hệ sinh thái Đất ngập nước
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Nhm 4:
Tn NHong Phng
V ThQuyn
Ng Thi Quyn
Hong ThThanh Thy
V ThThngThng
D NG MOT SOHE SINH TH I
T NG P NC VIET N M
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VI. Mtshsinh thi tngpnc
VitNam
II. Chcnngv lich caadnghsinh thi tngpnc
I. Khi nim
V. Thctrng,nguyn nhn v binphpbovadnghsinh thi tngpnc
III. Cc hsinh thi tngpnc
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- Theo cng c Ramsar nh ngha: t ngp
nc l nhng vng m ly, than bn hoc vng
ncbtkl tnhin hay nhn to,thngxuyn
hay tm thi, c nc chy hay nc t, l nc
ngt, nc l hay nc bin k c nhng vng
ncbinc su khng qu 6 m khi triuthp.
I. Khi nim
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-adnghsinh thi lin quan nskhc nhau v
loihnh sng,vsinh cnhcacc qunx sinh vt
v cc qu trnh sinh hcgiacc hsinh thi.
-adnghsinh thi l csadnggen v a
dng loi c thhinv bc l ra ngoi, l cs
catnh adngvvnha cax hiloi ngi.
Cc vng tngpnccxem l nic sa
dngsinh hccao nhttrong ttccc hsinh thi.
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Chnsng, chngxi l, nnhbbin, iuha kh hu
Lu tr, chancv hn ch l lt
Cha gi trcao v a dng sinh hc
II.
Chc
nngv
lich
cah
sinh
thi
tngpnc
Vng sn xut thy sn
Ni sinh sng c tr lu i canhiuloi ng vt
Quan cnh p pht trin du lch
Cung cp nc cho sinh hot
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- HST bi lymnngptriu- HST rngngpmn
-HST vng mlyngptriuncngt
-HST rnsan h
-HST mph
- HST vng mly(hay snh ly,bi ly)
ngpncngt- HST tngpncven sng sui- HST rng ngp nc ngt ni a vcc vng tngpncngtnia
H sinh thit ngp nc
ven bin
H sinh thit ngp nc
ni a
III. Cc h sinh thi t ngp nc
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- Rngngpmn
+ Bi ,bi ncacc loi c, tm, cua v cc loi
thysnc gi trkinh tkhc.
+ Xm chimv cnhcc bi bn ngp triumi
bi,bovbbinchnglitc ngcasng bin
v bo tven bin.
+ Nictr cho rtnhiuloi ngvthoang d bn
av di c(chim, th, lngc,b st).
+ Cung cpcc snphmg,ci,thysnv nhiu
snphmkhc.
+ C adngsinh hccao.
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-mph:+ Do c tnh pha trn gia khi nc ngt v
ncmn nn khu h thy sinh vtm ph rt
phong ph bao gm cc loi ncngt,nc lv ncmn.
+ Cutrc qunx sinh vtmph thay itheo
ma r rt.
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- Rnsan h, cbin: l cc kiuhsinh thi ctrngcho vng binven b,cbitrnsan h c
trngcho vng binnhiti.
+ Qun x rnsan h rtphong ph bao gm ccnhm ngvty(thn mm,gip xc), c rn.
+ Thmcbinthngl nictr canhiu loi
ra binv cbitloi b binDugon.
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- Vng binquanh cc oven b:
+ Ven b binVitNam c h thng cc o rt
phong ph.+ Vng ncven bcahuhtcc olnc
nhgi c mcDSHrtcao vicc hsinh
thi cth nhrnsan h, cbin...
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Vit Nam c 2 vng NN quan trng l NN vng
casng ngbngsng HngvNNngbngsng CuLong:
-NNvng casng ngbngsng Hng
+ Dintch 229.762 ha
+ Tptrung cc hsinh thi vithnh phncc loi
thcvt,ngvtvng rngngpmnphong ph,
cbitl nictr canhiuloi chim nc.
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-NNngbngsng CuLong
+ Dintch tngpnc4.939.684 ha.
+yl bi quan trngcanhiuloi thysndi
ctpha thngngunsng M Cng.
+ Nhngkhu rngngpncv ngbngngpl
cngl nhngvng c timnngsnxutcao.+ C 3 hsinh thi tnhin:
Hsinh thi ngpmnven bin
Hsinh thi rngtrm vng ngpncnia Hsinh thi casng
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-cimctrngcaHST tngpnc:
t ngp nc thngc loi t ng nht
C hngthcvtthch nghi hocchuciukinngpnc
C s hin din ca nc
HST
tngpnc
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VI. Mtshsinh thi tngpncVitNam1. Rngngpmncngi
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- Rng ngp mn Cn Ginm gn trong huyn CnGi ca TP H Ch Minh.- Ta: t102214- 103739 v Bc, t 106
4612- 107 0050 kinh ng. Phangtipgip vitnhngNai v B RaVngTu. Pha Ty gip vi tnhTinGiang v tnhLong An.Pha Bcgip vihuynNhB TPHCM. Pha Nam gipvi binng.
