TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT

HEALTH AND QUALITY OF RICE SEED SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM PARSHURAM UPAZILA OF FENI DISTRICT AND THEIR MANAGEMENT BY PLANT EXTRACTS

Supervisor

Prof. Dr. M. Mahboob Hossain Co- Supervisor

Prof. Dr. Md. Ayub Ali Presented ByMansur Ahmed Roll: 08Ag. P.Path. JD-04MReg: 30465Session: 2003-2004

Semester: July-December/2009

INTRODUCTION• Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food of Bangladeshi people .

Seed is the most important input for crop production. Pathogen free healthy seed is urgently needed for desired plant populations and good harvest.

• Many plant pathogens are seed-borne, which can cause enormous crop losses. . Fungi are the principal organisms associated with seeds. Various methods have been practiced to control these pathogens.

• Use of plant extracts against plant disease is however, a recent approach to plant disease control. It helps to avoid environmental pollution by chemicals. In Bangladesh considerable work has been done on seed health and seed quality of rice by different researchers.

• In view of the above facts, the present study was under taken in laboratory conditions with seed samples collected from Parshuram upazila of Feni district.

OBJECTIVES

• To detect the fungi associate with the seed samples of Parshuram upazila of Feni district

• To record the germination of seed samples

• To control the fungi in the seeds with different plant extracts

MATERIALS AND METHODSExperimental Site Seed Pathology Centre (SPC) and MS Laboratory of the

Department of Plant Pathology, BAU, Mymensingh. Experimental period August, 2008 to October, 2009. Varieties included BR6, Pajam and Joya Experimental design Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3

replicationsCollection of seed samples 36 rice seed samples were collected from farmers of

Parshuram Upazila of Feni District.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dry inspection of seed samples

400 seeds from each sample were visually inspected and graded into six categories. The categories were: (1) Apparently healthy seeds, (2) Spotted seeds, (3) Discoloured seeds, (4) Deformed seeds, (5) Varietal mixtures and (6) Chaffy grains.

Plating of seeds To detect the seed-borne fungal pathogens associated with the

seeds in seed samples the Blotter method was used by following international rules for seed testing (ISTA, 1976).

Identification of fungi Each individual seed was observed under stereo-microscope at X16

and X25 magnification in order to identify the seed-borne fungi.

Plant extracts used Garlic, allamanda, neem, chirata and bishkatali extracts were used

for the experiment.

T0 = Control

T1 = Garlic extract (1:1)

T2 = Neem extract (1:1)

T3 = Bishkatali extract (1:1)

T4 = Allamanda extract (1:1)

T5 = Chirata extract (1:1)

T6 = Garlic extract (1:2)

T7 = Neem extract (1:2)

T8 = Bishkatali extract (1:2)

T9 = Allamanda extract (1:2)

T10 = Chirata extract (1:2)

Treatments employed

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seed treatment with plant extracts

Selected seed samples of rice were treated following dipping method. The seeds were dipped in 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions for 1 hour in previously prepared garlic cloves, allamanda, neem, chirata and biskatali leaf extracts. After 1 hour, plant extracts were drained out

from the petridishes.

Statistical analysis The data collected from the experiment were analyzed for test of

significance and compared the treatment means following Completely Randomized Design (CRD) by using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability

RESULTS

Without treatmeant the lowest germination of the rice seeds of variety Pajam was found 58.00%, lowest germination of the rice seeds of variety BR6 was obtained 54.67% and lowest germination of the rice seeds of variety Joya was found 58.80%. The germination of the rice seeds of variety BR6 was significantly higher than the variety Pajam and Joya.

Sample Joya (%) BR6 (%) Pajam (%)

S1 75.67 77.73 72.33

S2 69.63 72.67 78.33

S3 68.67 54.67 67.33

S4 75.33 77.00 75.67

S5 78.67 81.33 77.67

S6 58.80 69.33 79.33

S7 71.67 70.33 81.67

S8 81.33 81.00 58.00

S9 72.33 81.67 71.33

S10 77.00 85.00 76.33

S11 69.33 76.67 77.00

S12 71.67 74.33 80.00

Table-1: Germination of the collected samples without treatment

RESULTS

Prevalence of Fungi associated with three varieties: Nine species of fungi were identified on rice seeds of three

varieties.

The identified fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, Bipolaris oryzae, Alternaria padwickii, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Nigrospora oryzae.

