headlines: halachic debates of current events

8/10/2019 Headlines: Halachic Debates of Current Events

1/18

?71

@utranoh `r _tulgikdj Giòm0

Axtadckdj _hngg`s Kdvktntk`ds t` thaD`d`gsarvndt

@da `b tha l`st o`ll`d strntajkas thnt nra alpi`yac kd tha `dj`kdj a`rtt` crnw d`d`gsarvndt Faws oi`sar t` S`rnh `gsarvndoa ks t` shnra wkth

thal tha ganuty ndc wnrlth `b tha _hngg`s tngia. a o`ll`d prnotkoa `b

axtadckdj kdvktntk`ds t` tha d`d`gsarvndt hns jkvad rksa t` tha ckouit ndco`lpiax quastk`d `b whathar suoh kdvktntk`ds nra kdcaac n o`lladcngia b`rl

`b mkruv, `r notuniiy bnokiktnta nccktk`dni _hngg`s casaorntk`d. Md`wkdj thnttha kdvktaa wkii nrrkva nt tha _hngg`s lani gy onr, tha h`st kdncvartadtiy onusastha juast t` o`llkt nd nccktk`dni trndsjrassk`d, avad ns ha kdtadcs t` kdspkrahkl t` algrnoa hninohko `gsarvndoa. Axtadckdj suoh nd kdvktntk`d, thad, lkjhttrndsjrass tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b ] u shnii d`t pinoa nstulgikdj giòm gab`ra n gikdc lnd (Rnykmrn >;6>3) whkoh ks kdtarpratac ns

rabarrkdj t` onuskdj `thars t` skd. Nd`thar kssua t` o`dskcar ks tha pr`hkgktk`dcksoussac gy dularùs hninohko nuth`rktkas njnkdst nsskstkdj th`sa o`llkttkdjn trndsjrassk`d .

Za wkii gajkd ùr cksoussk`d gy axnlkdkdj tha p`sskgkikty `b aquntkdj spkrk-tuni rasoua wkth tha rasoua `b `das physkoni ikba, suoh thnt wa lny suspadc

S`rnh inw kd tha a`rt t` ranoh ùt t` d`d`gsarvndt Faws ndc kdspkra thalt` ianc n hninohko ikbastyia. Za wkii thad pròaac t` nccrass tha pnrnlatars `bndc , ndc o`doiuca wkth n survay `b tha vkaws tnmad gy raoadt ndco`dtalp`rnryp`smklwkth rajnrc t` thks sugfaot.

K. Rkìntkdj tha S rnh t` _nva n _ùi

Sa Wnshgn ndc tha _huiohnd Nruoh

a p`sskgkikty `b nii`wkdj S`rnh vkìntk`ds b`r tha snma `b spkrktuni rasouaalarjas br`l n ruikdj `b tha _huiohnd Nruohkd tha o`dtaxt `b _hngg`s6

Kb s`la`da raoakvac w`rc thnt hks cnujhtar wns tnmad br`l hks h`la `d

_hngg`s b`r tha purp`sa `b ral`vkdj har br`l tha Fawksh dntk`d, kt ks n

lktzvnt` trnvai t` try t` rasoua har, ndc ha lny avad trnvai gay`dc thraa

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


2/18

?72 HANCIKDA_6 HNINOHKO CAGNSA_ @B OQWWADS ARADS_

pnrsn`s. Kb ha càs d`t wndt ]t` casaornta _hngg`s b`r thks purp`sa\, wa

b`roa hkl ]t` c` s`\. (@.O. ?526>3)

a _huiohnd Nruohs ruikdj stals br`l hks cksoussk`d kd Gaks [`sab, whara haoktas ndc cksputas tha ruikdj `b tha Wnshgn kd `da `b hks rasp`dsn (:672:). aWnshgn wns nsmac ngùt thks onsa ndc rapikac thks lnttarraqukras stucy. Caspkta hks nlgkvniadoa, tha Wnshgn pròaacs t` tnma tha p`sk-tk`d thnt kt ks b`rgkccad t` casaornta _hngg`s t` rasoua s`lag`cy br`l spkrktunicndjar6 (@da càs d`t casaornta tha _hngg`st` rasoua ]s`lag`cy\ br`l skd). Ha crnws pr``b br`l tha Jalnrns ruikdj kdLnsaohas _hngg`s (3n) rajnrckdj tha quastk`d b ral`vkdj cùjh thnt da hncpinoac kd nd `vad `d _hngg`s, gab`ra kt ks gnmac. a Jalnrn ruias thnt nithùjh

tha `da wh` hnc pinoac tha cùjh kd tha `vad wkii ga ikngia b`r _hngg`s vkìntk`dkb tha cùjh ralnkds kd tha vad i`dj adùjh t` gnma, thars nra d`t parlkttact` ral`va tha granc br`l tha `vad whkoh adtnkis n _hngg`s vkìntk`d kd`rcar t` snva hkl br`l ikngkikty. Noo`rckdjiy, tha Wnshgn ruias, kt ks b`rgkccad t`casaornta _hngg`s b`r tha snma `b pravadtkdj n pars`d br`l skd, ndc hadoa `dalny d`t trnvai `d _hngg`s t` rasoua s`lag`cy wh` ks o`lkdj udcar prassurat` radùdoa ndc ngndc`d tha Fawksh bnkth.

a Gaks [`sab, h`wavar, cksputas tha Wnshgns p`sktk`d, d`tkdj S`sb`s cks-oussk`d o`doardkdj tha onsa nccrassac gy tha Jalnrn b tha granc pinoac kd tha`vad. S`sb`s quastk`ds tha Jalnrns ruikdj kd ikjht `b tha Lkshdns o`lladt kdLnsaohas Jkttkd (3>g) thnt tha lnstar `b n ((hnib -sarvndt ks b`roac t` raiansa tha sarvndt s` thnt ha wùic ga ngia t` jat lnrrkac.>Caspktatha bnot thnt raianskdj n jadtkia sarvndt trndsjrassas n Gkgikoni o`llndc7, thaLkshdn davarthaiass parlkts ndc avad raqukras n lnstar t` c` s` b`r tha snma badngikdj tha sarvndt t` buiii tha lktzvn`b lnrrknja ndc pròrantk`d. _aalkdjiy,

thks kdckontas thnt `da lny, kd bnot, trndsjrass n Gkgikoni o`llndc b`r tha spkrk-tuni gadat `b nd`thar pars`d. S`sb`s sujjasts tw` ckstkdotk`ds t` rao`dokia tha

Lkshdns ruikdj wkth thnt `b tha Jalnrn o`doardkdj tha cùjh kd tha `vad. Bkrst,S`sb`s pr`p`sas thnt tha sktuntk`d `b tha sarvndt ks udkqua cua t` tha skdjuinrklp`rtndoa `b pròrantk`d. Zharans jadarniiy `da lny d`t vkìnta tha S`rnhb`r tha spkrktuni gadat `b `thars, thks ks nii`wac, ndc avad raqukrac, t` nii`ws`lag`cy t` lnrry ndc gajat ohkicrad. _ao`dciy, S`sb`s sujjasts thnt tha kssua

. N ks n sarvndt wh` wns o`-`wdac gy tw` pnrtdars udtki `da `b thal raiansac hks p`rtk`d b tha sarvndt, suoh thnt ha ks d`w hnib sarvndt ndc hnib braalnd.Qdcar thasa okroulstndoas, ha ks udngia t` lnrry, ns hks stntus ns n hnib-sarvndt lnmas

kt b`rgkccad t` lnrry nd `rckdnry Fawksh w`lnd, ndc hks stntus ns n hnib-braalnd lnmaskt b`rgkccad t` lnrry n lnkcsarvndt.

. _aa Jkttkd ?8g6 .


