health & safety considerations in working with offenders dr. craig jackson prof. occupational...
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Health & Safety Considerations Health & Safety Considerations inin
Working with OffendersWorking with Offenders
Dr. Craig JacksonDr. Craig JacksonProf. Occupational Health PsychologyProf. Occupational Health Psychology
Head of PsychologyHead of PsychologyBirmingham City UniversityBirmingham City University
School of Social SciencesSchool of Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social Sciences
Prisons within HM Prison Service are one of the most unique environments in existence
Prisons are unlike any other legislated workplace
Primary aim is to protect the public and keep prisoners in a secure, decent and humane environment
Contradiction of locked Contradiction of locked doors doors
Offenders & those working with them
Hard to preserve H&S perfectly
Many types of offender
Difficult
Both secure and non-secure settings
Many types of sentence
Offender work: physical & psychological
effects
Complexities of Prison Complexities of Prison H&SH&S
Gladstone Committee 1895Gladstone Committee 1895
Prisoners should leave as better people
Punitive labour replaced with learning a trade
Prisoners allowed to earn a wage
"Own clothes" & haircuts allowed
Shaved heads phased out
Better visiting facilities
Education and libraries in all prisons
Incentives and earned privilege schemes
Care vs. CustodyCare vs. CustodyContribute to safe & secure custody
Prepare reports in a timely manner
Comply with audit requirements
Follow procedures for prisoner applications
Apply authorised control and restraint
Encourage prisoners in offending behaviour treatment progs
Uphold respect for prisoners' rights, dignity and property
Act as personal office for groups of prisoners
Prison Lawyer
Communicator
Counsellor (various)
Teacher
Manager
Security expert
Historian
Health and Safety Advisor
Modern Prison Modern Prison OfficersOfficers
Emotional demands
Low supervisory support
Role conflict
High "client" contact
Exposure to violence & threats
Unpleasant work
Overcrowding (61%)
Restructuring (2010)
Psychosocial Psychosocial Environment Environment
Mediating factors for
high sickness absence
160 in England and Wales 11"private prisons"
Maximum securityTraining establishmentsSatellite camps
86,000 prisoners
Offenders wishing to commit violence to others and officers make total prevention impossible
Thankless task with little acknowledgement
Prisons and Prisons and YOIsYOIs
Many workers will have contact with
offenders
A. Custodial services
B. Offender management or rehab
C. Workplace experience
Variety of Variety of SentencingSentencing
Attend School
Community payback (40-300 hrs)
Completion of job training
Complete a treatment programme (anger,
drugs)
Avoid activities (pubs, football)
Curfew (electronic tag)
Residence sentence (specified, approved
premises)
Receive mental health treatment
Supervision sentence
Attendance training (18-24 yrs)
"Community" "Community" Sentencing Sentencing
Jackson Jackson 20112011
"It is important that the It is important that the prisoner is correctly assessed prisoner is correctly assessed and passed fit only for work and passed fit only for work
which is within his mental and which is within his mental and physical capacity. We have physical capacity. We have
to . . . ensure that no prisoner to . . . ensure that no prisoner suffers injury through being suffers injury through being
ordered to do unsuitable ordered to do unsuitable work."work." HK Snell 1953HK Snell 1953
Working Prisons are not Working Prisons are not new new
Work in prison is part
of rehabilitation, not
the punishment
Suitability for work
assessed upon
reception
Workshops & activity
units
WorWorkk
Textiles
Printing
Engineering
Data entry
Woodwork
Assembly
Desktop publishing
CAD
Catering
Cleaning
Building
WorkiWorkingng
Two Wood Workshops
HSE Improvement
notices in 2002 &
2003
1) Lack of COSHH
assessment for wood
dust
2) Use of Workplace
Equipment Regs
(1998)
West Mids Probation West Mids Probation ServiceService
Notices complied
with
Improvements
made
Society willing to accept unsatisfactory level of H&S for offenders
Work is NOT the punishment
Work-related illness is NOT the punishment
Post English Riots vengefulness
Social Undesirability Social Undesirability BiasBias
2001; 20,000 staff; 42 area boards
Few Health & Safety risk assessments of
work
Only ad hoc inspections
Health & Safety training minimal
Few areas with trained / competent staff
or FAs
Few Health & Safety committees
No H&S guidance for supervision of
offenders
Health & Safety Concerns: Health & Safety Concerns: NPSNPS
HSE Home Office case study
2005
N 1038 HMP staff London region
Managers, Officer grades, Admin
Domains of HSE Mgt Stds linked to
Wellbeing (OR)
Demands (3.2)
Control (3.3)
Support (manager (3.5) then peer (3.7)
Relationships (3.7)
Role (4.2)
Change (3.0)
Stress in HMP Stress in HMP "London""London"
Bevan et al
2010
Stress in HMP Stress in HMP "London""London"
Bevan et al
2010
Item on HSE toolItem on HSE tool ORORJob role uncertainty 9.8
Knowing how to get job done 6.8
Emotional support 6.5
Too much to do 6.2
Unrealistic time pressures 6.2
Different demands placed on me 6.0
College respect 5.7
Clear about departmental objectives
5.7
1% of gen. pop. have PD
50% - 75% prisoners have PD diagnosis
Current concern for public services
Vicarious Trauma in some therapists & officers
Personality Personality DisordersDisorders
Medium Secure unit for offenders
Staff concerns from...