Incase of Variety Pajam and BR6, above mentioned nine species of fungi were identified.

Incase of Variety Joya, Aspergillus niger was absent.

RESULTS

Conidia of Bipolaris Oryzae Conidia of Aspergillus niger Conidia of Curvularia lunata

Conidia of Aspergillus flavus Conidia of Fusarium moniliforme Conidia of Fusarium oxysporum

Conidia of Nigrospora oryzae Conidia of Penicillium sp. Conidia of Alternaria padwickii

Plate-1: Identified species of fungi on rice seeds of three varieties:

VarietyAlternaria padwickii

Aspergillus niger

Bipolarisoryzae

Curvularialunata

Fusariummoniliforme

Fusariumoxysporum

Nigrospora oryzae

Aspergillus flavus

Penicilliumsp.

Total

Joya 10.00 b 0.000 b 12.33 a 5.333 b 6.333 a 9.333 a 4.000 a 4.667 b 5.000 a 56.996

BR6 12.67 a 2.667 a 13.00 a 11.00 a 6.333 a 7.000 ab 3.667 a 5.333 b 4.667 a 66.334

Pajam 6.667 c 3.000 a 11.333 a 4.667 b 4.667 a 6.333 b 4.000 a 8.667 a 4.667 a 54.001

Table-2 : Effect of variety on percent seed borne infection of rice seeds sample (based on lowest germination and highest prevalence of fungi )

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

Treatments Seed Germination (%) Germination increase over control (%)

T0 = Control 58.00 g

T1= Garlic (1:1) 97.33 a 67.81

T2= Neem(1:1) 80.33 e 38.50

T3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 91.67 c 58.05

T4 = Allamanda(1:1) 80.00 e 37.93

T5 = Chirata(1:1) 97.30 a 67.75

T6 = Garlic(1:2) 95.33 ab 64.36

T7 = Neem(1:2) 83.33 d 43.67

T8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 93.67 bc 61.50

T9 = Allamanda(1:2) 75.67 f 30.46

T10= Chirata(1:2) 93.33 bc 60.91

Table-3 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on germination of rice seeds (Pajam)

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

TreatmentAlternaria padwickii

Aspergillus niger

Bipolaris oryzae

Curvularia lunata

Fusarium moniliforme

Fusarium oxysporum

Nigrospora oryzae

Aspergillus flavus

Penicillium sp.

Total(%)

Reduction(%)

T0 =Control 6.667 a 2.667a 11.333 a 4.667 a 4.667 a 6.333 a 4.000 a 8.667 a 4.667 a 53.668

T1= Garlic (1:1) 0.333 e 0.000 b 0.667 ef 0.000 d 0.000 d 0.667 f 0.000 b 0.667 d 0.333 de 2.667 95.03

T2= Neem(1:1) 2.000 c 0.000 b 2.667 cd 0.000 d 0.000 d 2.667 cd 0.000 b 1.667 c 1.333 bc 10.334 80.74

T3=Bishkatali(1:1) 0.667 de 0.000 b 1.333 def 1.000 c 0.000 d 1.000 ef 0.000 b 1.000 cd 0.667 cde 5.667 89.44

T4=Allamanda(1:1) 1.667 cd 0.000 b 3.000 c 2.000 b 0.000 d 3.667 bc 0.000 b 2.667 b 1.333 bc 14.334 73.29

T5 = Chirata(1:1) 0.667 de 0.000 b 0.667 ef 0.000 d 0.000 d 1.000 ef 0.000 b 0.667 d 0.333 de 3.334 93.79

T6 = Garlic(1:2) 1.333 cde 0.000 b 2.333 cd 0.000 d 1.333 cd 1.000 ef 0.000 b 0.667 d 0.333 de 6.999 86.96

T7 = Neem(1:2) 2.333 c 0.000 b 2.667 cd 0.000 d 2.000 c 2.000 de 0.000 b 1.000 cd 0.000 e 10.000 81.37

T8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 2.000 c 0.000 b 2.000 cde 0.000 d 0.667 d 2.667 cd 0.000 b 1.000 cd 1.667 b 10.001 81.36

T9 =

Allamanda(1:2)4.000 b 0.000 b 5.333 b 2.000 b 3.333 b 4.667 b 0.000 b 3.000 b 1.000 bcd 23.333 56.52

T10= Chirata(1:2) 1.667 cd 0.000 b 0.333 f 1.667 b 0.000 d 1.000 ef 0.000 b 0.000 d 0.000 e 4.667 91.30