3/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ?7:

lkjht capadc `d whathar `r d`t tha pars`d kd daac `b spkrktuni nsskstndoa ks ntbnuit. Kd tha onsa udcar cksoussk`d kd Lnsaohas _hngg`s, tha kdckvkcuni notacwr`djiy gy pinokdj cùjh kd tha `vad, ndc tha Jalnrn thus càs d`t nii`w

`thars t` o`llkt n hninohko vkìntk`d t` spnra hkl tha o`dsaquadoas `b hkswr`djbui not. a Lkshdn kd Jkttkd, h`wavar, spanms `b n sarvndt wh` b`r d`bnuit `b hks `wd dcs hklsaib hninohkoniiy udngia t` lnrry, ndc udcar suohokroulstndoas `da lny vkìnta n Gkgikoni o`llndc t` jkva hkl tha ngkikty t`buiii tha lktzvn`b pròrantk`d.

a Gaks [`sabd`tas thnt noo`rckdj t` g`th ndswars pr`p`sac gy S`sb`s,

kt wùic ga parlksskgia t` vkìnta _hngg`s kd tha sktuntk`d cksoussac gy thaWnshgn. Noo`rckdj t` S sb`s rst ndswar, S rnh inw ks suspadcac b`r tha snma `b

bnokiktntkdj n lktzvn`b spaokni klp`rtndoa suoh ns pròrantk`d, n pr`vksk`d thntwùic oartnkdiy nppiy whad s`lag`cy ks nt rksm `b gakdj iac nwny br`l S`rnh`gsarvndoa nit`jathar. Ndc noo`rckdj t` S sb`s sao`dc ndswar, da lny vkìntaS rnh inw t` snva s`lag`cy br`l n spkrktuniiy thrantadkdj sktuntk`d whkoh onlangùt thrùjh okroulstndoas gay`dc hks o`dtrì, whkoh ks oianriy tha onsa whadn jkri ks ngcuotac gy lkssk`dnrkas.

a Gaks [`sabnooapts S`sb`ss vkaw, ndc thus nii`ws ndc avad raqukras nbnthar t` vkìnta _hngg`s kd `rcar t` snva hks cnujhtar br`l lkssk`dnrkas.

SaDnohnins _hkvnN thkrc vkaw ks prasadtac gy tha Dnohnins _hkvn(Sashuv`s, 8?), wh` nii`ws ndcraqukras vkìntkdj tha S`rnh b`r tha snma `b spkrktuni rasoua udcar nii okroul-stndoas, rajnrciass b whathar tha kdckvkcuni ks nt rksm b o`llkttkdj n lkd`r rlnf`r trndsjrassk`d, ndc avad kb ha ks t` ginla b`r tha sktuntk`d. a Dnohnins_hkvngnsas hks vkaw `d tha pralksa thnt rasoukdj `das baii`w br`l skd ks d` iassvktni thnd rasoukdj hkl br`l canth. Ha wrktas, S` snva hks sùi br`l castruotk`d, br`l atardni canth, nii tha l`ra

s` ]thnt thks a`rt `varrkcas S`rnh inw\. Kd hks vkaw, tha pr`vksk`d raqukrkdjn pars`d `r avad lndy pa`pia t` casaornta _hngg`s b`r tha snma `b snvkdj nhulnd ikba, avad kb thara ks s`la cùgt whathar tha a`rts wkii suooaac, ks buiiynppikongia kd sktuntk`ds `b spkrktuni cndjar.?

. a Dnohnins _hkvnd`tas thnt thks rntk`dnia wns axprassac kd tha quastk`d sadt t` thaWnshgn kd tha nb`raladtk`dac rasp`dsul, ndc thnt nithùjh tha Wnshgn ckc d`t nooaptthks nrjuladt, ha ckc nomd`wiacja , thnt tha lnttar raqukras burthar stucy, ndc ckc d`t cadktkvaiy rafaot thks vkaw. Kt shùic ga d`tac, h`wavar, thnt tha

Wnshgn kdcaac nppanrs t` klpikoktiy rafaot thks o`dtadtk`d gy oktkdj tha Jalnrns ruikdjkd Lnsaohas _hngg`s b`rgkcckdj tha lkd`r vkìntk`d `b ral`vkdj tha cùjh br`l tha`vad b`r tha snma `b rasoukdj `da br`l skd.

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


4/18


ks ks nis` tha klpikontk`d `b tha Snz, wh` jkvas tha bìi`wkdj axpindntk`db`r tha _huiohnd Nruohs ruikdj raqukrkdj tha bnthar t` rasoua hks cnujhtar `d_hngg`s6

(Hara, whara thay nra saamkdj t` hnva har radùdoa har bnkth ndc sha

wùic thus ralnkd nd np`stnta b`ravarsha shùic ga snvac thrùjh _hngg`scasaorntk`d, ns thks ks avad l`ra klp`rtndt thnd rasoukdj n ikba).

aLkdohns Ohkduoh(7?;62), t``, axprassas thks vkaw, kd hks cksoussk`d `btha lktzvn`b tòhaohn(raprklndckdj vkìnt`rs). Ha wrktas thnt thks raqukraladt

ks kdoiucac udcar tha pr`hkgktk`d `b (Rnykmrn >;6>2), whkohb`rgkcs ralnkdkdj kcia whad nd`thar pars`ds ikba ks nt rksm, ndc nis` udcar thao`llndc `b -(raturdkdj i`st pr`party), whkoh kdoiucas tha raqukra

ladt t` snva `das baii`w br`l g`ckiy hnrl (

= saa _ndhacrkd :?n). Kb`da ks o`llndcac t` kdtarvada t` rasoua n pars`d br`l physkoni cndjar, thaLkdohns Ohkduohwrktas, thad da ks oartnkdiy raqukrac t` axpadc a`rts t` snvaskddars br`l spkrktuni rukd6 Nii tha l`ra s`, kb `da ond rasoua hkl br`l skd, whkoh kdvìvas tha i`ss `b hks sùi ndc g`cy, Hanvad b`rgkc, ha ksoartnkdiy `gikjntac t` raturd hkl t` pr`par o`dcuot ndc ]tharagy\ rasoua hkl.

ks rntk`dnia notuniiy nppanrs kd nd anrikar sùroa n rasp`dsul `b thaLnhnrshcnl ([.C. 753), whara ha ruias thnt `da ks raqukrac t` spadc l`day t`

rasoua nd`thar pars`d br`l skd. Ha d`tas tha Jalnrns ruikdj (_ndhacrkd :?n)raqukrkdj `da t` avad kdour nd axpadsa t` snva s`lag`cys ikba, ndc thad o`l-ladts6 , Kb `da ks `gikjntac t` kdvast g`th physkoni a`rt ndc l`day t` snva s`la-g`cys ikba, nii tha l`ra s` ]ha lust c` s`\ t` snva hks sùi br`l castruotk`d.3

ks d`tk`d ks burthar cavai`pac gy tha Ohnbatz Ohnkl, kd hks w`rm Oh`lnsHn-cns(Ohkzum Hn-cns, ?). Ha wrktas thnt fust ns kb wa saa nd kii pntkadt trykdj t``gtnkd b``cs thnt oùic mkii hkl, wa nra raqukrac gy tha S`rnh t` try t` pravadthkl br`l antkdj suoh b``cs, sklkinriy, wa nra raqukrac t` try t` parsunca pa`piat` nv`kc skd. a Ohnbatz Ohnklburthar d`tas thnt Hninohnraqukras hkrkdj pr`-bassk`dni ikbajunrcs t` rasoua n pars`d wh` ks cr`wdkdj, whad thks ks daoassnryt` snva hks ikba, ndc thus gy tha snla t`mad, wa lust sanroh b`r pa`pia wh` nrajkac, J`c-banrkdj spanmars wh` md`w h`w t` crnw tha hanrts `b Ksrnai t`wnrcthakr Bnthar kd hanvad.

3. ks p`kdt ks nis` lnca gy tha _hain, kd Caraoh Ohnkl Sòhaoh`s Lussnr, Unrnshns

Mac`shkl, whara ha wrktas thnt tha pr`hkgktk`d b nppikas t` rasoukdjskddars br`l spkrktuni canth6 , , .


5/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ?7;

N p`sskgia gnsks1b`r thks vkaw `b tha Dnohnins _hkvnks Ohnznis o`lladtastngikshkdj thnt ianckdj n pars`d t` skd ks n l`ra jrkavùs àdsa thnd lurcar6

.

@da wh` onusas n pars`d t` skd hns o`llkttac n l`ra jrkavùs àdsa

thnd da wh` mkiis hkl, b`r da wh` mkiis hkl crkvas hkl diy br`l thks

w`ric, wharans `da wh` onusas hkl t` skd crkvas hkl br`l thks w`ric

ndc tha daxt. (_kbrak, Mk-_aktzak 717)

a _kbrakoinsskas onuskdj `das baii`w t` skd ns nd aspaokniiy jrkav-ùs b`rl `b lurcar. a klpikontk`d `b thks ralnrm ks thnt skd ks nmkd t` canth

ndc avad w`rsa thnd canth ndc thus wa nra raqukrac t` tnma tha snla lan-

suras t` snva n pars`d br`l skd ns wa nra t` snva `da br`l canth. ks alarjasl`ra oianriy br`l n pnssnja kd thaLkcrnsh Sndohuln(Ukdohns, 3), whkoh oktasthks o`lladt kd rabaradoa t` tha o`llndc kssuac t` Gadak [ksrnai t` nvadjaLkcynds sohala t` ianc thal t` skd. a Sndohulnstntas kd thnt o`dtaxt, @dthks gnsks, tha _njas snkc6 @da wh` nppr`nohas t` mkii yù nrksa ndc mkii hkl,ndc kt thad pròaacs t` okta tha ruia thnt onuskdj `da t` skd ks w`rsa thnd lurcar.

