health and animal performance -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Anael A. Santos, Ph.D.Florida Hospital College Health Sciences
EAAP 2008: 59th Annual Meeting, Vilnius, Lithuania - Session 6
Health and Animal Performance
Num
ber
of A
nim
als
Healthy
Animal
Sub-clinical
Problems
Clinical
Problems
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Intestinal Health
MUCOSA MICROFLORA
DIET
Macro/micronutrientsAntinutritional factors
Additives
Commensal bacteria
Transient bacteria*(*including pathogens)
Epithelium
Intestinal immunity
Mucus layer
Equilibrium
Nutrition can modulate intestinal microflora
and influence its development and health.
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AGP Improves Production & Profitability
Rosen, 2003
Advantage
• ↓ microbial load
• ↑ productivity
• ↓ FCR 2.3%
• ↑ Weight Gain 1.5%
Antibiotics Kill Bacteria
1. Interfere cell wall synthesis
2. Disrupt protein synthesis
3. Interfere DNA synthesis
MODE OF ACTION
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Transfer of antibiotic resistance
The microorganism will fight back
during this biological warfare
Major poultry
companies respond to
consumer demands on
ban of AGP in feed.
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Beware! It’s not always simple!Don’t just replace AGP’s with therapeutic antibiotics
http://www.dbmc.co.uk/tech_info/tech_reports/danmap_report.asp
*Salmonella Typhumurium
Alternatives to AGP
Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials)
Herbs, Spices, and Essential Oils
Acidifiers and Organic Acids
Prebiotics
Enzymes
Nucleotides
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Probiotics
Probiotics Benefit Host-Microflora Symbiosis
“Inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria by CE”
(Nurmi & Rantala, 1973)
–Produces lactate and SCFA = ↓ pH GIT
–Competes for attachment to the gut lining
–Competes for nutrients available in the GIT
–Stimulates the intestinal associated immune system
–Stimulates mucus secretion
Lactobacilli adhere to the surfaces of
epithelial cells and inhibit adhesion of E. coli
Sherman et al., 2005
SEM x4,300
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• Bacteria: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium,
Bacillus, and Enterococcus.
• Yeast: Sacharomyces.
– Few species of microorganisms can be considered for
use in probiotics products due:
• Limited ability to culture
• Application constraints (i.e. water chlorination).
• Stability during storage
Probiotics Cultures
Acidifiers and Organic Acids
• Used for decades for feed preservation
– prevents microbial deterioration
• Recent use of Organic Acids
– Antimicrobial control agent in feed and water
• Common OA in poultry nutrition
Butyric Acid Sorbic Acid
Acetic Acid Tartaric Acid
Citric Acid Lactic Acid
Fumaric Acid Formic Acid
Propionic Acid Benzoic Acid
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Adapt. from van der Wielen (2002)
VFA concetrations in the cecum of broilers
during growth.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Days
um
ol/g
co
nte
nt
Lactate
Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate
Invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in
epithelial cells in vitro is influenced by
short-chain fatty acids
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CTRL ACE PROP BUT
% I
NV
AS
ION
TREATMENT
(van Immerseel, 2005)
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Increase of Villus Height of Piglet (42-98d)
Control (n=5)Na-Butyrate
0.17% (n=5)
Length of Ileum
Villi, µm234 304*
Source: Galfi et al., 1991*P<0.05
↑ +30%
Acidifiers and Organic Acids
• Benefits:
– ↑ gastric proteolysis: AA dig.
– ↑ mineral digestibility: Ca, P, Mg & Zn.
– Antimicrobial activity, specially
Salmonella and E. coli (Gram- bacteria).
– Supply of energy to the intestinal mucosa.
– Intestinal development.
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Prebiotics
Indigestible dietary components that promote
intestinal health of the host
• Promotes symbiotic fermentation: ↑ CE.
– Fructooligosaccharides (FOS, oligofructose and inulin).
– Trans-galactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, raffinose
glycooligosaccharides, lactulose, xylo-oligosaccharides, stachyose.
• Stimulate the immune system: enhancing intestinal
humoral immunity.
