health and human development sac 1 – outcome 1, task 1 ... · health and human development sac 1...

Andrew Beaumont 2010 – [email protected]

Health and Human Development

SAC 1 – Outcome 1, Task 1 - Data Analysis Name________________________________

1. A. Briefly explain what is meant by the term ‘determinants of health’

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

b. Briefly explain what is meant by the following categories of determinants of health:

i. Biological

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Behavioural

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

iii. Social

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 + 2 + 2 = 6 marks


Australia’s Health 2008, 90.

2. A. Explain the term ‘mortality’.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

b. Identify two trends evident in figure 1.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

c. List two determinants of health that may have lead to each trend identified in part b and explain

how they may contribute to the trend identified.

Trend 1

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Trend 2

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 + 4 = 8 marks

3. A. Besides mortality rates, list three aspects of health status where males experience worse

rates than females.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

b. List two aspects of health status that are worse for females compared to males.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

4. A. Australia is considered a developed country, as are Sweden and Japan. Select one of these

countries and discuss three ways that health status in Australia compares to this country.

Country selected_______________________________________

Comparison of health status

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

6 marks

Total 30 marks


SAC 2 – Outcome 1, Task 2 – Test.

Name________________________________

1. A. Briefly describe one health promotion program that addresses the NHPA ‘cardiovascular

health’.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

b. Explain how this program could reduce the impact of cardiovascular disease in the Australian

community.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

c. Identify two other NHPAs that this strategy may address.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

2. Read the following case study.

Alex is 54 years old and suffered the first of two major heart attacks six months ago. He was rushed

to hospital and had another heart attack whilst under observation. As a private health insurance

holder, he was admitted to a local private hospital and operated on a few days later. He remained in


hospital for two weeks before returning home. He has to visit the doctor once a month for a check-

up and has had to make numerous changes to his lifestyle. After 3 months off work, Alex returned

to light duties whilst his rehabilitation continues. As he is a casual employee, he has been receiving

government financial assistance to help supplement his reduced income. Alex is still unable to

complete many tasks around the house and has been unable to socialize in some of the settings he

used to including playing tennis and volunteering at the local homeless shelter. As a result of his

situation, Alex has felt guilty as he feels he is not contributing to his family and community as much

as he used to.

a. Outline four direct, indirect and intangible costs to Alex as result of his heart attacks (include

at least one from each category).

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

b. Outline four direct and indirect costs to the community

as a result of Alex’s heart attacks.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

3. Food intake and exercise are two significant risk factors

contributing to cardiovascular disease.

a. List three nutrients that can increase the risk of

cardiovascular disease and explain how they can increase the risk.

Nutrient___________________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________

Nutrient___________________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Nutrient___________________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

6 marks

b. List two nutrients that can decrease the risk of

cardiovascular disease and explain how they can decrease the risk.

Nutrient___________________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Nutrient___________________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

c. Besides food intake and exercise levels, briefly describe

three biological, behavioural and/or social determinants that may increase the risk of

cardiovascular disease.

Determinant_______________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Determinant_______________________________________________________________________

Explanation________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

Total 30 marks


SAC 3 – Outcome 2, Task 1 – Test.

Name________________________________

1. Governments in Australia contribute to the health system in numerous ways including

Medicare.

a. Briefly describe Medicare.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

Three approaches to health are the biomedical and social approaches to health care.

b. Identify the approach to health that receives the most funding from Medicare.

_________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

c. Explain the biomedical approach to health.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

Cardiovascular disease receives the most funding within the health care system.

d. i. Explain two ways that cardiovascular disease could be addressed by the biomedical

approach to health.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

ii. Explain two ways that cardiovascular disease could be addressed by the social approach to health.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

e. List and explain three values of the health care system.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

6 marks

2. Many government and non government organisations contribute to promoting health in

Australia, including the Heart Foundation.

a. Briefly describe the Heart Foundation.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

b. List and explain two ways that the Heart Foundation promotes healthy eating among

Australians.

_________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

c. Select one of the roles selected in Q 2.b. and explain how it could improve the health status

of Australians.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

3. Another initiative designed to promote health are the Nutrient Reference Values.

a. Briefly explain the Nutrient Reference Values.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

b. List two organizations / groups that the NRVs are intended to be used by.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

4. Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow.

‘COME AND TRY’ DAY KICK STARTS

BROADMEADOWS STREET SOCCER INITIATIVE Broadmeadows new community street soccer program for homeless and marginalised people is

holding its first “come and try” day from 2-4pm on Monday June 23.