Kt saals oianr thnt tha Lkcrnsh saams t` aqunta spkrktuni rukd wkth lurcar, suohthnt tha snla lands thnt lust ga alpi`yac t` pr`taot njnkdst canth nra raqukrac

t` snva n pars`d br`l skd.Burthar supp`rt b`r tha Dnohnins _hkvns tha`ry lny ga crnwd br`l tha

o`lladts b tha Wktvn kd Lnsaohas Lajkiin (>3n) o`doardkdj tha astngikshladt`b Ohndumnh ndc Uurkl. a Uurkl oaiagrntk`d, ns tha Jalnrn thara d`tas,wns kdstktutac gnsac `d tha rntk`dnia thnt kb wa skdj prnksa b`r ianvkdj br`lg`dcnja t` braac`l ]`d Uasnoh\, thad nii tha l`ra s` ]wa shùic oaiagrnta\ianvkdj br`l canth t` ikba. Jkvad tha raqukraladt t` oaiagrnta ùr raiansa br`lAjyptknd g`dcnja `d Uasnoh, tha raikjkùs iancars nt tha tkla `b tha Uurkl

lkrnoia rans`dac thnt n oaiagrntk`d lust oartnkdiy ga kdstktutac b`r tha Fawsrasoua br`l Hnlnds caoraa `b nddkhkintk`d. a Wktvn grkay o`lladts thntthks rntk`dnia nis` b`rlac tha gnsks b`r tha astngikshladt `b Ohndumnh nartha Faws vkot`ry `var tha Jraams. Caspkta tha bnot thnt tha Jraams `pprassactha Faws spkrktuniiy, gut ckc d`t thrantad thal wkth nddkhkintk`d, davarthaiass,noo`rckdj t` tha Wktvn, tha raikjkùs iancars nt tha tkla `b tha Ohndumnh lkrnoiasnw thalsaivas ns hnvkdj gaad caikvarac br`l canth t` ikba. Nppnradtiy, thaWktvn aquntac spkrktuni calksa wkth physkoni canth, ndc thus tha caikvarndoa

1. ks p`kdt wns lnca gy tha _havus [nnm`v, wh`, ns wa wkii s``d saa, cksputac thaDnohnins _hkvns p`sktk`d.

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


6/18

??5 HANCIKDA_6 HNINOHKO CAGNSA_ @B OQWWADS ARADS_

br`l spkrktuni parsaoutk`d ks ns nt ianst ns skjdkondt ndc w`rthy `b oaiagrntk`dthnd tha caikvarndoa br`l tha thrant `b physkoni nddkhkintk`d.

Sa _havus [nnm`vs @gfaotk`ds

a _havus [nnm`v(>6>2) oktas ndc ckslkssas tha Dnohnins _hkvns tha`ry, d`tkdjthnt tha o`doard b`r hulnd ikba `varrkcas vkrtuniiy nii `b tha S`rnhs o`llndcs(wkth tha waii-md`wd axoaptk`ds `b lurcar, kcìntry ndc kll`rnikty). Kb skdks nmkd t`, ndc avad w`rsa thnd, canth, tha _havus [nnm`vnrjuas, thad tharashùic ga d` rans`d b`r tha pr`taotk`d `b ikba t` suparsaca S`rnh inw. Nar nii,why shùic `da sugfaot hklsaib t` spkrktuni canth t` snva hklsaib br`l physkoni

canth0

Za lny, h`wavar, anskiy rasp`dc thnt tha S`rnh ktsaib lndcntas pr`taotkdj`das ikba nt tha axpadsa `b S`rnh inw. Zhad `da o`llkts n S`rnh vkìntk`d t`snva hks ikba, ha càs d`t onusa hklsaib spkrktuni canth nt nii, gaonusa ha càspraoksaiy whnt tha S`rnh ktsaib kdstruots hkl t` c`. Ndc thus tha suspadsk`d `bS rnh inw kd sktuntk`ds `b ikba-thrantadkdj cndjar kd d` wny raaots n prabaradoab`r physkoni ikba `var spkrktuni ikba.

a _havus [nnm`vburthar ohniiadjas tha Dnohnins _hkvns vkaw gy nrjukdjthnt kb da o`llkts spkrktuni sukokca gy adjnjkdj kd skdbui gahnvk`r, thara ks d`fustkontk`d b`r nii`wkdj thars t` trndsjrass tha S rnh t` kdtarvada ndc pravadt

hkl br`l skddkdj. a udcariykdj nssulptk`d `b thks nrjuladt nppanrs t` gathnt Hninohncàs d`t raqukra `da t` trndsjrass tha S`rnh t` rasoua n pars`dwh` nttalpts t` tnma hks wd ikba. Gut whkia thks ks, kd bnot, tha p`sktk`d tnmad gythaLkdohns Ohkduoh(7?:, M`latz Hn-lkdohn7), Wnv L`sha Bakdstakd rafaotacthks vkaw kd savarni o`dtaxts.2Noo`rckdjiy, whad kt o`las t` spkrktuni rasoua,t``, kt stndcs t` rans`d thnt `da lny trndsjrass tha S`rnh b`r tha snma `b trykdjt` rasoua n pars`d wh` md`wkdjiy put hklsaib nt spkrktuni rksm.

Wasoukdj n _ùi Srùjh n _hngg`s Kdvktntk`dWaturdkdj t` ùr `rkjkdni quastk`d, kt wùic nppanr thnt noo`rckdj t` thaDnohnins _hkvns p`sktk`d, thnt rasoukdj n pars`d br`l skdbui gahnvk`r ks nmkdt` rasoukdj n pars`ds ikba, a`rts t` ianc n baii`w Faw t`wnrc hninohko `gsarvndoa

lny ga lnca avad nt tha axpadsa `b S`rnh inw. Ns i`dj ns thara ks n rans`dngiaohndoa thnt tha lansura da wkshas t` udcartnma wkii hnva tha aaot b crnwkdjtha pars`d t` algrnoa n S`rnh ikbastyia, kt wùic ga parlkttac avad kb kt adtnkisn hninohko vkìntk`d. Kt lust ga alphnskzac thnt `da càs d`t hnva t` md`wwkth oartnkdty thnt tha udcartnmkdj wkii suooaac kd kdspkrkdj tha Faw `r Faws

. _aa Kjjar`s L`sha[.C. 76>:3, ?6;5, ndc aisawhara.


7/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ??>

kd quastk`d. Hninohnparlkts vkìntkdj _hngg`s t` nttalpt t` snva n ikba avad kbsuooass ondd`t ga junrndtaac, ns i`dj ns thara ks n rans`dngia ohndoa b suooass.Ndc thus `doa wa nooapt tha aquntk`d gatwaad pr`taotkdj physkoni ikba ndc

pr`taotkdj spkrktuni ikba, ùtranoh a`rts lny `varrkca tha _hngg`s rastrkotk`ds,ns i`dj ns thara ks n rans`dngia ohndoa thnt thay wkii suooaac.

Ns suoh, noo`rckdj t` tha Dnohnins _hkvn, kb `da hns rans`d t` gaikava thntn _hngg`s kdvktntk`d oùic trkjjar n baii`w Faws raturd t` S`rnh `gsarvndoa,kt wùic ga parlksskgia t` axtadc suoh nd kdvktntk`d, avad kb thks vkìntas thapr`hkgktk`d `b .gy onuskdj tha juast t` crkva `d _hngg`s

Kd truth, kt lny ga nrjuac thnt avad tha _huiohnd Nruohndc Wnshgn wùicparlkt suoh nd kdvktntk`d. a adtkra cksoussk`d thus bnr hns bòusac `d tha kssua

`b o`llkttkdj n trndsjrassk`d t` pravadt nd`thar pars`dbr`l skd, ndc, ns wahnva saad, ckaradt `pkdk`ds axkst ns t` whathar ndc whad thks ks parlksskgia.Kt saals rans`dngia t` nssula, h`wavar, thnt nii nuth`rktkas wùic njraa thntn pars`d wùic ga parlkttac t` trndsjrass tha S`rnh kd `rcar t` snva hklsaibbr`l skd. Nar nii, tha Jalnrn kd Lnsaohas _hngg`s stntas axpikoktiy thnt thakdckvkcuni wh` pinoac tha cùjh kdt` tha vad lny thad ral`va kt, kd vkìntk`d`b n lkd`r hninohko pr`hkgktk`d, kd `rcar t` snva hklsaib br`l n onpktni àdsa.Urasulngiy, avad tha Wnshgn wùic njraa, tharab`ra, thnt tha jkri wh` wns tnmadgy lkssk`dnrkas wùic ga parlkttac t` vkìnta _hngg`s t` axtrkonta harsaib br`l

thakr kduadoa. Avad thùjh tha Wnshgn b`rgkcs thars br`l vkìntkdj _hngg`st` rasoua har, sha wùic ga nii`wac t` vkìnta _hngg`s t` aa.