Table-4: Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on seed-borne infection of rice seeds (Pajam)

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

Neem 1:1 Neem 1:2 Allamanda 1:1 Allamanda 1:2

Chirata 1:1 Chirata 1:2 Bishkatali 1:1 Bishkatali 1:2

Garlic 1:1 Garlic 1:2 Control

Plate -2. Effect of different plant extracts on Pajam seeds

Treatments Seed Germination (%) Germination increase over control (%)

T0 = Control 54.67 i

T1= Garlic (1:1) 91.67 a 67.68

T2= Neem(1:1) 87.33 c 59.74

T3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 70.00 h 28.04

T4 = Allamanda(1:1) 78.00 e 42.67

T5 = Chirata(1:1) 80.33 d 46.94

T6 = Garlic(1:2) 88.67 b 62.19

T7 = Neem(1:2) 76.00 f 39.02

T8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 76.33 f 39.62

T9 = Allamanda(1:2) 70.00 h 28.04

T10= Chirata(1:2) 73.33 g 34.13

Table-5 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on germination of rice seeds (BR6)

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

TreatmentAlternaria padwickii

Aspergillus niger

Bipolarisoryzae

Curvularialunata

Fusariummoniliforme

Fusariumoxysporum

Nigrospora oryzae

Aspergillus flavus

Penicillium sp.

Total(%)

Reduction(%)

T0 = Control 12.67 a 2.667 a 13.00 a 11.00 a 6.333 a 7.000 a 3.667 a 5.333 a 4.667 a 66.337

T1=Garlic (1:1) 1.000 de 0.000 b 2.000 c 0.667 c 0.000 c 1.000 c 0.000 e 1.000 b 0.000 d 5.667 91.46

T2= Neem(1:1) 1.333 de 0.000 b 2.667 bc 1.667 bc 0.333 c 1.667 bc 0.333 de 1.667 b 2.000 bc 11.667 82.41

T3= Bishkatali(1:1) 2.667 bc 0.000 b 3.667 b 2.000 b 2.000 b 2.000 bc 2.000 bc 1.000 b 1.667 bc 17.001 74.37

T4=Allamanda(1:1) 2.000 bcd 0.000 b 2.667 bc 1.667 bc 1.000 bc 1.000 c 1.000 cde 0.333 b 1.333 bcd 11.000 83.42

T5 = Chirata(1:1) 1.000 de 0.000 b 2.000 c 0.667 c 1.000 bc 2.333 bc 0.667 cde 1.000 b 1.000 cd 9.667 85.43

T6 = Garlic(1:2) 0.667 e 0.000 b 2.000 c 0.667 c 0.000 c 2.000 bc 0.000 e 1.333 b 1.000 cd 7.667 88.44

T7 = Neem(1:2) 1.333 de 0.000 b 2.000 c 1.333 bc 0.000 c 2.667 b 1.667 bcd 2.000 b 1.667 bc 12.667 80.90

T8= Bishkatali(1:2) 1.667 cde 0.000 b 3.000 bc 2.000 b 0.000 c 2.000 bc 2.667 ab 1.333 b 2.667 b 15.334 76.88

T9=Allamanda(1:2) 3.000 b 0.000 b 3.667 b 1.667 bc 1.667 b 2.000 bc 1.000 cde 1.333 b 1.333 bcd 15.667 76.38

T10= Chirata(1:2) 1.667 cde 0.000 b 2.333 bc 1.333 bc 1.000 bc 1.000 c 2.000 bc 1.000 b 0.667 cd 11.000 83.42

Table-6 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on seed-borne infection of rice seeds (BR6)

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

Control Garlic1:1 Garlic 1:2

Neem 1:1 Neem 1:2 Chirata 1:1 Chirata 1:2

Bishkatali 1:1 Bishkatali 1:2 Allamanda 1:1 Allamanda 1:2

Plate-3. Effect of different plant extracts on BR6 seeds

Treatments Seed Germination (%) Germination increase over control (%)

T0 = Control 58.80 f

T1= Garlic (1:1) 97.67 a 68.39

T2= Neem(1:1) 96.33 a 66.09

T3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 82.00 e 41.38

T4 = Allamanda(1:1) 94.00 b 62.07

T5 = Chirata(1:1) 92.33 bc 59.19

T6 = Garlic(1:2) 94.33 b 62.64

T7 = Neem(1:2) 93.67 b 61.50

T8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 83.33 e 43.67

T9 = Allamanda(1:2) 91.33 cd 57.46

T10= Chirata(1:2) 89.67 d 54.60

Table-7 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on germination of rice seeds (Joya)

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

TreatmentAlternaria padwickii

Aspergillus niger

Bipolaris oryzae

Curvularia lunata

Fusarium moniliforme

Fusarium oxysporum

Nigrospora oryzae

Aspergillus flavus

Penicillium sp.