– ß-glucans, Arabinoxilans.
Mannan Oligosaccharide
Whole yeast
Extract
Inner & Outer
Cell Wall
Inner (glucan)
Outer (mannan)
Serve as binding sites for pathogenic bacteria:
preventing attachment and colonization of the GIT.
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Microorganisms adhere to a
mannose platform
Type-1 Fimbriae
MOS
Meta-analysisbroilers
Trials Ave. Age
(Days)
Negative
Control Bio-Mos
% Difference
Body wt, g 34 42.2 2,147b 2,190a +1.95
FCR, g/g 34 42.2 1.879a 1.837b - 2.25
Mortality, % 19 42.6 5.582a 4.366b - 21.78
Hooge (2004)
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MOS enhances mucus protection of gut mucosa
Bio-Mos Control
(Smirnov et al., 2005)
Synergistic effect of MOS on the GIT
• Inflammatory response reduced
• Protective barrier enhanced
• Microbial ecology stabilized
• Nutrient absorption function improved
= better performance & health
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• Easier handling and application
– stable to heat and pressure incurred during feed
processing.
• Can stimulate the growth of culturable and
unculturable bacteria.
• Economic advantage.
Advantages of Prebiotics
(Rastall et al., 2005; Playne et al., 1996)
Dietary Enzyme Supplementation
• Increases the animal own supply.
• Alleviates the adverse effects of ANF
(e.g. arabinoxylans).
• Increases nutrient digestibility
• Modulate intestinal microflora.
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Commercial Exogenous Enzyme
SUBSTRATE ENZYME
CATEGORY EFFECTS
Protein Protease, Peptidase
Starch Amylase
Lipids Lipase
Supplementation of
endogenous enzymes
Phytate (phytin complex w/ P, etc.) Phytase Enhance plant phosphate use
Hemicellulose (grains) Hemicellulase
Pentosans (xylose, arabinose) Pentosanase
-glucans -glucanase
Pectins (plant protein sources) Pectinase
Oligosaccharides (mannans, galactans, etc.) -galactosidase
Reduction of intestinal viscosity –
enhance nutrient digestibility.
Cellulose (plant cell wall) Cellulase, Cellobiase Cellulose digestion - release nutrient
NSP-Enzyme and Microflora
High dietary
fiber content
Polysaccharides
(NSP)
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides solubility
Enzyme
supplementation
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Jejunum digesta viscosity (Cps) of tom poults
3.46b
3.98b
5.57a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cp
s
Corn Wheat + Xylanase Wheat - Xylanase
Santos et al., 2003
Xylanase in wheat-based diets fed to turkeys 1-17d
Enzyme + Wheat (50%) Diference
%- +
Body Weight, g 350.7b 380.5a + 8.5
FCR, g/g 1.555a 1.493b - 4.2
AMEn, Kcal/kg 2,204b 2,455a + 11.4
N Retention, % 35.0b 41.4a + 18.3
50%7.300 EXU/kg
1.800 BGU/kg39%
Santos et al., 2003
P<0.05
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Dendrogram of PCR-DGGE Bands from Ileum Content of Toms (16wk)
■ WC
■ WC
■ WC
■ WC
■ WC
■ WC
● CC
● CC
● CC
● CC
● CC
● CC
● CC
▲WE
♥ CE
♥ CE
▲WE
♥ CE
♥ CE
♥ CE
♥ CE
▲WE
▲WE
▲WE
▲WE
▲WE
■ WC
♥ CE
+
+
= Diversity
a-b = P<0.05
a
ab
b
ab
Santos et al., 2003
6.7a
7.7a
6.3a
4.5b
6.8ab
5.5ab
3.9b
4.7bc
6b
4.7b
6.9ab
5.7ab
3.6b
5.9
4.2c
6b
3
4
5
6
7
8
7 14 21 28
Age (Days)
Salm
onella
popula
tion (
Log/g
)
Corn
Wheat
Wheat + Enzyme
Triticale
Triticale + Enzyme
Cecal Salmonella Population of Toms
108 CFU/ml
Santos et al., 2006
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Enzyme complex
working synergically
Enzyme Blend and Performance of Broilers (42d)
Xylanase
Cellulase
