Paper 1 2018:

1.4 Using figure 2 and your own understanding, suggest how plate movements cause tectonic hazards in Iceland (6 marks)

Answer 1:The movement of the plates cause them to rub together. This friction builds up over time and finally releases causing an earthquake or tectonic hazard. These earthquakes can be very strong and can be over 6 on the Richter scale. Because of the plates moving they can create volcanoes. Iceland is on a constructive plate boundary which causes many volcanoes to break through the earth’s crust and become active volcanoes. The North American plate and the Eurasian plate move around 2.5 mm a year meaning hundreds of earthquakes and tectonic hazards will occur until the plates are further apart.

Level 1: 1/6

Answer 2: The plate movement for the North American and Eurasian plates is constructive The plates move away from each other, causing magma to rise to the surface to create new land and volcanoes. This movement of the plates can sometimes mean that the plates get stuck, causing pressure to build and when this pressure is released, when the plates jolt into their new positions, it makes seismic waves, ripple out from the focus deep in the crust, creating an earthquake (tectonic hazard)

Level 2: 4/6

Answer 3: As the plates are moving away from each other (constructive plate boundary) this makes volcanoes form from magma rising up through the gaps in the plates the plates move away from each other so the earthquake happens because the land is being pulled apart causing the land to be split open. The convection currents under the crust make the plates move apart from each other.

Level 2: 3/6

1.12. Assess the extent to which tropical storms have effects on people and the environment. Use figure 5 and an example you have studied. 9 + 3

Answer 1:Tropical storms have a big impact on the people and the environment, because (in Hurricane Irma) it destroyed 95% of the island meaning people will have to clear the debris and rebuild their homes / replant all their crops, which will affect them economically. In typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, there were 6000 deaths which would affect the survivors economically and socially because they will have to grieve for the dead. Moreover 130,000 homes were destroyed which could mean that human waste could have leaked out and harmed the environment, also due to the storm surge and hurricane, lots of habitats would have been lost. The loss of sanitation systems also means that disease could spread through the population easily, which makes the crowded hospitals even more crowded, putting more stress on medical staff. So in conclusion I would say that tropical storms affect people and the environment greatly.

Level 3: 7/9 spag:3

Answer 2: An example of a tropical storm I have studied is typhoon Haiyan. I think that tropical storms have a devastating effect on the people and the environment.

For example in typhoon Haiyan multiple people were killed, around 6000, and millions were left homeless as their houses had been destroyed. The sewage and water ways were broken and supplied unsafe water to people, multiple cities had no power for a long time. All these create a huge impact on people and effect their lives loads. In figure 5 you can see the buildings destroyed and the containers thrown around the area.

The environment is also being badly affected. All the pollution from the sewage systems and broken houses and factories are spilled everywhere, destroying the environment and polluting the ground. Trees and plants are ripped out of the ground killing many doffing types of wildlife and plants.

Overall I think tropical storms have a devastating effect on people’s lives and the environment because it pollutes loads and kills / harms many people

Level 2: 4/9 Spag 3

Answer 3: On the 6th September 2017 over 95% of Saint Maarten was destroyed by a tropical storm. Hurricane Irma hit and had winds of up to 252kmph or higher ruining the island and destroying the local population and their families. The hurricane was so powerful it took out an international airport and a harbour. The effect of this destroyed the island and the life of the people on it at that moment in time. The effects of hurricane Irma are similar to the effects of a previous hurricane.

Level 1 2/9 spag: 2

2.6 using figure 8 and your own understanding explain how development in tropical rainforests creates economic advantages but at a cost to the environment (6 marks)

Answer 1: Four example mining in the rainforest create huge economic advantages because it brings in lots of money by selling the metals that are mined out of the ground, especially if they are rare metals like diamonds. But by creating a huge quarry, like in figure 8, you have to rip up the huge area of trees and dig into the soil and rock, leaving the ground infertile and unable to grow anything after. You may make lots of money but you destroy the rainforest potentially killing animals and displacing them. You drastically reduce the biodiversity of the area of animals to plants.