And no-one needs to be a soccer star to join in. Men and women of all ages and ability are invited to

get down to Gibb Reserve, Blair Street, Dallas, for a fun kick around and afternoon tea.

Run by street magazine The Big Issue, the street soccer program gets together people who are

homeless or marginalised for weekly training and matches.


The program uses physical activity as a catalyst for transforming lives, by reconnecting people with

the community and providing them with a sense of purpose and belonging.

Recently appointed coach Jack Dugonjic says the program is about having fun and getting some

physical activity in a team environment.

“Sport is a great way for people to start making change in their life,” Dugonjic said. “The street

soccer program is all about having fun, meeting new people and getting fit.

“You don’t have to be a soccer star to join in. The most important thing is to have fun and try

something new.”

VicHealth – a sponsor of the Broadmeadows program – said the street soccer initiative was a great

example of how sport could be used to improve physical and mental health.

"Many social, economic and physical barriers preclude people from participating in sport and active

recreation,” explains VicHealth Chief Executive Officer, Todd Harper.

“The street soccer program provides a valuable opportunity for people to get involved, be active and

feel part of a community.”

Weekly training offers people who have experienced homelessness, substance abuse or

disadvantage, the opportunity to get fit, make new friends and seek support and advice.

Support staff work closely with the players, linking them to services that address their homelessness,

substance abuse, family breakdown and mental illness.

The Big Issue community street soccer program is supported by a grant from the Australian

Government. Broadmeadows is one of 30 sites around Australia to receive the program.

Participants who show the greatest commitment to the weekly training sessions and commit to

making positive changes in their lives have the chance to represent Australia as Street Socceroos at

the Melbourne 2008 Homeless World Cup in December.

Source:

http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/ResourceCentre/MediaCentre/PartnerMediaReleases/Bro

admeadows%20230608.ashx

a. Identify one VicHealth priority being addressed in the ‘Come and Try’ initiative.

_________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

b. Briefly discuss how a program such as the ‘Come and Try’ initiative could help VicHealth

achieve its values.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

c. List and explain how two principles of the social model of health are being addressed by the

‘Come and Try’ initiative

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

Total 40 marks



SAC 4 – Outcome 1, Task 1

1. There are numerous systems used to classify countries as either developed or developing.

Briefly outline one way that countries can be classified as either developed or developing.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

2. a. Briefly describe the meaning of the term ‘human development’.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

One way of measuring human development is by using the Human Development Index.

b. i. Briefly explain one advantage of using the human Development Index as a measure of well

being.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

ii. Explain one disadvantage of using the Human Development Index as a measure of well being.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

In 2007, the Human Development Index was .97 in Australia whilst at the same time it was .414 in

Ethiopia (source: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm).


c. Briefly discuss to possible differences in human development of those in Australia compared to

those is Ethiopia based on their respective HDIs.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

d. Outline two likely differences in health status between Australia and a developing country like

Ethiopia.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

e. Political stability and the physical environment are two factors that can contribute to differences in

health and human development between developed and developing countries. Explain how each of

these factors may have contributed to the differences in health and the Human Development Index as

experienced by Australia and Ethiopia.

Political stability ____________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Physical environment _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________


_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

4 + 4 = 8 marks

3. a. Outline a possible similarity in health status between Australia and a developing country.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

b. Identify and explain one factor that may have contributed to the similarity outlined in Q.3a .

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

4. Fishing contributes significantly to the health and human development of those in coastal

towns in developing countries. If fishing stocks are depleted by over fishing, there is a chance

that the supply will not regenerate, contributing to a reduction in the amount of fish available.

a. Explain one way that a reduction in fish stocks could impact on the health and / or human

development in developing countries.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks


b. With regards to human development, explain the importance of ensuring sustainability of

resources such as fish stocks.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

Total 30 marks



SAC 4 – Outcome 1, Task 2 – Data analysis.

1. In 2000, the United Nations developed eight Millennium Development Goals.

Briefly explain the purpose of the Millennium development Goals.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

2. Three of the MDGs relate directly to health outcomes.

Identify one MDG that relates directly to health and explain two reasons why it was selected as an

MDG.

MDG _____________________________________________________________________________

Reason 1__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Reason 2__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 + 2 + 2 = 5 marks


3. Each Millennium Development Goal has targets associated with it that allow the UN to determine

when particular goals have been reached. One target associated with a Millennium Development

Goal relates to reducing the amount of undernourished people.

Figure 1: percentage of undernourished people by selected country.