-Khu d tr sinh quyn Cn Gicn gi lRng Sc
1. Vtr al:
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Trc chin tranh, Cn
Gi l khu rng ngp
mn vi qun th ng
thc vt phong ph.Nhng trong chin tranh
bom nv chtcha
hc lm ni y tr
thnh vngtcht.
2. Lcs:
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- Nm 1978, CnGic sp
nhpvThnh phHCh Minh,
v nm1979 UBND thnh phH
Ch Minh pht ng chin dch
trng li rng Cn Gi khi
phclihsinh thi ngpmn.
- Ngy 21/ 01/ 2000, khu rng
ny c Chng trnh Con
ngi v Sinh Quyn -
MAB ca UNESCO cng nhn l
Khu d tr sinh quyn u tin
caVitNam.
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- Skhi phcv pht trincngnhbovcakhu
rng ny ghi nhn s ng gp rt ln ca lc
lngthanh nin xung phong thnh phHChi Minhv nhn dn Cn Gi. Hin khu rng c giao
cho chnh ngidn niychmsc v qunl.
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- CnGi l hsinh thi trunggian giahsinh thi thyvcvi h sinh thi trn cn, hsinh thi ncngt v hsinhthi ncmn.- Rng Cn Gi nhn mt
lnglnph sa tsngngNai, cng vi nh hng cabin k cn v cc t thytrium hthcvtniyrt
phong ph vi trn 150 loithcvt,trthnh nguncungcpthcnv nitr ngchort nhiu loi thy sinh, c vcc ng vt c xng
sngkhc.
3.adngsinh hc:
RNG
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C trn 30.300ha rng Cn Gi pht trin xanh tt, trong
s ny din tch rng trng chim trn 21.300ha.
RNG:
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V thc vt:
- C 157 loi thcvtthuc76 h.
- Trong ,c 35 loi cy rngngpmnthuc36 chi,
24 h
- Nhiu loicy, chyu l bn trng,mm trng, cc
qunhpci- bntrngcng xu i,trang, ng
v.v v cc loinc lnhbn chua, r, da l,
rng, v.v- Thm c bin vi cc loi u th Halophyla sp.,
Halodule sp., v Thalassia sp
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-Trong c 11 loi b st c tn trong sch Vit
Nam nh: tck (gekko gekko), knc(varanus
salvator), trnt (python molurus), trngm (python
reticulatus), rncpnong (bungarus fasciatus), rnh
mang(naja naja), rn h cha (ophiophagus
hannah), vch (chelonia mydas), c su hoa
c (crocodylus porosus)
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RngngpmnCnGitrthnh "l phi"ng
thi l "qu thn"c chcnng lm schkhng kh
v nc thi t cc thnh ph cng nghip trong
thngngun sng ngNai - Si Gn ra bin
ng.
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2. Vn quc gia Trm Chim
- Trm Chim nmtrong vngng
Thp Mi, thuc huyn TamNng, tnhngThp.
- Taa l 1040 1047v
bc,10526- 10536ng- Vi tngdin tch 7.313 ha nm
trong a gii ca 5 x (Ph c,
Ph Hip,Ph Thnh B, Ph Th,Tn Cng Sinh) v Th trn Trm
Chim, vi s dn trong vng l
30.000 ngi.
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Lcs
- Nm 1985, Trm Chim cyban Nhn dn tnhngThp thnh lpvitn gil Cng ty Nng Lm Ngtrng
Trm Chim.
- Nm1991, Trm Chim trthnh Khu Bo tnThin nhin
Trm Chim cp tnh, nhm bo tn loi su u (Grus
antigone sharpii).
- Nm1994, niytrthnh Khu BotnThin nhin Trm
Chim, cpqucgia.- Nm1998, niytrthnh Vnqucgia Trm Chim.
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Chcnng
- L mtphncadi snvnho, tonn cc gi trtinh thnv thmm
-Bo tn h sinh thi t ngp nc c trng ca
vngngThp Mi- Bov khu vc di tr cho cc loi chim di c,c
bit l loi chim su (Grus antigone), bo tn cc
loing-thcvtbna,cc ngungen qu him
- Duy tr nhng iu kin thch hp cho vic nghin
cu mi trng t nhin v bo v ti nguyn thin
nhin.
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adngsinh hc
Hngvt:
- C trn 100 loi ngvtc xngsng, gn40 loi lngc b st, c 129 loi c nc ngt, 231 loi chim nc
thuc49 h, 14 b.