Level 2: 3/6

Answer 2: Developing tropical rainforests can have great advantages to you and the community but not to the environment. In tropical rainforest many areas of trees are being cut down to provide wood and money. The disadvantage is that these trees have taken thousands of years to grow and spread over the rainforest. Not only do the trees may take many years to grow back, there will also be a loss in habitat causing many animals and insects left stranded with no home or food to stay alive with. Although developing a tropical rainforest will cause a decrease animals, the habitats and trees, there will be a good pay meaning for the people outside the forest will keep destroying the rainforest until it’s gone, creating a decrease in oxygen too.

Level 1: 1/6

Answer three:In Malaysia, there is valuable minerals in the soil, which our mined and sold to other countries, making a profit for Malaysia, however, whilst mining, they will have to build roads for the heavy machinery and will therefore have to cut down part of the rainforest, which could mean that the animals could lose their habitats. Also, logging (cutting down trees) has an economic gain when you sell the wood. However, again, habitats will be lost and species could go extinct.

Moreover, building hydroelectric dam, this could create lots of electricity to sell, however, it will just corrupt animals and their habitat. So, I believe that in rainforest do you have lots of economic advantages, however, all of them affect the environment in a negative way.

Level 3: 5/6

2.9 Choose one of the following environments:Hot desert environment Cold environment

Tick the box to show which environment you have chosen.

Using a case study, to what extent have opportunities for economic activity been developed in your chosen environment? 9 marks

Answer one;In the Thar Desert, there are many opportunities for economic activity such as solar power. In a desert, it is always sunny, all year round, meaning that solar panels or constantly make electricity (like the plant in Bhaleri) and you could sell the electricity to other countries for economic profit. Moreover, in the Thar Desert, there are lots of minerals and crude oil which is valuable, once mined, for industries and you could sell that to other countries for economic gain. Moreover, there is the opportunity for tourism, making money for the local residents in the Thar Desert. However, it is very hot and there is very little water, which makes it very difficult to work in those conditions to make economic gain, and, there is not many roads, meaning it will be difficult to access the place that you would like to mine.

All in all, I think that there are more opportunities for economic gain then challenges. However, it is very hot and there is very little water, which makes it very difficult to work in those conditions to make economic gain.

All in all, I think that there are more opportunities for economic gain than challenges.

Level 3: 8/9

Answer two;A hot desert I have studied is the Thar desert in India. In hot deserts there are many economic opportunities such as solar power, due to the high intensity of the sun, you can make loads of energy which makes lots of money. The desert also brings tourism which pays for lots to be there and also farming in hot deserts because the soil will be full of minerals for crops to grow. Also in the desert there is lots of oil and fossil feels under the ground which are in height amount and cost loads.

Most of these Economic opportunities to damage the environment because farming can strip the soil of its minerals making it infertile and extracting oil and fossil fuels damage the environment because you have to mine/dig it out of the ground

Overall I think the economic opportunities have been developed well because it creates lots of money for the area and the people living there.

Level 2: 4/9

3.6 Explain how a coastline of headlands and bays form and changes over time (4 marks)

Answer one:Headlands and bays form when hard-rock is next to soft rock, the softer rock erodes and retreats. The hard rock stays making a headland and the bay is where the softer rock is. It changes over time when the hard-rock erodes causing the whole coastline to retreat backwards.

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Answer two:The headlands are made out of hard rock, which gets eroded slower than the softer rock of the bays, meeting at the hard rock headlands would jut out to see whilst the soft rock bays get eroded away by hydraulic action (ways go to cracks in cliff, compressed air and cracks extant repeat and the cliff face will crumble away and retreat further back) and also by abrasion (rocks being heard at the base of cliff, causes cliff to collapse), meaning the soft rock is eroded easier than the hard rock, creating bays and headlines over time.

3/4

3.7 coastal management schemes are effective in protecting the coastline and physical processes. Do you agree? Using an example, explain your answer. (6 marks)

Answer one:In Lyme Regis, they built a seawall, which successfully protects the houses behind from flooding, however, the curved surface of the seawall encourages the waves to road away at the beach, causing longshore drift to occur (where sand and materials get transported further down the coast line) which is a negative impact. Moreover, groynes make sure that longshore drift doesn’t happen to certain areas of the coastline, because they are large wooden fences, which catch the sand which would otherwise move further down the coast line, building up a beach. However, further down the coast line (because no material is being transported there) it will eroded away quickly. So, all In all, I think that management schemes are effective for a particular area of coastline that they are in, but could negatively affect other parts of the coastline.