Snmkdj thks ikda `b rans`dkdj `da stap burthar, ns `da ks nii`wac t` vkìnta_hngg`s t` snva hklsaib br`l skd, `thars wh` bnokiktnta suoh _hngg`s casaorn-tk`d c` d`t vkìnta . _kdoa tha _hngg`s casaorntk`d whkoh `da bnokiktntaskd hninohkoniiy parlksskgia udcar tha okroulstndoas, tha bnokiktnt`r ondd`t gao`dskcarac ns onuskdj skd. Kb s`, thad avad noo`rckdj t` tha Wnshgn `da wùicga nii`wac t` axtadc nd kdvktntk`d t` n d`d`gsarvndt Faw kb thara ks n rans`dngiaohndoa thnt tha axparkadoa wkii ianc t` hks `r har algrnokdj S`rnh `gsarvndoa.

KK.

Iat us d`w turd ùr nttadtk`d t` tha pr`hkgktk`d b t` catarlkda whatharkt nppikas t` nd kdvktntk`d thnt onusas n Faw t` casaornta _hngg`s. Krraspaotkva`b ùr pravkùs cksoussk`d rajnrckdj tha p`sskgkikty `b suspadckdj S`rnh inwt` grkdj n baii`w Faw oi`sar t` `gsarvndoa, wùic axtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d truiyo`dstktuta n stulgikdj giòm thnt trndsjrassas tha pr`hkgktk`d `b

0a Jalnrn kd Lnsaohas Nv`cn Vnrn (2g) astngikshas thnt pr`vkckdj

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


8/18


s`lag`cy wkth b`rgkccad b``c t` ant:vkìntas tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b ,gut `diy kd n sktuntk`d `b , tw` skcas `b tha rkvar. Landkdj`da vkìntas thks pr`hkgktk`d `diy kb tha raokpkadt wùic `tharwksa ga udngia t`

`gtnkd tha b`rgkccad b``c, suoh ns kb ha ks sktuntac nor`ss tha rkvar br`l tha b``c.Kb tha raokpkadt hns kdcapadcadt nooass t` tha b``c, ndc s`lag`cy hnppads t`jkva kt t` hkl, tha inttar hns d`t vkìntac skdoa ha hns d`t bnokiktntac thaskd, whkoh oùic hnva gaad vkìntac avad wkthùt hks kdvìvaladt. ks hninohnks nooaptac gy dularùs hninohko nuth`rktkas (saa _hnoh, [.C. >1>62= ndcLnjad

Nvrnhnl, ?3:63).8

Nppiykdj thks ruia t` tha quastk`d surrùdckdj _hngg`s kdvktntk`ds, walkjht, nt rst jindoa, o`doiuca thnt axtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d ks parlksskgia, ns

tha h`st càs d`t notuniiy bnokiktnta tha _hngg`s casaorntk`d. Nar nii, tha juastcàs d`t raqukra nd kdvktntk`d t` vkìnta _hngg`s, ndc, kd lndy onsas, ha hns thangkikty t` nrrkva nt tha lani kd n parlksskgia lnddar gy b``t gut oh``sas dhks `wd t` crkva kd tha kdtarast `b o`dvadkadoa. arab`ra, ns tha h`st càs d`tnotuniiy onusa tha _hngg`s casaorntk`d, ha càs d`t trndsjrass .

Qp`d burthar raaotk`d, h`wavar, thks o`doiusk`d ks bnr br`l sklpia. Bkrst,tha Jalnrns ruia `b tw` skcas `b tha rkvar càs d`t daoassnrkiy iklkt `tsktuntk`ds whara tha vkìnt`r wùic hnva hnc d` p`sskgkikty whntsàvar `b o`l-lkttkdj tha trndsjrassk`d. Nar nii, kd tha Jalnrns onsa, whara tha b`rgkccad

b``c ks sktuntac nor`ss tha rkvar, tha kdckvkcuni wùic stkii ga ngia t` `gtnkd kts`lah`w. Kt saals thnt raqukras d`t thnt `da lnmas kt p`sskgia b`r thatrndsjrassk`d t` ga o`llkttac, gut rnthar thnt ha lnmas kt rans`dngiy banskgia.Kb tha b`rgkccad b``c ks nor`ss tha rkvar, tha kdckvkcuni wùic d`t ikmaiy hnvagaad wkiikdj t` adcura tha kdo`dvadkadoa b or`sskdj tha rkvar t` nooass tha b``c,

ndc b`r thks rans`d tha pars`d wh` grkdjs hkl tha b``c ks o`dskcarac t` hnvabnokiktntac tha trndsjrassk d.

Kdcaac, tha Lakrk, o`lladtkdj `d tha Jalnrns cksoussk`d, wrktas, \ Kb ha càs d`t dc ]tha b`rgkccad b``c ranckiy nooasskgia, thad kt ks b`rgkccad t` lnma kt nvnkingia t` hkl. ks b`rluin

-

tk`d oianriy kdckontas thnt pr`vkckdj `da ansy nooass t` b`rgkccad b``c trnds-jrassas ,avad kb tha trndsjrassk`d wùic `tharwksa hnva gaad p`sskgiaskdoa `da lnmas tha vkìntk`d l`ra o`dvadkadt ndc thus l`ra banskgia.;

. a axnlpias jkvad nra pr`vkckdj wkda t` n dnzkr, ndc pr`vkckdj n iklg tnmad br`l nikva ndklni t` ndy`da, avad n jadtkia.

8. Ourkùsiy, dakthar tha Wnlgnl d`r tha Ohkduohladtk`d tha o`dcktk`d thnt

nppikas `diy kd sktuntk`ds whara tha vkìntk`d oùic d`t hnva gaad o`llkttac wkthùttha sao`dc pnrtys nsskstndoa, nd adkjln d`tac gy thaLkdohns Ohkduoh(7?76?).

. _aa nis` Ohnv`s [nkr>81= Masnv _`bar[.C. 8?.


9/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ???

Noo`rckdjiy, avad kb kt ks p`sskgia b`r tha juast t` wnim gy b``t t` tha h`stsh`la b`r _hngg`s iudoh, tha kdvktntk`d davarthaiass adoùrnjas tha juast t`crkva, kd vkìntk`d `b _hngg`s. Ns crkvkdj ks bnr l`ra o`dvadkadt thnd wnim-

kdj, tha h`st kd aaot bnokiktntas _hnggnt casaorntk`d gut puttkdj tha juast kd nsktuntk`d `b anskiy nooasskgia _hngg`s vkìntk`d. Kdcaac, Wnv L`sha Bakdstakd(Kjjar`s L`sha, @.O. >6;;) b`rgnca axtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d t` d`d`gsarvndt Fawst` nttadc n prnyar sarvkoa kb kt ond ga nssulac thnt thay wùic crkva, d`tkdj,Avad kb thay nra d`t s` bnr ]br`l tha sydnj`jua\, davarthaiass, kb kt ks md`wdthnt thay wkii d`t wndt t` g`thar wnimkdj gy b``t ndc wkii crkva kd n onr, thks ksb`rgkccad gaonusa `b .

_ao`dciy, avad thùjh tha juasts _hngg`s casaorntk`d càs d`t capadc

up`d tha kdvktntk`d, axtadckdj tha kdvktntk`d lkjht davarthaiass ga b`rgkccadkds`bnr ns kt onusas tha casaorntk`d. a Jalnrn parlkts trndsbarrkdj b`rgkccadb``c t` s`lag`cy nor`ss tha rkvar, gut thara nra tw` o`doaptuni nppr`nohas`da oùic tnma kd axpinkdkdj thks ruikdj. a rst ks thnt ks vkìntac `diywhad kt bnokiktntas n trndsjrassk`d thnt wùic d`t hnva `tharwksa gaad banskgia.Nitardntkvaiy, h`wavar, wa lkjht axpinkd thnt

ks cadac ns onuskdj npars`d t` skd, ndc kb n pars`d ckc d`t daac nsskstndoa t` o`llkt n trndsjras-sk`d, thad iadckdj nsskstndoa càs d`t o`dstktuta , ns thks nsskstndoa wnsuddaoassnry ndc thus ckc d`t landkdjbuiiy o`dtrkguta t` tha skdbui ùto`la.

a ckaradoa gatwaad thasa tw` parspaotkvas ks thnt tha rst cadas nsadngikdj`da t` o`llkt n skd, wharans tha sao`dc cadas tha pr`hkgktk`d nsonuskdj`da t` skd.

