health indicators and how they affect death rates in developing vs. developed countries malini sen...
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Health Indicators and how Health Indicators and how they affect Death Rates in they affect Death Rates in Developing vs. Developed Developing vs. Developed
CountriesCountries
Malini SenMalini SenCori WilliamsCori Williams
Monica NeumanMonica NeumanJaron AbelsohnJaron Abelsohn
Research QuestionResearch Question
How are health system indicators in How are health system indicators in developed and developing countries related developed and developing countries related
to death rates? to death rates?
Sources: World Health Organization World Health Sources: World Health Organization World Health Atlas. Countries were found based on the Human Atlas. Countries were found based on the Human Development Index Development Index
HypothesisHypothesis
We believe that the developed countries will We believe that the developed countries will have lower death rates than developing have lower death rates than developing
countries because developed countries will countries because developed countries will have health systems that are much more have health systems that are much more
capable of dealing with health issues capable of dealing with health issues
VariablesVariables Independent: Independent:
– Number of physicians per 10,000 populationNumber of physicians per 10,000 population– Number of nurses and midwifes per 10,000Number of nurses and midwifes per 10,000– Number of hospital beds per 10,000Number of hospital beds per 10,000– Number of total health workers per 10,000Number of total health workers per 10,000– Per capita total expenditure on health services (int’l dollar Per capita total expenditure on health services (int’l dollar
rate)rate)– General government expenditures on health servicesGeneral government expenditures on health services– Total expenditures on health services as percentage of Total expenditures on health services as percentage of
GDPGDP
Dependent: Dependent: Death RatesDeath Rates
Independent Summary StatisticsIndependent Summary StatisticsDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPED COUNTRIES MeanMean MedianMedian ModeMode Stand DevStand Dev MinMin MaxMax NN
# of Physicians per 10,000# of Physicians per 10,000 28.728.7 28.528.5 3434 10.6310.63 1010 6262 55
# Health Workers per 10,000# Health Workers per 10,000 112.5112.5 107107 107107 47.1647.16 5252 254254 55
Nurses and Midwifes to Physicans RatioNurses and Midwifes to Physicans Ratio 3.233.23 33 33 1.551.55 11 77 55
# of Hospital Beds per 10,000# of Hospital Beds per 10,000 54.0754.07 47.547.5 6161 25.1825.18 2222 147147 55
Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate)Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate) 2200.52200.5 21932193 N/AN/A 988.49988.49 552552 52745274 55
Government Expenditure as % of Total ExpendituresGovernment Expenditure as % of Total Expenditures 13.3313.33 13.513.5 1111 4.314.31 55 2323 55
Total Expenditure as % of GDPTotal Expenditure as % of GDP 8.238.23 99 99 2.532.53 33 1515 55
Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000 83.883.8 7474 6262 44.7244.72 3131 222222 55
DEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIES MeanMean MedianMedian ModeMode Stand DevStand Dev MinMin MaxMax NN
# of Physicians per 10,000# of Physicians per 10,000 0.76670.7667 11 11 0.8580.858 00 33 55
# Health Workers per 10,000# Health Workers per 10,000 55 33 33 3.9373.937 11 1414 55
Nurses and Midwifes to Physicans RatioNurses and Midwifes to Physicans Ratio 55 33 33 3.943.94 11 1414 55
# of Hospital Beds per 10,000# of Hospital Beds per 10,000 1616 N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A 55
Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate)Per Capita Total Expenditure (int'l dollar rate) 61.8761.87 3838 44.544.5 1980.81980.8 195195 18561856 55
Government Expenditure as % of Total ExpendituresGovernment Expenditure as % of Total Expenditures 9.579.57 9.59.5 1111 3.833.83 22 2020 55
