

Cochlea: Vestibular Canal, Tympanic Canal, Cochlear Duct

Cochlear Duct: Tectorial Membrane, Basilar Papilla, Hair Cells

Sound Perception: Pitch

Fig. 4-51 in Podulka et al. 2004

Sound Perception: Loudness

Fig. 4-51 in Podulka et al. 2007

Cochlea: Cochlear Window (= Round Window)

Fig. 4-50 in Podulka et al. 2004

Hearing: Transmission to BrainCranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Proctor and Lynch 1993, p. 243

Hearing Ability: Frequency

• Humans: (16) 20 – 20,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz)

• Birds: 40 – 29,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz)

(Typically, 1,000 – 5,000 Hertz)

Hearing Ability: Frequency X Intensity

Fig. 7-5 in Gill 2007

Echolocation

Hearing Ability: EcholocationEdible-Nest Swiftlets Oilbirds

2-10 kH 2-10 kH

Pinpointing Sound Location

Fig. 7-6 in Gill 2007 Fig. 4-47 in Podulka et al. 2004

Avian Hearing

OUTER EAR Auricular Feathers Ear Opening Tympanic Membrane

MIDDLE EAR Columella Eustachian Tube

INNER EAR Vestibular Window (Oval Window) Semicircular Canals Vestibule Cochlea Bony Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Perilymph Endolymph Vestibular Canal Tympanic Canal Cochlear Duct Tectorial Membrane Basilar Papillae Hair Cells Cochlear Window (Round Window) Vestibulocochlear Nerve

SOUND Pitch Wavelength Frequency Amplitude Hertz Ultrasound Infrasound

1011

EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium: Gravity(Vestibule, Utriculus, Sacculus,

Statoconia, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells)

Fig. 4-49 in Podulka et al. 2004

Equilibrium: Movement(Semicircular Canals, Ampulla, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells)

Avian Equilibrium

GRAVITY PERCEPTION Vestibule Utriculus Sacculus Statoconia Gelatinous Material Hair Cells

MOVEMENT PERCEPTION Semicircular Canals Ampulla Gelatinous Material Hair Cells

Olfaction (Smell)

Leach’s Storm Petrel Fulmar

Olfaction (Smell)

Leach’s Storm Petrel

Olfaction (Smell)

Crested Auklet

Olfaction: Olfactory Epithelium

Fig. 4-55 in Podulka et al. 2004

Range of Olfactory Bulb Size

Taste

TASTE

Fig. 4-56 in Podulka et al. 2004

12 13

14

MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH)

Skin Nerve Endings

MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH)

15

Nerve Endings(“Corpuscles”)

Mechanoreception: Herbst Corpuscles

Fig. 7-7 in Gill 2007

1 http://www.owlpages.com/pictures/articles-Owl+Physiology-Hearing-2.jpg

2 http://www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com/barn_owl.jpg

3 http://www.kahle.org/tweeters/images/Bewicks_Wren.jpg

4 http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/Birds/Red-winged% 20Blackbird/behavi19.jpg

5 http://www.pycomall.com/images/P/01-50.jpg

6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=14303&rendTypeId=4

7 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=9157&rendTypeId=4

8 http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2007/02/a2%20OILBIRD.jpg

9 http://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/images/swiflet.jpg

10 http://www.pegsteunenberg.com/images/peregrine_falcon_01.jpg

11 http://whatbird.wbu.com/img/4/274/image.aspx?x=250

12 http://steveandamysly.tannerworld.com/databank/image_fantagrape1.jpg

13 http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11786246/Chewing_Gum.jpg

14 http://www.calliebowdish.com/Birds/SnowGeese112405OM_2611.jpg

15 http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Free_nerve_endings.jpg

16 http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/images/feathers.jpg