S` udcarstndc l`ra oianriy tha ckaradoa gatwaad thasa tw` cadktk`ds, iatus o`dskcar tha sklpia onsa `b n pars`d wh` kdstruotac hks baii`w t` o`llkt nskd, ndc tha baii`w `gays. a vkìnt`r o`llkttac tha skdbui not kdcapadcadtiy,wkthùt ndy nsskstndoa, gut wùic davar hnva thùjht t` c` s` hnc hks brkadcd`t jkvad tha kdstruotk`d. Kd thks onsa, tha brkadc ckc d`t adngiatha vkìntk`d,whkoh tha skddar o`llkttac wkthùt ndy nsskstndoa, gut ha ckc onusatha vkìn-tk`d, whkoh wùic d`t hnva òourrac kb ha hnc d`t kssuac tha ckraotkva. Kdcaac,thaLkshpatak _haluai(>?3) ruiac thnt kdstruotkdj s`lag`cy t` o`llkt n skdwhkoh ha wùic d`t hnva `tharwksa o`dtalpintac o`dstktutas , avad kb thaàdcar daacac d` prnotkoni nsskstndoa. _kdoa tha `da wh` kdstruotac hkl wnstha onusa `b tha skd, ha vkìntas .

N p`sskgia sùroa b`r thks parspaotkva kd tha Wnlgnls b`rluintk`d kd cad-kdj thks pr`hkgktk`d kd _abar Hn-lktzv`s(i` tnnsah7;;)6 @da wh` haips ]tha o`llkttkdj `b\ n trndsjrassk`d, `r onusas kt.>5

. ks p`kdt wns lnca kd Ohnbatz Ohnykl(Kdtr`cuotk`d, , kd Gaar Lnykl Ohnykl),ndc gy tha Ohnz`d Ksh ([.C. 276>?).

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


10/18


ks nrjuladt oùic anskiy ga nppikac t` _hnggnt kdvktntk`ds, ns waii. @dawh` axtadcs tha kdvktntk`d ks oartnkdiy d`t adngikdj tha skd `b crkvkdj `d_hngg`s, gut ha càs onusatha not `b crkvkdj gy kdvktkdj tha juast. ks nppanrs

t` hnva gaad tha vkaw `b Wnv L`sha Bakdstakd (Kjjar`s L`[email protected]. >6;8) wh`b`rgnca kdvktkdj d`d`gsarvndt Fawksh yùth t` n _hngg`s prnyar sarvkoa, gaonusa

ha ks o`dskcarac ikma kdstruotkdj thal t` o`la t` prny wkth n lkdyndavad kd nlnddar thnt kdvìvas ohkiui _hngg`s, saalkdjiy rabarrkdj t` tha S`rnh pr`hkgk-tk`d `b 8>62) o`doardkdj tha sktuntk`d `b n w`lnd outtkdj n lnds skca-gurds. Zhkia kt ks b`rgkccad b`r lad t` ral`va thakr skcagurds ndc t` hnvathakr skcagurds ral`vac gy s`lag`cy aisa>7, thks pr`hkgktk`d càs d`t nppiy t`w`lad. Noo`rckdj t` `da vkaw kd tha _huiohnd Nruoh, n w`lnd ks avad parlkt-tac t` ral`va n lnds skcagurds, ndc Wnggk Nmkvn Akjar rnksas tha quastk`d `bwhy thks wùic d`t ga b`rgkccad `d tha jrùdcs `b (nsskstkdj

>>. Wnv L`sha nis` d`tas thnt acuontkdj yùth ngùt prnyar shùic d`t o`la nt thaaxpadsa b acuontkdj thal ngùt _hngg`s gsarvndoa.

. .: Rnykmrn >;67


11/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ??1

kd n S`rnh vkìntk`d)>?, ns tha lnd o`llkts n S`rnh vkìntk`d gy hnvkdj hksskcagurds ral`vac. Ha sujjasts thnt thks càs d`t o`dstktuta skdoa thaw`lnd uitklntaiy rasouas tha lnd br`l n cùgia S`rnh vkìntk`d6

.

Kb sha wùic d`t hnva out hks hnkr, ha wùic hnva out kt hklsaib, ndc ha

wùic thad ga kd vkìntk`d `b tw` pr`hkgktk`ds.

N lnd wh` outs hks `wd skcagurds trndsjrassas tw` S`rnh vkìntk`ds ral`v-kdj skcagurds, ndc hnvkdj hks skcagurds ral`vac. Ndc thus tha w`lnd, gyral`vkdj tha lnds skcagurds, snvas hkl br`l `da trndsjrassk`d, ndc, ns suoh,har notk`ds c` d`t o`dstktuta .

Wnggk Nmkvn Akjar hara astngikshas thnt tha gr`ncar pkotura lust ga tnmadkdt` nooùdt whad nssasskdj tha parlksskgkikty `b bnokiktntkdj n trndsjrassk`d. Kbtha dat rasuit ks n p`sktkva klpnot up`d tha pars`ds raikjkùs `gsarvndoa, thadtha notk`d ks parlksskgia avad kb kd tha sh`rt-tarl kt onusas n S`rnh vkìntk`d.Ndc thus kd tha onsa `b n _hngg`s kdvktntk`d, t``, avad kb tha kllacknta rasuit ksnd nccktk`dni S`rnh vkìntk`d, kt wùic ga parlksskgia kd ikjht `b kts i`dj-tarlp`sktkva klpnot.>3

L`ra`var, tha S rns M`hndklkdtarprats tha o`llndc `b ns rabarrkdjnis` t` , àrkdj s`lag`cy kdfurkùs ncvkoa. Oianriy, `da càs d`t trndsjrass thks pr`hkgktk`d gy ncvkskdj hks baii`w t` adcura sh`rt-tarl hnrl b`ri`dj-tarl gadat, suoh ns t` udcarj` gadaokni surjary, r t` lnma n dndoknikdvastladt wkth rans`dngia p`tadtkni b`r n inrja raturd. Urasulngiy, thad, tha`thar pr`hkgktk`d `b , whkoh b`rgkcs onuskdj spkrktuni hnrl gy onuskdj`thars t` skd, wùic d`t nppiy whad `da onusas nd`thar t` skd b`r hks uitklntaspkrktuni gadat.

KKK.

Ks Sara n Ur`hkgktk`d `b 0

Gay`dc tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d b , wa lust nis` o`dskcar tha p`sskgkikty `bnppiykdj t` thks onsa tha pr`hkgktk`d `b , tha rnggkdko pr`hkgktk`d

. Za wkii cksouss tha sugfaot `b .nt iadjth kd tha daxt saotk`d >3. @da oùic ckstkdjuksh gatwaad tha sktuntk`d nccrassac gy Wnggk Nmkvn Akjar,

whara tha p`sktkva klpnot `b tha w`lnds notk`d òours kllackntaiy, ndc tha onsa `bn _hngg`s kdvktntk`d, whara tha p`sktkva ùto`la wkii ga lndkbast `diy kd tha butura.

Davarthaiass, Wnggk Nmkvn Akjars o`lladts pr`vkca n oianr gnsks b`r tha o`doapt thntcapadcs up`d tha gr`ncar aaots `b `das notk`ds, ndc d`t `diy thakr kllackntarasuit.