Level 3: 5/6

Answer two:Yes, I agree that coastal management schemes are effective in protecting the coastline, for example in Lyme Regis they have built sea walls that protect the shops and houses from falling into the sea from the cliff eroding from physical processes such as hydraulic action. Also using soft and hard engineering protects the coast but usually costs lots. Some management schemes are more effective than others such as seawalls, it protects very well from physical processes unlike something like beach nourishment as it has to be replaced often unlike the sea wall.

Level 1 2/6

4.6 Explain how river meanders may change over time. (4 marks)

Answer one:Hydraulic action from the force of the river flow erodes the land causing the meander. When the river erodes all the way through the other side the water flow will take the easy route, the sediment will help build up along the unused parts and block off the curve part creating an oxbow lake. *Simple image of the three stages*

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Answer two:Over time the meander may increase in size outwards creating a larger sized bend. This bend will then speed up and increase the speed of the river causing more meanders to be created and the speed of the river increases on each meander created.

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Answer three:A river meander could change to an oxbow lake over time, because there is a cliff on the outer bank from lateral erosion of the river. The land on the inside of the river, on the curved area of the meander will get narrower, at both sides, until the river breaks through, creating a straight, more direct route instead of a

curved route. The river will take the more direct route and because of evaporation and deposition, the curved route will be cut off from the river forming an oxbow lake.

4/4

4.7 differences in the shape of the flat hydrographs are caused by both human and physical features. Do you agree use figure 14 and your own understanding to explain your answer. (Six marks)

Answer one: The Austwick Beck area has a higher peak flow and a faster lag time, this may be due to the Impermeable rock (physical factor), causing the water to run on very quickly into the river, all because then maybe pavements / roads/ houses with drains (human factor) which will cause the surface run-off to quickly go down the drain (which leads to the river) and quickly go into the river, increasing the peak flow. However, the Clapham Beck hydrograph shows lower peak flow and longer lag time, this could be due to the fact that there are many more plants which soak up the water (physical factor) which reduces the peak flow (highest amount of water in the river) and increases the lag time (time it takes for when it rained to the peak fine). So, yes, I do agree with this statement.5/6

Answer two:I agree with this statement as I think humans are affecting this as well as physical factors.0/6

Answer three:Yes because if the land is saturated the water all there aren’t many trees repeat to charge will go up on the lag time reduced, the same effect would happen if the place was filled with buildings so has high surface run- off because of the concrete and tarmac. If the area was a vegetated area with little people and buildings all those trees and unsaturated soil the lag time will be higher and peak discharge reduced as the water can be absorbed by the trees and ground. If humans were not there with buildings the same would happen as we won’t increase surface run off. Just like in Clapham Beck in figure 14.3/6

Paper 2 2018:

1.5 use figure 3 and a case study of a city in a LIC or NEE to suggest why managing traffic congestion and air-pollution maybe challenging (6 marks)

In an NEE (Nigeria for example) managing traffic congestion will be difficult, because the country is quite poor and doesn’t have enough money to spend on making roads bigger or creating an integrated transport system. Moreover, it would be challenging to manage air-pollution in Nigeria, because a lot of its income comes from the oil industry and manufacturing. This means that if they have to manage air-pollution, they will have to cut back on how much oil they produce an export, meaning the economy would suffer.

