health psychology class 3 physiology, part ii. power point slides ~kharber/healthpsychology
TRANSCRIPT
What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!
High Five the Body!
Hamlet Act 2 Scene 2, Wllm. Shakespeare
Respiratory System: Functions
1 Take in Oxygen
2 Expel CO2
3 Regulate relative composition of blood
Medulla regulates resp. system, responsive to blood chemistry
Air↓
Nose & Mouth↓
pharynx & larynx↓
trachea↓
Primary bronchi↓
Lungs↓
secondary bronchi↓
bronchioles↓
alveolar ducts↓
alveoli↓
blood
Respiratory System
From Air to Blood
Asphyxia: Too little Oxy, too much CO2
Anoxia: Insufficient Oxy.
Hyperventilation: Too much Oxy
Hay fever: foreign bodies (dust, pollen) histamines inflammation of lung capillaries fluids (mucus) sneezing.
Asthma: triggers contraction of muscles around air tubes clogging of air tubes air intake. ALSO, inflammation mucus production obstructs bronchioles less Oxy and too much CO2.
Respiratory Disorders
Viral Infections: Common cold, influenza, bronchitis
Bacterial infections: Strep, whooping cough, diphtheria
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
Emphysema -- 4th deadliest diseasealveoli become inelastic—can’t exhaleDue mainly to smokingIncurable
Chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis and Pleurisy
Respiratory Disorders, cont.
Poor compliance production of hardier microbes production more powerful drugs poor compliance:
Poor compliance hardier microbes, etc.
Health psych issues:a. Doctor/patient communicationb. Obstacles to compliance
Failed Rx Compliance and the Generation of “Super Bugs”
Mouth (saliva bolus)
↓Esophagus(peristalsis)
↓Stomach
(pepsin, hydrochloric acid)
↓Duodenum
(carbs, proteins, fats)↓
Jejunum↓
Small intestine↓
Large intestine↓
Rectum↓
Anus
Digestive Tract
Digestive Tract, Cont.
Vagus Nerve: gastric juices, stomach
Pancreas: enzymes to duodenum; insulin
Liver: bile, stored in gall bladder
Parasymp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism?
Symp. NS speeds up/slows down metabolism?
During stress, ___ Parasymp or ____ Symp is activated?X
Disorders of the Digestive System
Intestines:
Stomach:
Gall Bladder:
Liver:
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, dysentery
Peptic ulcer: Stress aggravates, doesn’t cause
Gall stones
Hepatitis
Hep. A: Water/food borneHep. B: Blood borne (needles, sex)Hep. C (blood transfusions)Hep. D, E
Gut Feelings in the Desert:Antoine De Saint Exupery and the Dragon Fly
I shaved carefully in a cracked mirror. From time to time I went to the door and looked at the naked sand. … I was thoughtful. … For the moment everything was all right. But I heard something sizzling. It was a dragonfly knocking against the lamp. Why it was I cannot say, but I felt a twinge in my heart.
I went outdoors and looked round. The air was pure. … Over the desert reigned a vast silence as of a house in order. But here were a green butterfly and two dragonflies knocking against my lamp. Again I felt a dull ache which might as easily have been joy as fear, but came up from the depths of me.
Saint Exupery in the Desert, continued
Something was calling to me from a great distance. Was it instinct?
Once again I went out. The wind had died down completely. The air was still cool. But I had received a warning. I guessed, I believed I could guess, what I was expecting.
I climbed a dune and sat down face to the east. If I was right, the thing would not be long in coming. What were they after here, those dragonflies, hundreds of miles from their oases inland?
Saint Exupery in the Desert
Wreckage thrown up upon the beach bears witness to a storm at sea. Even so did these insects declare to me that a sand storm was on the way, a storm out of the east that had blown them out of their oases.
Solemnly, for it was fraught with danger, the east wind rose. … But that was not what excited. What filled me with a barbaric joy was …that I had been able to read the anger of the desert in the beating wings of a dragonfly.
St. Exupery, A. (1939). Wind, sand, and stars.
1. More neurons than spinal cord
2. Fibers non-mylinated—like in big brain
3. Bathed in same neurochemicals as big brain
4. Suffers damage to big-brain diseases
5. Responsive to psychotropic drugs
Brain in Gut (aka Neurogastroenterology)
1. Big brain and gut brain communicate
2. Stressful event #1: Big brain stores threat in “emotion memory”
3. Stressful event #2: Limbic system responds, sends signal to gut. Gut may get signal before cortex.
4. Result—gut feeling
Are “Gut Feelings” Real?
Renal System
Anatomy: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: Rid body of waste fluids Chemical balances in blood
Nephrons: Filters in kidneys
Disorders: Urinary tract infections Nephritis: kidneys inflamed
Kidney failure: Deadly
Genetics, Health, and Psychology
Many serious illnesses are hereditary:
Cystic Fibrosis Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)
Down Syndrome Tay-Sach’s Disease
Ethical Issues: Tell / Don’t tell person if they have gene.
Psychological contribution: Genetic counseling
* At-risk pregnancies
* Dramatic precautions (e.g., preventive hysterectomy)
Course of InfectionIncubation
Non-specific Symptoms
Acute Phase
Infection TypesLocalized: Remain at site—don’t spread
Focal: Contracted at site but spreads
Systemic: Affects multiple areas at once
Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms.
Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encountersArtificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations
Non-specific immunity1. Anatomical barriers2. Phagocytosis3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.)4. Inflammatory responses (histamines)
Specific immunity1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms2. Acquired via previous infection3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction
Immunity
Defense 1Mechanical
Defense 2Humoral
Defense 3Cell-Mediated
Antigen enters body
Coughing, sneezing Phagocytes absorb antigens (phagocytocis)
B cells: Mature Memory
macrophage signals to TH cells
TH cells signal to TC
cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells.
TC cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells attack antigen.
Immunologic Defense
AIDS: Retards T-cell production
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth.
Autoimmune diseases: immune system attacks healthy tissue.
a. Triggered by bacterial infectionb. Aggravated by stressc. Examples: MS, Lupus
Diseases of the Immune System
Defined: Body’s defenses against invading organisms.
Natural Immunity: Breast feeding, disease encountersArtificial Immunity: vaccinations, inoculations
Non-specific immunity1. Anatomical barriers2. Phagocytosis3. Anti-microbial substances (interferon, e.g.)4. Inflammatory responses (histamines)
Specific immunity1. Dedicated to fighting specific microorganisms2. Acquired via previous infection3. Mechanism: antigen/anti-body reaction
Immunity
Immunologic Defense
Non-Specific
Anatomical Barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
Mechanical (coughing, sneezing)
Phagocytosis
Antimicrobial
Inflamatory Response
Specific
Humoral: B Cells (memory, mature) -> antibodies (faster)
Cell-Mediated:
Macrophage -> TH --> Tc, B, NK->TH -> Stops reaction (slower)
White blood cell (macrophage) attacking anthrax bacilli (in orange)