"Desire for more meaningful contact"
"Contradictory attitude to openness"
"Feeling physically safe / emotionally
vulnerable"
"Ambivalence to structure and control"
"Emphasis on staff relationships"
Personality Disorder Personality Disorder ConcernsConcerns
Kurtz & Turner
2007
Working with sex offenders
Intrusive thoughts
Avoidance behaviours
Hyper-vigilance
Highest levels reported in secure
settings
Not related to treatment type, caseload,
or previous trauma
Vicarious Vicarious TraumaTrauma
Moulden & Firestone
2007
Proactive "Talking Proactive "Talking Therapies"Therapies"Health effects of high profile murder investigationsHealth effects of high profile murder investigations
Soham murders:Soham murders:SIO Chris StevensonSIO Chris Stevenson
James Bulger murder:James Bulger murder:SIO Albert KirkbySIO Albert Kirkby
Ipswich ripper murders:Ipswich ripper murders:SIO Roy LambertSIO Roy Lambert
Cromwell Street murders:Cromwell Street murders:SIO John BennettSIO John Bennett
Team of 47 detectivesTeam of 47 detectives
Proactive "Stress Counselling”Proactive "Stress Counselling”
Some accepted – others did notSome accepted – others did not
Upon retirement . . .Upon retirement . . .
Severe FatigueSevere Fatigue
NOT Chronic FatigueNOT Chronic FatigueSyndromeSyndrome
Inability to function Inability to function physically & mentallyphysically & mentally
3% prevalence across working population3% prevalence across working population
"Burnout" - severe fatigue response to chronic stress"Burnout" - severe fatigue response to chronic stress
Occurs more in psychologically "vulnerable" Occurs more in psychologically "vulnerable" staff . . staff . . . . . . . Working in conditions they find stressful.. . . . . Working in conditions they find stressful.
RevengeUnintentionalDelusionErotic pleasurePyromania-fetishInstitutionalised Crime concealmentExcitement
Fire Fire startingstarting
Lewis & Yarnell 1951; Incardi 1970; Prins 1985; Rix 1994
Attention-seekingMental disorderPoliticalTerrorismSelf-immolation Attempted suicideFinancialVandalism
121% increase in assaults on female prison officers since 2000
From 232 assaults to 513
58% increase in attacks on male officers
From 1,767 in 2000 to 2,804 in 2006
ViolenViolencece
24 prisoner deaths in the prison estate of England & Wales in January 2012
Most natural causes
11 of these were suicidal deaths
Many more attempted it but were not successful
SuicidSuicidee
Suicide-prevention training for prison officers
"Arming" officers with cutting tools at all times
Fostering an attitude of duty of care in the officers
Prisons are suicidogenic environments
Isolation, stress, & bleakness create a suicide-space
Prisoners listeners of limited value
Samaritans phones in HMP Woodhill broken
Suicide-Prevention is Suicide-Prevention is ineffectiveineffective
RIASEC Model
"Conventional""Conventional" OrganiserOrganiser
"Investigative""Investigative" ThinkerThinker
"Enterprising""Enterprising" PersuaderPersuader
"Artistic”"Artistic”CreatorCreator
HollandHolland 1997 1997
Relates to both Relates to both PERSONALITYPERSONALITY and and ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
"Social""Social" HelperHelper
"Realistic""Realistic"DoerDoer
"Realistics"
Practical individualsPractical individuals
ConformistConformist
OrderedOrdered
Prefer objects and toolsPrefer objects and tools
Not keen on concepts or abstracts Not keen on concepts or abstracts
Heuristics-drivenHeuristics-driven
Mechanic, Labourer, Driver Mechanic, Labourer, Driver
RIASEC Model HollandHolland 1997 1997
Relates to both Relates to both PERSONALITYPERSONALITY and and ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
"Conventional""Conventional" OrganiserOrganiser
"Investigative""Investigative" ThinkerThinker
"Enterprising""Enterprising" PersuaderPersuader
"Artistic”"Artistic”CreatorCreator
"Social""Social" HelperHelper
"Realistic""Realistic"DoerDoer
ideasideas
datadata
peoplepeople
thingsthings
Prediger's dimensionsPrediger's dimensions
SummarSummary y Prisons have gone through many dramatic shifts, and will continue to do so
Prison officers subjected to usual job stressors, AND unique issues caused by the nature of work
Health and well being adversely affected by the work and change
Psychosocial thinking & mapping for future officers in selection and training