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


12/18


njnkdst pnrtkokpntkdj kd n skdbui not, avad kb kt oùic ga o`llkttac wkthùt `daskdvìvaladt.

a sùroa b`r thks pr`hkgktk`d ks S`sb`s o`lladts kd tha gajkddkdj `b

Lnsaohas _hngg`s (?n) o`doardkdj tha sktuntk`d `b n p``r pars`d oìiaotkdjohnrkty ùtskca s`la`das c``r `d _hngg`s. a Lkshdn stntas thnt kb tha p``rlnd thrusts hks hndc thrùjh tha c``rwny kdt` tha h`la ndc tnmas n jk br`ltha h`la`wdars hndc, tha gajjnr vkìntas _hngg`s, gut tha h`la`wdar o`l-lkts d` vkìntk`d. Kd thks onsa, tha gajjnr grkdjs nd gfaot br`l n prkvnta c`lnkd

kdt` tha pugiko c`lnkd, ndc thus vkìntas _hngg`s, wharans tha c`d`r hns d`to`llkttac ndy pr`hkgktac not. S`sb`s rnksas tha quastk`d b why tha h`la`wdarkd suoh n onsa càs d`t vkìnta tha pr`hkgktk`d `b . Caspkta tha bnot thnt

tha gajjnr oùic hnva tnmad tha ktal kd quastk`d avad wkthùt tha h`la`wdarskdvìvaladt, S`sb`s d`tas, davarthaiass, thara ks stkii n rnggkdko pr`hkgktk`d, nsha ks `gikjntac t` pravadt hkl br`l pr`hkgktac notkvkty. ks quastk`d ks nis`rnksac gy tha S`sb`s Hn-W`sh.>1S`sb`s thus nssulas thnt nithùjh tha S`rnhpr`hkgktk`d b ks iklktac t` iadckdj nsskstndoa thnt ks vktni b`r tha skd, thara

ks n rnggkdko pr`hkgktk`d njnkdst iadckdj avad d`dassadtkni nsskstndoa._klkinriy, tha Wnd, kd Lnsaohas Nv`cn Vnrn (>g kd tha Wkb ), wrktas6

.

,

,

Davarthaiass, kt ks stkii b`rgkccad gy tha _njas, b`r ha ks `gikjntac t`pravadt hkl br`l pr`hkgktac notkvkty, ndc h`w ond `da nsskst th`sa wh`

o`llkt vkìntk`ds0

Noo`rckdj t` S sb`s ndc tha Wnd, thad, avad kb n pars`d ks kdcapadcadtiy onpngia

`b o`llkttkdj n trndsjrassk`d, kt ks b`rgkccad t` nsskst hkl kd tha b`rgkccad not,gy b`roa `b rnggkdko adnotladt.>2

@thar Wksh`dkl, h`wavar, nppanr cksputa thks p`sktk`d. S`sb`s kd Lnsaohas

1. a Surak Avad(Ohnjkjn >?n) ndc Masnv _`bar([.C. 8?) ohniiadja S`sb`s quastk`d, d`tkdjthnt prasulngiy tha Lkshdn canis wkth n sktuntk`d whara tha h`la`wdar wùic gaudngia t` pravadt tha gajjnr br`l vkìntkdj _hngg`s, ndc thus ha hns d` `gikjntk`d t`kdtarvada.

. G`th S`sb`s ndc tha Wnd gnsa thks pr`hkgktk`d up`d tha prkdokpia `b , tharaqukraladt t` pravadt pa`pia br`l o`llkttkdj n trndsjrassk`d. Ns thks raqukraladt`b ks rnggkdko kd `rkjkd, kt stndcs t` rans`d thnt noo`rckdj t` thasa Wksh`dkl,tha pr`hkgktk`d `b ks ikmawksa n rnggkdko pr`hkgktk`d. ks ks tha vkaw `b tha Gnoh([.C. ?5?) ndc Uark [ktzohnm(>672). Gy o`dtrnst, tha _hnnjns Nryah(18) lnkdtnkds thnto`dstktutas n S`rnh vkìntk`d. Burtharl`ra, tha Masnv _`bar([.C. 8?) wrktas thnt

tha `gikjntk`d `b stals br`l tha Gkgikoni o`llndc `b , kdwhkoh onsa tha pr`hkgktk`d `b , gy axtadsk`d, wùic ga rajnrcac ns n S`rnhpr`hkgktk`d. Snilkcak Wnggadu [`dn(Nv`cn Vnrn 2g) vkaw tha inw `b ns gnsac up`d


13/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ??:

Nv`cn Vnrn (2g) wrktas thnt kt ks parlksskgia t` jkva d`d-m`shar b``c t` n Fawwh` hns ngndc`dac hninohko gsarvndoa, ns i`dj ns ha ond gtnkd kt br`l tharsùroas. Ikmawksa, tha L`rcaohnk(Nv`cn Vnrn :;5) ruias thnt `da lny iadc

l`day `r oi`thkdj t` n Ohrkstknd avad kb ha md`ws thnt kt wkii ga usac b`r raik-jkùs prnotkoas, ns i`dj ns tha g`rr`war hns `thar nvnkingia lands `b `gtnkdkdjtha l`day `r ktal kd quastk`d.

Kt thus nppanrs thnt thara ks n cagnta nl`dj tha Wksh`dklsurrùdckdj thkskssua `b whathar `da lny nsskst n pars`d kd o`llkttkdj n b`rgkccad not kb thavkìnt`r hns tha ngkikty t` parb`rl tha not kdcapadcadtiy. a Wnln oktas g`thvkaws kd [`rah Cakn(>1>6>).

H`wavar, n dulgar `bNohnr`dklohniiadjac tha Wnlns nssulptk`d thnt

thasa sùroas raaot ckspnrnta vkaws. ay d`ta thnt noo`rckdj t` tha Wnln,S sb`s o`lladts kd Lnsaohas _hngg`s, astngikshkdj tha pr`hkgktk`d b

, o`dtrnckot S`sb`s wd o`lladts kd Lnsaohas Nv`cn Vnrn o`doardkdj tha

snia b b`rgkccad b``cs t` n Faw wh` hnc ngndc`dac gsarvndoa. Burtharl`ra,tha S`sb`s Hn-W`sh, ns d`tac anrikar, nomd`wiacjas tha pr`hkgktk`d `b , yatkd hks o`lladtnry t` Nv`cn Vnrn tha W`sh bìi`ws tha vkaw aspùsac gy S`sb`sthara kd Nv`cn Vnrn. Wnggadu [aruohnl, t``, o`ckas S`sb`s ruikdj kd _hngg`sns waii ns S`sb`s ruikdj kd Nv`cn Vnrn (>:62, >76?), sujjastkdj thnt thasa tw`ruikdjs c` d`t o`dkot wkth `da nd`thar.

a quastk`d, thad, gao`las, h`w ond wa rao`dokia thasa tw` vkaws tharuikdj `b S`sb`s kd Lnsaohas _hngg`s, ndc S`sb`s ruikdj kd Lnsaohas Nv`cnVnrn0

Ckstkdjukshkdj Gatwaad Kdtadtk`dni ndc Qdkdtadtk`dni Rkìntk`ds

@da p`sskgkikty ks pr`p`sac gy tha _hnoh, o`lladtkdj `d tha Wnlns ruikdj.Ha sujjasts thnt nii Wksh`dklrao`jdkzac tha pr`hkgktk`d `b

,

gut thks pr`hkgktk`d càs d`t nppiy t` nsskstkdj n jadtkia `r n lulnr(Faw wh`

wkiibuiiy ngndc`dac tha Fawksh bnkth). Nithùjh `da jadarniiy lny d`t iadcavad d`dassadtkni nsskstndoa t` n Faw o`llkttkdj n skd, kt ks parlksskgia t` iadcd`dassadtkni nsskstndoa t` n jadtkia `r lulnro`llkttkdj n b`rgkccad not.>:S`sb`s kd Lnsaohas _hngg`s spanms `b n gajjnr wh` ks kjd`rndt `b tha _hngg`spr`hkgktk`ds, ndc thay thus rnksa tha quastk`d `b why tha pr`hkgktk`d `b wùic d`t nppiy, wharans kd Lnsaohas Nv`cn Vnrn S sb`s canis wkth o`llkttackcìntars wh` md`wkdjiy w`rshkp n b`rakjd cakty.

a _hnohs o`lladts jkva rksa t` tha quastk`d `b why n lulnrshùic

tha o`doapt `b , ndc thus kt wùic ga n Gkgikoni pr`hkgktk`d t` nsskst `da kd o`llkttkdj n trndsjrassk`d.

. _aa nis` Gakur Hn-Jrn, ndcLnjad Nvrnhnl(?3:63).