2/6

1.7 using figure for and your own understanding, suggest reason (S) for inequalities in education in urban areas in the UK. (Four marks)

Answer one;Urban areas of the UK are often more populated and busier than rule areas. They can afford more and buy more as they have more money from a busy area of the UK. However, even though the schools can’t afford

more than other schools it doesn’t mean every student is good at working or well-behaved. There might be students who find the lessons and GCSEs hard.0/4

Answer two:The inner cities are usually very rundown (like in Bristol) and are in need of regeneration, because the schools in the city have not much money, they may not be able to buy the equipment needed to learn, whereas in the suburbs and centre, the government spends lots of money on improving the services and infrastructure there, Meaning that schools there will have more equipment for learning, so their GCSE scores will be higher.3/4

1.9 To what extent has urban change created environmental challenges in the UK city you have studied? (9 + 3)

Answer one,Name of city: BristolUrban change has created environmental challenges to Bristol. Bristol has changed and is still changing now. Shopping centres have been made with the road more designed the cyclists. There may be small changes but they create a large impact. Shopping centres and roads have changed in size, which means the roads will have to widen into more land around Bristol. Shops and buildings will have to be placed onto open land, reducing the greenery and the natural environment which is needed around areas on buildings and shops which have taken over the landscape. More areas of land are used which also means farming businesses and cattle have to move or stop as they cannot get any money if there are no longer any businesses.2/9 spag 2

Answer two: Name of city: Bristol

In Bristol, urban change has led to an increase of housing been built in the greenbelt area, meaning that if it continues to sprawl, it may join up with off. By building more houses, habitats are destroyed and so all the wildlife within it, damaging the environment. However in Bristol they are trying to make the city a greener place, for example, Avon wildlife trust has managed to create green highways so animals can safely move about city. Moreover there is a project for primary school students called one tree per child. This project means that every child in the city will plant a tree, creating more, naturally open green spaces for people to relax in and enjoy, as well as creating habitats for wildlife. Moreover Bristol used to be the most congested city in the UK, but because of urban change, they have managed to develop cycle ways such as the eastern way, to encourage people to exercise and cycle to work, which produces congestion and pollution to the environment. All in all I think the urban change has created more benefits and challenges to the environment.6/9 spag 2

2.4 using figure 6 on your own understanding, suggest how the growth of tourism in an LIC or NEE might help to reduce the development gap. (Four marks)

Answer one:In Jamaica, tourism accounts for 28% of the GDP, and since it’s such a large amount, the government has invested in building and infrastructure to support it. When visitors are attracted to Jamaica, they usually stay in resorts, where they spend lots of money for example the employees receive a large amount of the money and the government tax it. This large amount of tax is then spent on improving the infrastructure which increases development, reducing the development gap. Moreover, the employees spend the money in other businesses which the government tax and then the increased income from the tax can be spent on improving the tourism industry, which will bring more money into the country, reducing the development gap.3/4

Answer two:

For an LIC which doesn’t have a lot of money as a country, visitors from abroad will help it become an NEE. As shown in the diagram the visitors are likely to spend money or get a job if they like it. This would increase profit the locals from the many visitors, if they get a job, other companies will support it with money, increasing the countries job taxes as well as the country overall gaining money and becoming a richer country.2/4

2.8 using a case study of an LIC or NEE country, explain the link between transnational corporations (TNCS) and industrial development in the country (six marks)

Name of country: Nigeria

In Nigeria, TNCs such a shell, invest money into the infrastructure of the country by moving there, because they pay employs money, which gets spent in shops. This money is then taxed and the government use this tax to develop the country in many ways such as industry. Since a large percentage of Nigeria’s income comes from exporting oil to other countries, this income be spent on improving the industry such as making the machines pumping the oil more energy efficient, so the TNCs energy bills are lower and they get more money to spend on improving and developing the industry further. Moreover if one TNC industry is successful, more will follow for the cheap labour and better profits, improving and developing the countries industry.4/6

2.10 Assess the importance of transport improvements to the UK economy (nine marks)

Answer one:In Bristol, in the south-west of the UK, the government has invested money into improving their integrated transport systems so it’s easier from employees to get to work on time instead of being stuck in congestion and so deliveries can arrive on time. Companies therefore are losing money, which will be spent by the employees in shops, the government will then tax what they spend on their wage and use it to improve transport further. Moreover, in the UK, £15 million is been put forward to building a third runway at Heathrow airport, this new runway will allow more tourists to visit the UK, and that means that the government will get more money (because more tourists spend money) and therefore it will influence the UK economy positively. Moreover, the third runway could create more links to other nations, meaning more trade will occur, which means that more money will come into the country, again, effect in the UK economy positively. In conclusion, I think the improvement of transport systems is vital to the UK economy.7/9