Total Expenditure as % of GDPTotal Expenditure as % of GDP 5.55.5 55 55 2.092.09 22 1111 55
Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000Nurses and Midwifes per 10,000 4.494.49 33 33 3.63.6 11 1212 55
Dependent Summary Statistics: Dependent Summary Statistics: Death RateDeath Rate
DEVELOPED COUNTRY: Death DEVELOPED COUNTRY: Death RateRate
MeanMean 77.66777.667
Standard ErrorStandard Error 2.49342.4934
MedianMedian 75.575.5
ModeMode 7272
Standard DeviationStandard Deviation 13.65713.657
Sample VarianceSample Variance 186.51186.51
KurtosisKurtosis -0.156-0.156
SkewnessSkewness 0.68280.6828
RangeRange 5151
MinimumMinimum 5858
MaximumMaximum 109109
SumSum 23302330
CountCount 3030
Confidence Level(95.0%)Confidence Level(95.0%) 5.09955.0995
DEVELOPING COUNTRY: Death DEVELOPING COUNTRY: Death RateRate
MeanMean 430.13430.13
Standard ErrorStandard Error 22.41322.413
MedianMedian 429429
ModeMode 427427
Standard DeviationStandard Deviation 122.76122.76
Sample VarianceSample Variance 1507015070
KurtosisKurtosis 1.28751.2875
SkewnessSkewness 0.7320.732
RangeRange 552552
MinimumMinimum 199199
MaximumMaximum 751751
SumSum 1290412904
CountCount 3030
Confidence Level(95.0%)Confidence Level(95.0%) 45.83945.839
Developed Country RegressionDeveloped Country RegressionRegression StatisticsRegression Statistics
Multiple RMultiple R 0.480550.48055
R SquareR Square 0.2309280.230928
Adjusted R SquareAdjusted R Square 0.1421890.142189
Standard ErrorStandard Error 0.0007240.000724
ObservationsObservations 3030
F-valueF-value 2.602332.60233
Significance FSignificance F 0.07340.0734
CoeffCoeff t-Statt-Stat P-valueP-value
InterceptIntercept 0.002230.00223 4.95164.9516 3.82E-053.82E-05
# Physicians per 10,000 pop# Physicians per 10,000 pop -1.38E-05-1.38E-05 -0.994-0.994 0.3293740.329374
# Health Workers per 10,000 pop# Health Workers per 10,000 pop -2.55E-06-2.55E-06 -0.766-0.766 0.4505560.450556
Per Capita ExpenditurePer Capita Expenditure 4.43E-074.43E-07 2.7582.758 0.0105020.010502
Histogram
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-0.00132722 -0.000269268 0.000788684
Bin
Fre
qu
en
cy
Developing Country RegressionDeveloping Country Regression
Regression StatisticsRegression Statistics
Multiple RMultiple R 0.2225215410.222521541
R SquareR Square 0.0495158360.049515836
Adjusted R SquareAdjusted R Square -0.060155413-0.060155413
Standard ErrorStandard Error 0.0008048220.000804822
ObservationsObservations 3030
F-valueF-value 0.451490.45149
Significance FSignificance F 0.71840.7184
Coeff.Coeff. t-Statt-Stat P-valueP-value
InterceptIntercept 0.002710.00271 8.84048.8404 2.6E-092.6E-09
# Physicians per 10,000 pop# Physicians per 10,000 pop 0.000150.00015 0.76770.7677 0.449590.44959
# Health Workers per 10,000 pop# Health Workers per 10,000 pop -1E-05-1E-05 -0.335-0.335 0.74030.7403
Per Capita ExpenditurePer Capita Expenditure -4E-06-4E-06 -1.077-1.077 0.291320.29132
Histogram
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
-0.001292095 0.000179143 0.001650381
Bin
Fre
qu
en
cy
Park test for HeteroskedasticityPark test for HeteroskedasticityDeveloping Data: Heteroskedasticity
-0.0015
-0.001
-0.0005
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Predicted Y
Developed Data Heteroskedasticity
-0.0015
-0.001
-0.0005
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045
Predicted Y
Per Capita Health Expenditures were found to be significantly different from 0, because of this we have heteroskedasticity.
ConclusionConclusion
We support our hypothesis that We support our hypothesis that developed developed countries will have lower death rates than countries will have lower death rates than developing countries developing countries
Because of the problems with the statistics Because of the problems with the statistics for developing countries, we realize that for developing countries, we realize that there are other factors that we have to there are other factors that we have to consider that have an affect on death rates consider that have an affect on death rates in a developing country.in a developing country.
Thank you!