Source: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx Accessed 13th April, 2010.

a. Identify the MDG associated with this target.

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

b. i. Which country has achieved the least improvement with regards to this target between

1990 and 2008 according to figure 1?

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

ii. Identify and explain two reasons that might account for the different in achievement reached

between this country and one other country shown in figure 1.

Reason 1__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Reason 2__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3 + 3 = 6 marks


In order to achieve this goal, the UN aims to halve the percentage of undernourished people in

developing countries between 1990 and 2015.

c. Identify one country from figure 1 that may achieve this goal. Justify your choice.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

d. Explain how having an adequately nourished population could promote sustainable human

development in this country.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

4.

Kiribati President Anote Tong believes that climate change is “perhaps the most challenging task

ahead of us as human beings on this planet.” At only four metres above sea level, the small island

nation of Kiribati is one of the countries most vulnerable to the effects of climate change and sea

level rise.

“We are getting severe erosion on the coastlines,” President Tong said. “In some areas the villages

that have been there for many, many decades are being relocated and we seem to be experiencing

higher than usual giant tides.” Drought is also an ever increasing problem and President Tong

believes that climate change impacts could become critical in as few as 20 years. “It seems it might

be a lot earlier—2030 might be more realistic. But the response has to be much earlier than that,”

he said.

Kiribati’s response involves managing water resources better, monitoring groundwater quality and

improving sanitation to reduce groundwater pollution, with help from the World Bank Kiribati

Adaptation Project (KAP II). Australia is a major contributor to KAP II which has the overall aim of

reducing Kiribati’s vulnerability to climate change and sea level rise. Source: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/focus/oct09/FocusOct09.pdf

a. Identify the Millennium Development Goal being targeted by the KAP II program.

_________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark


b. Briefly explain how failure to meet this MDG could impact on the health of people in Kiribati.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

c. Briefly explain how failure to meet this MDG could impact on Kiribati’s ability to achieve

sustainable human development.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

Total 30 marks



SAC 4 – Outcome 2, Task 1

1. Using one example for each, briefly describe the following types of aid.

a. Emergency relief aid

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

b. Bi lateral aid

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

c. Multilateral aid

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

6 marks

2. A. List one core function of the World Health Organisation.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

b. Briefly explain two ways that the WHO could improve health and / or human development in a

developing country.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks


3. A. Briefly explain the role of AusAID.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2 marks

Read the following press release from AusAID.

The Minister for Sport Kate Ellis announced on 11 April 2011 a new $2.95 million partnership to build netball

development programs and help strengthen Pacific island communities. The Pacific Sports Partnership sees

agreements between AusAID, the Australian Sports Commission and regional sports federations, with this

agreement signed in Adelaide at an ANZ Championship match between the Adelaide Thunderbirds and New Zealand

team Southern Steel.

“Sport has the power to bring people together and deliver great health and social development dividends to

communities across the world,” Ms Ellis said.

As part of the Government’s Australian Sports Outreach Program, this initial four year partnership will focus on the

Oceania Netball Federation’s member federations of Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea,

Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

A series of netball development programs will target girls and young women. The sessions will teach netball skills

and engage girls in the sport, as a way to build social development in Pacific Island communities.

The partnership will also ensure the development of trained, in-country development co-ordinators within Pacific

netball federations to deliver the programs at a local level.

Two other Pacific Sports Partnerships are already underway with football and cricket.

Source: http://www.ausaid.gov.au/hottopics/topic.cfm?ID=2183_7197_2037_2179_2130 accessed 15th

April, 2010.

b.i. Identify the type of aid evident in the Pacific Sports Partnership.

__________________________________________________________________________________

1 mark

ii. Explain two ways that the Pacific Sports Partnership could improve the health and/or human

development in the target countries.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

iii. Evaluate this program with regards to its sustainability.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

4. Lack of water and sanitation is a key determinant of health. Millions of people across the

world lack access to these basic resources and thousands die every day as a result. Many

programs have been established to address this issue in developing countries.

a. Identify one program that has been implemented to address water and sanitation and

briefly describe it.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

b. Evaluate this program with regards to its sustainability.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks


5. A. List three non-government organisations (NGOs) that administer foreign aid.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3 marks

b. i. Select one of the NGOs listed in Q 5.a. and briefly explain one strategy implemented by them to

promote health and sustainable human development.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

ii. Evaluate this program with regards to its sustainability.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4 marks

TOTAL 40 marks

health and human development sac 1 – outcome 1, task 1 ... · health and human development sac 1...

Documents