-cbitc 16 loi chim qy himsinh sngv cbov nh: Su u , Gi y ln, Gi y Java, C qum
uen,C tha,ibng en.
-Trong s 129 loi c, ch yu l nhm c trng (chim
khong 75%), cn li l nhm c en, c trng l c lc
ng,c lc bng v c stbm.
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C c
Dicla Suu
inin
Bnng chn xm Gi yjava
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Hthcvt:
- Kt qu kho st ghi nhn c 130 loi thc vt
thuc47 h, phn bthnh nhngqunx thcvtc
trng.
+ VQG Trm Chim adngsinh hcv cc kiu thmthc vt bao gm cc ng c ngp nc theo ma,
rngtrm ti sinh v cc mly.
+ Tiyc 5 qunx cdichnh, trong c qunxcnngv la ma (la tri)chimuth.
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Cc hsinh thi chyu:
- HST rngtrm
-ngcngpnctheo ma gm5 qunx cdichnh:
+ngcnng
+ngcmm+ngcng
+ngla ma
+ Lc nc- HST mly
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HST rng trm: (Melaleuca cajuputi) l thm thc vt
thn gc dintch lnnht,dintch khong2968 ha.
Cy trm cphn brngkhptrong VQG, bao gm
cc khu trm trngv trm mcrirc xen lntrong cc
trngcv mly.- Nhng loi chim thnggp: c trng,c b,c la,
c lp, vc,dicla,dicxm, inging,cngcc, tu
h, c ngi, c cm,c
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Hsinh thi ngcncngptheo ma:
- ngcngpnc theo ma l mt trong nhng
hsinh thi kh phbin trong khu vcVQG Trm
Chim.
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ngcnng (Eleocharis sp.) chimdin tch khong2.968
ha, to thnh mttrong nhngthmcrng ln; v hpvi
cc loi khc to thnh cc qun x thc vt: nng kim
nngng;nngkim - cng; nngng - cng ;nngng -
cng-la ma.
- Nhng ni c a hnh thp v ngp nc quanh nm thxen ln trong qunx nng l nhng loi thcvt thysinh
nhnhcn vng ,sng ma ,rong uichn.
Nhng loi chim thng gp: su (Grus antigone), c trng(Egretta garzetta), c b(Ardeola bacclus), trch c,trch t,
vttri(Anas poecilorhyncha)
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ngcmm (Ischaemumspp.); chimdintch kh nh,
khong41,8 ha.
- Bao gmmmnthunv qunx mm- cng. Phn
bhindinchyutrn nhngdilip,btc ahnh
cao ccbtrong mtvng ahnh thp.
Nhng loi chim thng gp: cng cc
(Pharacrocoraxniger), chinchin(Prinia flaviventris), c b
(Ardeola bacclus), c la (Ixobrychus sinensis), ct nh
(Turnix syluatica), dic la (Ardea purpurea), dic xm
(Ardea cinerea), c (Tyto capensis), giang sen (Mycteria
leucocephala), gi y(Leptoptilos dubius).
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ngcng(Panicum repens):phn btrn mtdinrng,
chim din tch khong 958,4 ha, dng n thun hoc
cng xuthinvicc loi thcvtthn thokhc: cng-
cs; cngla ma; cng- cch; cngmai dng.
Nhng loi chim thng gp: cng t (Houbaropsisbengalensis), chinchin(Prinia flaviventris), snca (Alauda
gulgula), s bi (Saxicola caprata), tru u hung (Merops
superciliosus), c (Tyto capensis), trch, c (Ardeola bacclus),giang sen (Mycteria leucocephala), gi y (Leptoptilos
dubius), chch mly(Locustella certhiola)
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ngla ma
ngla ma (Oryza rufipogon); phn bkh rng,chimdin
tch khong824 ha. Tuy nhin, cnh ng la ma n thun
c dintch kh nh,dintch cn lic skthpvinhng
loi thcvtkhc tothnh nhngqunx thcvtctrng
cho vng t ngpnc: la ma - cng; la ma - c bc,
khong160 ha; la ma - cng- cch.
Hunh ttccc loi chim trong Trm Chim u thch vi
ngla ma, kcsuu(Grus antigone), sinh cnhny
adngsinh hcrtcao.
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ngcngpnctheo ma
Trm
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Hsinh thi mly
Bao gm:Sen v nghl chyu
- Nghphn bnhngniahnh trngthp, khong159ha. Trong , nghnthunchimkhong138 ha, phncn
lihindinchung viloi thcvtkhc nhla ma, rau da,
nhcn vng.