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


14/18


ga trantac ckaradtiy br`l ndy `thar Faw. Nar nii, ns Ohnznibnlùsiy tnujht(_ndhacrkd 33n), n Faw càs d`t i`sa hks hninohkokcadtkty ns n Faw avad nar o`llkttkdj skds. Kd ikjht `b thks budcnladtni ruia,

kt saals ckouit t` udcarstndc why tha _hnohwùic ckstkdjuksh gatwaad nlulnrndc `thar Faws wkth raspaot t` tha kssua `b .

ks quastk`d wns rnksac gy tha Cnjui Lak-ravnvn, wh` axpinkds thnt tha_hnohhara càs d`t rabar spaokoniiy t` n lulnr, gut rnthar spanms `b ndy sktu-ntk`d whara n Faw saams t` kdtadtk`dniiy o`llkt n skd. a Cnjui Lak-ravnvno`dtadcs thnt tha raqukraladt t` pravadt `da br`l skd nppikas `diy whad `dawùic o`llkt nd udkdtadtk`dni vkìntk`d>8, ndc tharab`ra, gy axtadsk`d, thapr`hkgktk`d `b nppikas `diy t` nsskstkdj pa`pia o`llkttkdj n

trndsjrassk`d udkdtadtk`dniiy. Zhad n pars`d sats ùt t` md`wkdjiy o`llktn trndsjrassk`d, h`wavar, kt wùic d`t ga b`rgkccad t` nsskst hkl, ns i`dj nstha nsskstndoa ks d`t kdckspadsngia b`r tha not, gaonusa tha pr`hkgktk`d `b càs d`t nppiy. ks nppr`noh `b tha Cnjui Lak-ravnvnks oktac nppr`vkdjiy ndccksoussac gy Wnv L`sha Bakdstakd, kd Kjjar`s L`sha([.C. >6:7).

Noo`rckdj t` thks nppr`noh, tha nppikontk`d `b t` axtadckdj _hngg`skdvktntk`ds wùic capadc up`d tha hninohko oinsskontk`d `b l`card-cnyd`d`gsarvndt Faws. Lndy raoadt ndc o`dtalp`rnry nuth`rktkas oinsskby d`d-`gsarvndt Faws udcar tha ontaj`ry `b (iktarniiy, nd kdbndt thnt wns

onpturac), rabarrkdj t` tha bnot thnt thay wara cadkac n raikjkùs upgrkdjkdj ndcnra thus d`t haic nooùdtngia b`r thakr d`d`gsarvndoa.>;Kb s`, thad l`card-cnyd`d`gsarvndt Faws nra d`t rajnrcac ns kdtadtk`dni skddars, ndc tha pr`hkgktk`d`b .wùic nppiy

Unrtkokpntk`d Gab`ra tha _kdbui Not

_avarni `thar Nohnr`dkl75sujjast n ckaradt ckstkdotk`d t` rao`dokia thasao`dkotkdj sùroas, ckaradtkntkdj gatwaad nsskstndoa jkvad nt tha tkla tha skd

ks o`llkttac, ndc pnrtkokpntk`d kd tha prapnrnt`ry stnjas. Kd tha onsa udcarcksoussk`d kd Lnsaohas _hngg`s, tha c`d`r bnokiktntas tha gajjnrs _hngg`scasaorntk`d nt tha tkla kt òours, ndc S`sb`s tharab`ra rnksas tha quastk`d `bwhy tha c`d`r ks d`t kd vkìntk`d b . Kd Lnsaohas Nv`cn Vnrn, gy o`dtrnst,tha nsskstndoa ks jkvad waii kd ncvndoa `b tha skdbui not, ns tha kdckvkcuni saiis npr`cuot thnt tha kcìntar wkii intar usa kd pnjnd rktuni. Kd thks onsa, skdoa `da càs

d`t pnrtkokpnta kd tha skdbui not nt tha tkla kt oours, ndc ks kdvìvac diy kd tha

>8. Kdcaac, tha Sniluc spanms `b tha `gikjntk`d `b kd tha o`dtaxt `b

lkd`rs, wh` nra d`t o`dskcarac kdtadtk`dni vkìnt`rs gy vkrtua `b thakr yùdj nja.. _aa, b`r axnlpia, Gkdynd Szky`d Hn-ohncnsh`s, 7?..Lakshkv Cnvnr(76?>), Gkdynd Szky`d(>1), Masnv _`bar([.C. 8?).


15/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ??;

praiklkdnry stnjas, thks kdvìvaladt càs d`t vkìnta tha pr`hkgktk`d `b .Noo`rckdj t` thasaNohnr`dkl, tha pr`hkgktk`d `b ckars kd thks raspaotbr`l tha S rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b , whkoh b`rgkcs bnokiktntkdj n trndsjrassk`d

avad curkdj tha praiklkdnry stnjas, suoh ns gy suppiykdj d`d-m`shar b``c.7>

Kb wa bìi`w thks vkaw, thad axtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d t` n d`d`gsarvndt Fawgab`ra _hngg`s wùic oartnkdiy d`t vkìnta , ns tha h`sts kdvìvaladt kdtha _hngg`s casaorntk`d òours waii kd ncvndoa `b tha pr`hkgktac not.

Za lkjht, h`wavar, ohniiadja thks ckstkdotk`d `d tha gnsks `b tha Jalnrnscksoussk`d kd Lnsaohas Dacnrkl (27g) o`doardkdj Wnv Nshks snia `b iulgart` n pnjnd ouit thnt w`rshkps kts cakty gy ikjhtkdj ras. a Jalnrn astngikshasthnt suoh n snia wùic, kd prkdokpia, vkìnta tha pr`hkgktk`d `b kb d`t

b`r tha bnot thnt l`st raw``c ks usac b`r pars`dni usa (suoh ns hant), ndcd`t b`r raikjkùs rktunis. _kdoa tha w``c wùic ga usac prklnrkiy b`r parlks-skgia purp`sas, Wnv Nshk wns nii`wac t` saii tha iulgar. Ns d`tac gy savarni

Nohnr`dkl77, tha Jalnrn ondd`t ga rabarrkdj hara t` tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b , ns kt ks ckouit t` klnjkda thnt tha ouit lalgars oùic d`t gtnkd w``cbr`l ndy `thar sùroas. Urasulngiy, tha purohnsa `b Wnv Nshks w``c wns d`tkdckspadsngia t` thakr pnjnd w`rshkp, ndc thus tha Jalnrn lust rabar hara t`tha rnggkdko pr`hkgktk`d `b , ns `pp`sac t` tha S`rnh vkìntk`d `b ?.7Ndc yat, kt oianriy o`dskcars thks pr`hkgktk`d nppikongia avad t` kdvìvaladt kd

tha praiklkdnry stnjas `b skd, b`rgkcckdj tha snia `b lntarknis thnt wkii ga usackd pnjnd rktunis.

Kt nppanrs thnt thasaNohnr`dklckc, kd bnot, udcarstndc tha Jalnrn ns rabar-rkdj t` tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b , ns tha pinkd ranckdj `b tha Jalnrnsujjasts. ks ks tha klpikontk`d `b tha Lakrk, wh` wrktas kd tha o`dtaxt `b thaJalnrns cksoussk`d, Kt ks b`rgkccad b`r n pars`d t` pr`vkca kcìntars ktalsthnt nra suktngia b`r thakr w`rshkp, b`r ns i`dj ns kt ks p`sskgia thnt thay wkii gaudngia t` `gtnkd ]thasa lntarknis\ thrùjh `thar lands, ha ks kd vkìntk`d

`b . a Lakrk oianriy udcarst``c tha Jalnrn t` land thnttha ouit lalgars wùic d`t daoassnrkiy hnva gaad ngia t` gtnkd w``c b`r thakrrktuni br`l `thar sùroas, ndc thus tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b oùic hnva

7>. @da lkjht quastk`d thks ckstkdotk`d kd ikjht `b tha bnot thnt, ns ladtk`dac anrikar,tha pr`hkgktk`d `b ks gnsac up`d tha raqukraladt `b , whkoh saal-kdjiy shùic d`t capadc `d tha ckaradt stnjas kd tha pròass `b o`llkttkdj n vkìntk`d._aa tha Masnv _`bars rasp`dsul rabarrac t` ng`va (kd d`ta >;) b`r n buiiar cksoussk`d.

. _aa Marad @rn,Lnhnrntz Ohny`s.

. a bnot thnt tha Jalnrn ladtk`ds hara tha pr`hkgktk`d `b ) ) ond ga axpinkdac d tha gnsks b tha Gnohs o`lladt ([.C. ?5?) thnt tha pr`hkgktk`d b wns iajksintac ns nd nccadcul `b s`rts t` tha Gkgikoni pr`hkgktk`d `b .

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


16/18


nppikac (kb d`t b`r tha bnot thnt l`st `b tha w``c wns daacac b`r kddòuùspurp`sas).