Answer two:The UK uses a lot of transport every day to work or another location where that’s by train, subway, car or even bus. These are very important to our everyday lives but could do with improvements. The transport can often have malfunctions or take longer journeys because of delays or traffic which means the economy needs local improvements to. For example, Bristol. They have improved the roads by adding cycle and bus lanes so transport is quicker because flow faster when congestion starts to build up. This improvement is important as it has change the way Bristol works and how that transport is much better after the improvements. This also helps the UK economy as it is easy access around Bristol, whether into or out of Bristol as well.2/9

3.4 using figure 10 on your own understanding, discuss the issues arising from the U.K.’s changing energy mix. (Six marks).

Answer one:The changing energy mix shows how much energy was used into 2006 and 2016 over a 10 year period. This shows that the amount of coal used in 2006 has dramatically decreased over 10 years. This might be because there is a reduction in coal as we have used up most of it. Gas and nuclear energy has increased over the 10 years which harms us and our planet. However, there has been an increase in renewable resources hydro, wind offshore, and solar onshore and bioenergy have increased and how much is used. This is much better than using non-renewable resources as they can be used again without letting off gases and harming our planet.2/6

Answer two;In 2016, there has been a significant increase in renewable energy resources, which should be more environmentally friendly as they do not pollute as much as fossil feels, impacting on the environment in a positive way. However, renewable resources such as solar power cost a lot to install, but, on the other hand, they have minimal running costs. In 2016 the amount of nuclear power has increased by 2% and gases increase by 6.5%, which is quite a lot, which in turn affects environment in a negative way because more fossil feels of being burnt and therefore more CO2 goes into the atmosphere, which increases the

amount of greenhouse gasses, and they absorb the sun’s rays, which heat up the Earth and cause global warming. However, overall, there has been a significant increase of renewably sourced energy to combat that.6/6

6.5 explain how different strategies can be used to make energy supplies more sustainable. (Six marks)

Instead of using fossil fuels such as gas and coal, you could replace those energy sources with more sustainable, renewable ones-such as wind, tidal or solar. These energy sources are renewable and do not harm the environment, meaning that they are sustainable. Instead of using natural gas, in the UK, you could Frack the huge shale gas reserves that we have-although shale gas is a fossil fuel, it is considered to be more environmentally friendly the natural gas which makes it more sustainable than natural gas. You could use carbon capture. All nuclear power stations reduce the environmental impact and make it more sustainable and more environmentally friendly.2/6

Paper 3:

Issue Evaluation:

3.2 do you think of the site of the proposed reservoir development should go ahead YesNo Use evidence from the resources booklet and your own understanding to explain your choice (9 + 3)

Answer one:I do not think it should go ahead, because the embankments or 20 m high and look very unsightly, which could put off Tourists from the area, negatively impacting the area and businesses around the proposed reservoir. Moreover it would cause massive disruption, in Markham, during the building phase, by

transporting tons of rock materials during the building-which will affect congestion on the roads further than they already are making commuters suffer from delays. Furthermore, if you build a reservoir, it will destroy natural habitats of animals such as water voles and bats, and will displace many other species (which could be endangered) therefore impacting on the environment negatively. Moreover, because of the reservoir some villages (such as East Hanney) would experience and increase flood risk caused by the displacement the floodwater, so if it floods, houses, shops, crops and villages could be destroyed, negatively impacting the villages socially, environmentally and economically because it costs a lot of money to rebuild house in shops, it damages environment and crops (which could have been sold for an economic gain) and the villages will feel depressed due to all this, impacting on them socially.

7/9SPaG: three

Answer two:I think that the reservoir development should go ahead. In the Thames area the population is gradually been increasing my hundred thousand per year. The average rainfall in the areas around 737 mm per year which is a lot less than the national average. Two thirds of the rain falls is lost due to the operation. All of these reasons calls water stress. If the plan is to go ahead the new building houses will become more water efficient. They will contain water efficient dishwashers, washing machines and low-volume toilet systems.

