Health and Health and SicknessSickness

Summary

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Different types of microbes

There are three types of microbes:

bacteria viruses fungi

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Looking at microbes

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Microbes can cause disease

The diseases caused by microbes, and their severity, depend on the type of microbe:

bacteria

food poisoning

sore throats

tuberculosis (TB)

tetanus

cholera

typhoid

bacterial meningitis

influenza (flu)

mumps

chickenpox

smallpox

polio

HIV / AIDS

virus

viral meningitis

fungal sinusitis

athlete’s foot

fungi

onychomycosis(causes discoloured

toe nails)

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How do microbes enter the body?

eyes

nose

genitals

skin

ears

mouth

cuts

Microbes can enter the body in many different places:

How do the diseases caused by microbes spread?

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How does disease spread?

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The body’s defences

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Preventing the spread of disease

There are several methods that can help reduce the spread of disease:

disinfecting surfaces

disinfecting skin using antiseptics

sterilizing equipment

using food preservatives in food

personal hygiene.

The spread of disease can also be reduced by vaccinating the population and using antibiotics.

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Why do we need to have vaccinations?

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A balanced diet

Diet is the usual food and drink that each person consumes and is a very important part of health.

A balanced diet means eating the right types of food in the right amounts so that the body gets the nutrients it needs.

What are the seven nutrients needed in a balanced diet?

Which foods contain these nutrients, and why are they important?

carbohydrates

proteins

fats

vitamins

minerals

water

fibre

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Getting the amounts right

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Deficiency diseases

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Organs of the digestive system

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Different types of digestive enzymes

Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.

Digestive enzymes are classified by the type of food that they affect; there are three main types:

carbohydrase – breaks carbohydrate into smaller sugars

protease – breaks protein into amino acids

lipase – breaks fat into fatty acids and glycerol.

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How do enzymes work?

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Fitness factors

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What is a drug?

A drug is any substance that changes the way the body or mind works.

How many different types of drug can you name?

Paracetamol, alcohol, nicotine, cannabis and ecstasy are all examples of substances that can be called drugs.

Some drugs are beneficial, like asthma drugs, but others like alcohol and nicotine in cigarettes can cause harm.

Drugs can be categorized into over-the-counter drugs, prescription drugs, recreational drugs and illegal drugs.

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How do drugs affect the body?

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What’s in a cigarette?

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The effects of alcohol