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Health and Human Rights of Drug Users in Detention in Guangxi Province China in Detention in Guangxi Province, China Joseph Amon Health & Human Rights Division Human Rights Watch

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Page 1: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

Health and Human Rights of Drug Users in Detention in Guangxi Province Chinain Detention in Guangxi Province, China

Joseph AmonHealth & Human Rights Division

Human Rights Watch

Page 2: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

OutlineOutline

• Background

• MethodsMethods

• Results

• Conclusions

Page 3: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

BackgroundBackground

• 5‐6 million drug users

• Roughly half of all HIV infections associatedRoughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU

R idl d d i b d• Rapidly expanded community‐based methadone

• >350,000 drug users detained in detox, RTL700 detox centers 165 re education through labor– 700 detox centers, 165 re‐education through labor

– Rapid expansion from 1995 on

Page 4: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

BackgroundBackground

• Before 2008– 1st time offenders: 3‐6 month sentence in detox

– Repeat offenders: 1‐3 years in RTL

– Detox sentences may not exceed 1 year

– Limited due process / oversight

• June 2008 – new law– Increased powers to conduct drug search

– Eliminates RTL sentences

– “compulsory isolation detoxification” • 1‐3 years followed by up to 3 years in community rehabilitationy y p y y

Page 5: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

MethodsMethods

• July 2007

• SiteSite– Baise, Nanning, Guangxi Province

/• Legal/Policy review

• Key informant interviewsKey informant interviews– Chinese government and NGOs, HCWs

R l ( 5 ) d i d IDU i i• Recently (<5 y) detained IDU interviews– Notice, referral

Page 6: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

MethodsMethods

• Semi‐structured IDU interviews– IDU experiences in detox, RTLp ,

• Living conditions, health status, drug use, access to health care, labor

– IDU experiences prior/post detention

– IDU knowledge/access to HIV prevention in– IDU knowledge/access to HIV prevention in community

3 h• 3 hours

• Informed consent, anonymous, y

Page 7: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

ResultsResults

• 20 key informant interviews

• 20 IDUs contacted20 IDUs contacted– 19 eligible 

15 l 4 f l• 15 male, 4 female

• 8 from Baise, 11 from Nanning

– 28 – 45 years

– Detained, on average:• 4 times in detox (range: 1 – 8 times)

• 1 RTL (range: 0 – 3)

Page 8: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

IDU # # times in Last date # times in Last date HIV IDU # detox in detox RELC in RELC status1. 4 2006 1 2005 +2. 8 2007 1 2004 +3 4 2003 03. 4 2003 0 - +4. 4 2007 1 2003 +5. 2 2002 1 2006 +6 3 2005 1 2001 +6. 3 2005 1 2001 +7. 5 2007 2 2003 +8. 3 2007 1 2004 +9 3 2006 1 2000 +9. 3 2006 1 2000 +10. 6 2006 2 2001 +11. 2 2006 1 2005 dk12 4 2002 3 2006 dk12. 4 2002 3 2006 dk13. 3 2004 2 2002 +14. 4 2003 2 2005 dk15. 4 2002 2 2005 dk15. 4 2002 2 2005 dk16. 2 2005 1 2007 dk17. 1 2006 0 - dk18. 2 2002 0 - +19. 2 2006 1 2007 dk

Page 9: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

ResultsResults

• Fear of Arrest – Inability to Access Community Servicesy

• Lack of Due Process – Oversight

C di i i D i• Conditions in Detention– Mandatory HIV testing

– Little access to health care

– Disruption of antiretroviral therapy– Disruption of antiretroviral therapy

– HIV and TB infection risk

– Physical, sexual abuse and forced labor

Page 10: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

I really can’t go out in public anymore becauseI really can’t go out in public anymore because if police are trying to fill their quota they will arrest me when they see me.

‐ IDU

Fear of Arrest

Page 11: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

Everyone who takes methadone is identified by y f ypolice…IDUs are a prime target for arrest

‐ NGO worker

Fear of Arrest

Page 12: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

Sometimes I’m afraid I might be sick with AIDSSometimes I m afraid I might be sick with AIDS but I’d rather be sick and free than go get 

d d d b i k i dtested, get arrested, and be sick in detox or RTL

Fear of Arrest

Page 13: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

If you get arrested when they have enoughIf you get arrested when they have enough people in RTL then you are safe, but if you get 

d h i h barrested at another time, then you can be put into RTL

Due process

Page 14: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

I was tested in detox twice for HIV but neverI was tested in detox twice for HIV, but never told the result.

‐ IDU

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 15: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

The CDC does not want to tell people their HIV status when they are imprisoned because theystatus when they are imprisoned because they think it would cause unrest.

‐ Government official

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 16: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

They say that detox and RTL are for quittingThey say that detox and RTL are for quitting drugs, but it is no different from a prison. You 

k lik l d d ’t h twork like a slave and don’t have access to treatment.

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 17: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

I had no access to HIV medicines while I was in detox and then when I left I had TB…People aredetox and then when I left I had TB…People are always sicker when they leave than they were coming incoming in.

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 18: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

In RTL or detox if you are there long enoughIn RTL or detox, if you are there long enough you find drugs. In RTL we would have 300 

l h i dlpeople sharing one needle.

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 19: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

d k b fI started taking ARV before I was put into detox. Then when I was in I had to stop.

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 20: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

This place is hell. We are supposed to be there for quitting drugs but instead we work like wefor quitting drugs but instead we work like we are slaves and then get beat up. We leave detox and eventually if we don’t die we getdetox and eventually if we don t die, we get arrested again, and have to go through it 

iagain.

Conditions in detox/RTL

Page 21: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

Human Rights ViolationsHuman Rights Violations• Lack of judicial oversight• Lack of judicial oversight 

• Right to the highest attainable standard of healthh f il id d di l d HIV/TB i– the failure to provide adequate medical care and HIV/TB prevention

• Right to absolute protection against torture and l i h d dicruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or 

punishment – forced labor

– physical/sexual abuse 

– The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture has stated that RTL centers canThe UN Special Rapporteur on Torture has stated that RTL centers can “be considered a form of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, if not mental torture”

Page 22: Health and Human Rights of Drug Users · 2010. 5. 17. · Background • 5‐6 million drug users • Roughly half of all HIV infections associated with IDU • RidlRapidly expanddded

The purpose of the detox center is really justThe purpose of the detox center is really just disciplinary, it's not to give people medical care. 

‐ Physician working at detox center, Nanning