Total(%)

Reduction(%)

T0 = Control 10.00 a 0.000 12.33 a 5.333 a 6.333 a 9.333 a 4.000 a 4.667 a 5.000 a 56.996

T1= Garlic (1:1) 0.667 d 0.000 1.667 c 0.667 bc 0.333 c 1.000 c 0.000 c 1.333 bcd 0.667 c 6.334 88.89

T2= Neem(1:1) 0.667 d 0.000 2.667 bc 0.667 bc 0.000 c 3.333 b 0.000 c 1.667 bcd 1.667 bc 10.668 81.28

T3=Bishkatali(1:1) 2.000 bc 0.000 3.667 b 1.000 b 1.000 b 2.000 bc 0.000 c 2.667 b 2.667 b 15.001 73.68

T4=Allamanda(1:1) 1.000 cd 0.000 3.000 bc 0.667 bc 0.000 c 2.000 bc 0.000 c 1.667 bcd 1.000 c 9.334 83.62

T5 = Chirata(1:1) 2.000 bc 0.000 2.667 bc 0.000 c 0.000 c 1.000 c 0.000 c 1.000 cd 1.000 c 7.667 86.55

T6 = Garlic(1:2) 1.000 cd 0.000 2.000 bc 0.000 c 0.000 c 2.000 bc 0.000 c 0.667 d 1.000 c 6.667 88.30

T7 = Neem(1:2) 1.000 cd 0.000 2.667 bc 0.000 c 0.000 c 3.333 b 0.667 b 0.667 d 0.667 c 9.001 84.21

T8=Bishkatali(1:2) 2.333 b 0.000 3.667 b 1.000 b 0.000 c 3.000 b 0.000 c 1.667 bcd 2.333 b 14.000 75.44

T9=Allamanda(1:2) 1.667 bcd 0.000 3.000 bc 0.000 c 0.000 c 3.000 b 0.000 c 1.667 bcd 1.667 bc 11.001 80.69

T10= Chirata(1:2) 1.667 bcd 0.000 3.333 bc 0.000 c 1.000 b 1.000 c 0.000 c 2.333 bc 1.000 c 10.333 81.87

Table-8 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on seed-borne infection of rice seeds (Joya)

Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level

RESULTS

Plate- 4. Effect of different plant extracts on Joya seeds

Control Garlic1:1 Garlic 1:2

Neem 1:1 Neem 1:2 Allamanda 1:1 Allamanda 1:2

Chirata 1:1 Chirata 1:2 Bishkatali 1:1 Bishkatali 1:2

DISCUSSION• Among the plant extracts, best performance in terms of reducing per cent

seed-borne infection was obtained through treating the seeds of variety Pajam with garlic extract at (1:1) dilution and chirata (1:1) which reduced 95.03% and 93.79% seed-borne infection, respectively and also increased seed germination by 67.81% over control.

• In case of variety BR6, best performance was obtained through treating the seeds with garlic extract at (1:1) dilution which reduced 91.46% seed-borne infection and also increased seed germination by 67.68% over control.

• In case of variety Joya, best performance was obtained through treating the seeds with garlic extract at (1:1) dilution and neem (1:1) which reduced 88.89% and 81.28% seed-borne infection, respectively and also increased seed germination by 68.39% and 66.09%, respectively over control.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

• Seed treatment with plant extracts is an eco-friendly measure in controlling seed-borne pathogens. Seed treatment with garlic extracts @ 1:1 dilution significantly increases seed germination of three varieties and also effectively controls the seed-borne fungi of rice. And it is also found that neem extracts (1:1) and chirata extracts (1:1) also effective against seed-borne fungi.

• As chemical is hazardous to our ecology, serious threat to our terrestrial and aquatic species of animal, use of plant extract is essential for maintaining sustainable environmental condition.

• So, we should practice seed treatment before sowing as a routine practice to achieve sustainable agricultural production.