3/9 Spag : 2

Fieldwork

4.9 Compare the relationship between distance from source and depth of river for the two rivers (four marks)

Answer one:As you get further from the source, the depth of the river gets slowly greater for river B, for example at 450 m from the source it’s 22 cm deep however, as river A’s depth and distance from the source goes up quicker than Bs (because of

the steeper gradient) For example, at 450 m from the source, it’s 40 cm deep, and increase of 8 cm compare to B.3/4

5.2 justify one primary data collection method used in your physical geography enquiry (three marks)

Answer one;We picked at random stones at certain sizes in the river and measured the width to see if they got smaller downstream as the velocity of the river slowed which they did, and we looked at the smoothness of the stones compare to a smoothness scale to see if the stones got smoother and more rounded as we went downstream, which would prove that velocity affected bedload.3/3

Answer two:

A primary method we were finding was the velocity of the river at different points in the source to the sea. A cork showed us how fast the cork reached from a starting point to a finishing point which was shown using a stopwatch.2/3

5.3 explain how one data presentation technique used in your human geography enquiry helped you interpret the data. (Six marks)

Answer one:When looking at the changes around Bristol there was a huge difference compare to before. The increase in buildings and land being used showed a clear point. The increase in building such as shops and flats reduces the amount of greenery in the area. The increase in this effects many farms and crop farmers will have to close the businesses because the area will become more populated with people moving into flats or people visiting the new shops. All because of increasing buildings. And more noise will be made by people working on buildings or shopping in the new shops. The increase in buildings also reduces greenery which without it makes the city look like a concrete jungle.

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Answer two:We did a survey of how green the area was, how many shops, apartments, job opportunities et cetera. I was that there was none of the above and five was that there were lots of all of the above. We added up the total of each site and the site with the lowest score was the worst re-generated, and the one with the most was the most regenerated and improved area. We then did a bar chart using the school was on the sites, which helped us comparing interpret the data for each site effectively and quickly.4/6

5.4 For one of your fieldwork enquiries, assess the extent to which the accuracy of the results and the reliability of the conclusions could be improved (nine marks +3)

Answer one;Title of fieldwork enquiry: how does velocity affect the bedload on the Holford river?

When testing the velocity of the weather, we use a stopwatch, a Coke and measured about 5 m with the meter stick. One person drop the cork at the start of the 5 m, and the person at the end timed how long it took to cover that distance, then stopped the stopwatch. We then used the equation (velocity = distance / time) to find the velocity of the river, however, all data wasn’t very accurate because the river wasn’t very deep, so the cork kept getting stuck on the bed of the river, meaning someone has to kick it free, which took more time, making a date about the velocity of the river much faster than the river actually was. We could improve this by coming back to the site a lot after rainfall, which would increase the depth of the river so the cork wouldn’t get stuck and repeating the experiment

lots of times to get a more accurate result. Moreover, we measured the stones from certain sites to see if they got smaller as we went down the river, where the velocity slows down, which would prove that the velocity affected the bedload if they got smaller in size (which they did). We also compared the stone smoothness to a smooth on a scale which had pictures of smooth and angular rocks to see if the stones got smoother downstream, which should prove our hypothesis, however, it wasn’t very accurate as some stones were in between on the scale, so we had to use our own opinions and since everyone’s opinion is different we got inaccurate data. To improve it we could allow one person to do this task so that the opinion is the same throughout, making it more accurate.6/9 spag:3

Answer two;Title of fieldwork enquiry: Holford River

To improve our results of our fieldwork we would have to change our techniques when looking at the Holford River. We followed it from source to the sea following its path we looked and worked out it’s velocity and bedload. To do this we use different equipment. The cork was used to find the velocity with a stopwatch to time it, tape measure was also used to work at the distance the court travels. The tape measure was used again to work if different bits of the river contain different shapes and sizes of rocks carried away downstream. When recording our calculations we use methods such as a bar chart to show a clear representation of the velocity and bedload of the river. When recording our results we also showed them in a plot graph where a line of best fit was added to. The line of best fit hit none of our plots which proves that the rivers path wasn’t very clear or straight. Because of this the results also gave us more reliable and more detailed information meaning our results made clearer conclusions.0/9 spag 1