Phytase
Protease
PectinaseAmylase
Beta-Glucanase
2040
2060
2080
2100
2120
2140
2160
2180
Corn-soy Corn-soy + Allzyme SSF 200g/tn
Bo
dy W
eig
ht
(g)
Diets
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
Corn-soy Corn-soy + Allzyme SSF 200g/tn
Fe
ed
Co
nve
rsio
n
Diets
Ramesh et al., 2004
a
b
a
b
P<0.05
P<0.05
Poor digestion by the bird leads to more substrate for bacteria
Starch
Fat
Protein
More Competitive Bacteria
Fewer absorbed nutrients
Pathogens in hind gut cause inflammation that
suppresses digestion in the foregut.Bedford (2002)
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Yeast Extract
Yeast Extract Composition
• 50% Crude protein – highly digestible and consistent protein source
• Rich source of vitamins & minerals
• Rich source of glutamate, free amino acids– improves palatability
• 5-7% Nucleotides– improves immunity & gut health
• Rich source of inositol– improves cell growth & repair
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Benefits of Yeast Extract
Improved FCR (W. Kramer, Field trials, 2004-2005)
Improved growth and weight gain(Kramer, Field trials, 2004-2005; Gatica, 2005)
Reduced mortality to disease
challenge (Mendoza et al., 2001; Gatica,
2005)
Increased resistance to bacteria,
viruses, parasites (Burrells et al., 2001a)
Improved response to vaccination (Burrells et al., 2001b)
Improved immunity, intestinal
health & growth (Burrells et al., 2001; Estevez, 2003;
Sritunyalucksana et al., 2005)
Attractant/palatability properties(Carr et al., 1984; Mackie, 1973; Mackie &
Adron, 1978; Ikeda, 1988)
Improved reproductive
performanceGonzalez-Vecino, 2004)
Nutritional Value of Yeast Extract
Precision-Fed Roosters
• 87% True Amino Acid Digestibility
• 3,611 Kcal TME/kg
Broiler Chicks (19-21 d)
• 3082 Kcal AME/kg
• 72.5% Apparent Nitrogen Retention
• No adverse effects on growth performance up to 15% dietary inclusion level– 2% dietary inclusion is optimum
30863 36312 36914 36705
27000
30000
33000
36000
39000
42000
Villus Surface
( m2 Control 5% Nupro®
10% Nupro® 15% Nupro®
a-b = P<0.05
b
aba a
Bohorquez et al. (2007)
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Nutritional Strategies
• Antibiotics
• Herbs, spices and essential oils
• Acidifiers and organic acids
• Probiotics
• Synbiotics
• Prebiotics
• Enzymes
• Nucleic Acids
Shift microflora
Competitive exclusion
Promote intestinal health
Decrease
microbial load
Practical Application
Source: Santos, 2007 (Adapted: Arnouts, 2007)
Broilers (starter) + + + - PROB - MOS -NUCL
OA
Broilers (grower) - + + - - β-GL -PREB
ENZNUCL
Broilers (Finisher) + - + - - - OA ENZ OA
Breeders - - + + - β-GL MOS - -
Imu
no
-sti
mu
lato
r
Blo
ck
co
lon
iza
tio
n
Tis
sue R
ep
air
Solution
↑ s
ym
bio
tic
mic
ro
flo
ra
An
ti-b
acte
ria
l
acti
vit
y
Factors for Application
Str
ess
↓ I
mm
un
ity
Co
ntr
ol
of
an
ima
l
an
d h
um
an
hea
lth
Tra
nsf
er o
f p
ass
ive
imm
un
ity
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Conclusion
• Diet can affect enteric microflora and modulate the
intestinal tract to a healthy state.
• Several nutritional strategies to modulate the microflora
are available in the market, which many has great
potential to promote intestinal health.
• Research has shown that combination of feed additives
strategies can be used to achieve good intestinal health,
growth performance and control of enteric pathogens and
benefit food safety
+1 407.303.7747, Ext. 1105452
Dept. Health & Biomedical Sciences