Zhkia kt lkjht nt rst saal ckouit t` udcarstndc why tha ouit lalgars

wara udngia t` `gtnkd iulgar br`l `thar sùroas, wa ond anskiy axpinkd thaLakrks kdtarpratntk`d kd ikjht `b hks `wd o`lladts ladtk`dac anrikar. Waoniithnt noo`rckdj t` tha Lakrk, -nppikas avad kb tha skddar oùic hnva p`tadtkniiy o`llkttac tha trndsjrassk`d wkthùt tha nsskstndoa ha raoakvac, kb thansskstndoa lnca tha skd o`dskcarngiy l`ra banskgia. Kd thks kdstndoa, kt ks adtkraiyp`sskgia thnt tha ouit lalgars oùic hnva bùdc `thar sùroas `b raw``c, gutpurohnskdj br`l Wnv Nshk wns bnr l`ra o`dvadkadt. Ns suoh, tha S rnh pr`hkgk-tk`d `b .wùic hnva nppikac

a Uksohak Sashuvn([.C. >1>67) nis` sujjasts thnt tha Jalnrn rabars t` thaS rnh pr`hkgktk`d b , gut b`r n ckaradt rans`d. Ha rabaradoas nd kdtrkju-kdj tha`ry ncvndoac gy thaLkshdah Ia-laiaoh(Hkimh`s Lnivah Ra-i`vah367)thnt kb tha skddar ond `gtnkd tha ktal ha daacs t` o`llkt tha b`rgkccad not`diy br`l Faws, tha Faw wh` pr`vkcas tha `gfaot kd quastk`d trndsjrassas caspkta tha bnot thnt hks nsskstndoa ks d`t kdckspadsngia. _kdoa tha `thar Fawswùic nis` trndsjrass

gy iadckdj nsskstndoa, thks ks d`t o`dskcarac ndnitardntkva `ptk`d, ndc thus tha `da wh` iadcs tha vkìnt`r nsskstndoa ks kd vkìn-tk`d `b . a Jalnrns ruia `b `da skca `b tha rkvar rabars `diy t` onsas

whara tha vkìnt`r oùic hnva o`llkttac tha skdbui not kdcapadcadtiy, `r wkththa nsskstndoa `b n jadtkia. Kb ha raqukrac tha nsskstndoa `b Faws, thad tha Faw wh`haips hkl trndsjrassas -.73Noo`rckdjiy, kt ks p`sskgia thnt tha ouit lalgars wh` purohnsac raw``c br`l Wnv Nshk hnc nooass t` `thar Fawksh-`wdaciulgar, gut d`t t` w``c sìc gy d`d-Faws, ndc thus tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b.wns tha`ratkoniiy nppikongia

KR. O`doiusk`d

Kd ikjht `b nii wa hnva saad, thara nra savarni rans`ds t` parlkt _hngg`s kdvktn-tk`ds t` d`d`gsarvndt Faws b`r tha purp`sa `b crnwkdj thal oi`sar t` S`rnh`gsarvndoa6

>) Noo`rckdj t` s`la vkaws, spkrktuni rasoua `varrkcas S`rnh inw fust ikmarasoukdj `das physkoni ikba, ndc thus ns i`dj ns thara ks n rans`dngia p`s-skgkikty thnt tha _hngg`s kdvktntk`d wkii trkjjar n pròass thnt wkii ianc t`raikjkùs `gsarvndoa, kt ks nii`wac, avad kb thks wùic adtnki .

73. _aa tha nb`raladtk`dac rasp`dsul `b tha Masnv _`bar, wh` cksoussas thks tha`rynt iadjth.


17/18

@QSWANOH @W _SQLGIKDJ GI@OM0 ?3>

7) Kb tha h`st kdvktas tha juast waii kd ncvndoa `b _hngg`s, ndc àrs hkl`vardkjht i`cjkdj kd hks h`la, ha ks d`t onuskdj tha juast t` vkìnta_hngg`s, avad kb tha juast oh``sas `d hks `wd t` crkva rnthar thnd wnim.

a caoksk`d t` vkìnta _hngg`s wns lnca gy tha juast, d`t gy tha h`st.?) a pr`hkgktk`d `b , gy cadktk`d, raqukras kdtadt t` onusa `das

baii`w t` stulgia, ndc thus kb `das j`ni ks t` ianc tha juast t`wnrcraikjkùs `gsarvndoa, thad onuskdj hkl t` crkva thnt avadkdj càs d`ttrndsjrass .

3) Noo`rckdj t` tha Wnln, ckaradt `pkdk`ds axkst ns t` whathar `da lnynsskst n pars`d o`llkttkdj n skd kb tha nsskstndoa ks d`t daacac, ndc hawrktas thnt o`ll`d prnotkoa bìi`ws tha iadkadt p`sktk`d. Ndc thus skdoa

tha juast ond casaornta _hngg`s avad wkthùt raoakvkdj nd kdvktntk`d, d`pr`hkgktk`d ks adtnkiac noo`rckdj t` tha iadkadt vkaw.1) Noo`rckdj t` tha Cnjui Lak-ravnvn, `da lny iadc d`dassadtkni nsskstndoa

t` s`lag`cy o`llkttkdj n skd wkiibuiiy. ks lkjht nppiy kd tha onsa `b_hngg`s kdvktntk`ds, capadckdj `d h`w wa oinsskby l`card-cny d`d`g-sarvndt Faws.

2) Noo`rckdj t` savarniNohnr`dkl, d`d-assadtkni nsskstndoa lny ga jkvadcurkdj tha praiklkdnry stnjas, gab`ra tha skdbui not ks o`llkttac.

R. _urvay `b Waoadt ndc O`dtalp`rnry Hninohko Wuikdjs

U`smklwh` ruiac iadkadtiy6

>) Wnv [nnm`v Mnlkdatzmy71parlkttac axtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d t` n _hngg`s

lani b`r tha purp`sa `b ùtranoh, ns i`dj ns `da axpikoktiy kdvktas thajuast t` ralnkd wkth hkl thrùjhùt _hngg`s ndc prapnras n r``l ndcb``c b`r tha juast b`r nii b _hngg`s, avad kb ha md`ws tha juast wkii crkvah`la nar tha lani.

7) Wnv _hi`l` Vnilnd Nuargnoh72

wns nsmac ngùt lnmkdj n lkdyndb`rtha purp`sa `b ùtranoh, t` whkoh d`d`gsarvndt Faws wùic trnvai gyonr. Ha ruias thnt suoh n lkdyndlny ga haic ns i`dj ns tha kdvktaas nraàrac noo`ll`cntk`ds s` thay wùic d`t hnva t` vkìnta _hngg`s, ndc`da càs d`t daac t` kdstruot thal d`t t` crkva.

?) Wnv L`sha _tardguoh7:nii`ws kdvktkdj d`d`gsarvndt Faws b`r n _hngg`slani gaonusa tha kdtadt ks t` crnw thal oi`sar t` `gsarvndoa, ndc d`t t`

1. Alas Ia-[nnm`v, Oh`shad Lkshpnt37161, d`ta 7:..Lkdohns _hai`l 7636>5.. Sashuv`s Ra-hndhnj`s>6?18.

_HNGG@_&

[@LS@R


18/18


onusa thal t` stulgia, ndc gaonusa tha h`st càs d`t kdstruot thal t`crkva.

3) Wnv L`sha _ì`vaktohkm `b _wktzarindc78nppanrs t` hnva nii`wac axtadc-

kdj suoh kdvktntk`ds.

U`smklwh` ruiac strkdjadtiy6

>) Wnv L`sha Bakdstakd7;wns nsmac whathar n lkdyndlny ga haic b`rd`d`gsarvndt yùths wkth prkzas àrac ns kdoadtkvas, jkvad thnt tha pnr-tkokpndts wùic ikmaiy nrrkva gy onr. Ha ruiac thnt kt ks oartnkdiy b`rgkccadt` kdvkta s`lag`cy t` tha pr`jrnl, avad kb tha pars`d ikvas danrgy ndcoùic wnim. Ha nccac thnt kt ks udoartnkd whathar kt wùic ga parlksskgia

t` kdb`rl pa`pia b tha pr`jrnl wkthùt axtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d, ndc kdtha adc ha nii`wac pugikokzkdj tha avadt `diy kb tha prkzas nra rasarvac b`rth`sa wh` nrrkvac gy b``t. Kt wùic nppanr thnt Wnv L`sha wùic b`rgkcaxtadckdj nd kdvktntk`d b`r n _hngg`s lani kb kt ks ikmaiy thnt tha juast wkiio`la gy onr.

7) Wnv _haluai Z`sdar?5b`rgkcs axtadckdj suoh kdvktntk`ds, alphnskzkdjthnt kd s`la onsas thks oùic trndsjrass tha S`rnh pr`hkgktk`d `b .

?) Wnv [ sab _hni`l Aiynshkv nis` b`rgnca suoh kdvktntk`ds.?>

8. Ra-hnksh L`sha, vì. >, p. >7:.

. Kjjar`s L`[email protected]. >6;;. (_aa nis` >6;8 ndc 36:>.). _havat Hn-iavk86>2162.. Oktac kd Ohnshumak Ohalac, Uasnohkl 77g.

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