Nhngloi chim thnggp: c la,c lp, c c,c b
- Sensng chyutrn cc vng mlyngpncquanh
nm, dc theo khu trng thpcadng sng c, chimdin
tch khong158 ha.Nhngloi chim thnggp: le hi , le khoang cvttritrch
c, trch r, g li nc,g ncvn,mng kt ,bi c.
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3. Khu dtrsinh quynthgiichu thsng
Hng
Bao gmckhu vcbi ngang, rngngpmnKimSn, Ngha Hng, Thi Thy, VQG Giao Thy, cn
Ni,cnVnh, cnTh,khu botnthin nhin Tin
Hi,v cc vng phcn,Khu Ramsar Xun Thu. yl khu Ramsar ccng nhnvo nm1989,
l khu u tin VitNam, cng l khu Ramsar u
tin cangNam v th50 cathgii, l nictr canhngloi chim nc.
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C khong 200 loi chim, trong c gn 60 loichim di c,hn50 loi chim nc.
Nhiuloi qu himcghi trong sch thgiinh: c tha, mng b,rmtha, c trngbc,...
Sinh cnh c sc ni y l nhng cnh rng
ngpmn rng hng ngn ha, m lymn, bi bi
ven binv casng.
Nhngcnh rngny cv nhbctngxanhbovbin,lng xm khibtn ph bigi bo,
ncbindng, v cthmhosng.
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Khu d tr sinh quyn th gii ng bng sng
Hngc timnngrtlnvdu lchsinh thi, tham
quan v tm hiuvthgiitnhin.
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1. Thctrng:
- VitNam l mtncgiu cc hsinh thi tngp
nc,vidintchNNhn10 triuha, chim1/3 din
tch taicnc.- Chyuphn bvng chu thsng Hng(1,29 tr
ha), sng CuLong (3,9 tr ha), cc HST mph, cc
bi bn, cc ca sng v RNM phn b dc theo bbin ko di t Mng Ci( Qung Ninh) n H Tin
(Kin Giang).
V. Thc trng, nguyn nhn v bin php bovadnghsinh thi tngpnc
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- Vng tngpnc lnnhtcaVitNam l chu
thsng CuLong bao gmhthngsng, ngi, knh,
rchchngcht,nhngcnh ngbt ngt, rngngp
mn,rngtrm, cc bi triu,ao nui tm, c.
- VitNam hinc trn 60 vng tngpncc tm
quan trng quc gia v quc t nh: vn quc gia
Xun Thy(ccng nhnl khu Ramsar), khu dtr
sinh quyn Cn Gi, vn quc gia Trm Chim, ph
Tam Giang- CuHai
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- C khong12.115 loi thysinh vtphn bmi
trng bin, mi trng nc l v cc vng nc
niacng vihn300 loi ngvtc xngsng.
- Th c 47 loi thuc11 h,4 b; chim c 170 - 180
loi thuc 42 h nm trong 20 b; b st c 35 loi
thuc6 hv huht162 loi lngcthngsngv pht trintrong mi trngNN.
- Trong sny ghi nhn60 loi thucdinc nguy
cbedac tn trong Sch VitNam nm2007nh ri c lng mt, ri c vut b, mo c, hu
mly.
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- Trong 15 nmqua, dintch tngpnctnhin
gimi,dintch tngpncnhn totngln.- Dintch rngngpmngim183.724ha trong 20
nm qua (t nm 1995). Trong khi din tch nui trng
thy sn tng ln 1,1 triu ha nm 2003. n nm2007 dintch tngpncgimmnh
Gy suy gimadnghsinh thi tngpnc.
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2. Nguyn nhn
- S gia tng dn s
- Ci c tr b tn ph v nhim
- Cha c quy hoch tng th bo tn v khai thchp l
- Do cc qu trnh t nhin
- Bin i kh hu
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- D bo v BKH, nhit tri t nng ln, mc
ncbinsdng t75 cm n1 m vo nm2100. Khong 20 n 30% din tch vng thp ng
bng sng Cu Long v 11% din tch vng ng
bng sng Hng b ngp v s c khong 78 sinh
cnhtnhin quan trng,trong c 36 khu botn
thin nhin, 8 vnquc gia v 11 khu d tr thin
nhin kccc khu Ramsar sbnhhng.
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3. Binphp bov
- Cnc dbo cthtrn cskhoa hccc vng
sbnhhngnngc binphp ngnnga,thch
ngkhi c kh huccoanxyra.
- Bovhiuqucc rnsan h, thmcbinnhng
khu rngngpmncn st lihinnay.
- ng thi, trnggia c,chmsc bovdin tch
rng ngp mn c trng trong nhng nm gn
y.
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- Kim sot thng xuyn kp thi loi tr c
hiuqucc loi sinh vtngoilai xm hitrong HSTt ngp nc v loi ngoi lai s xm chim mi
trngsngcacc loi bna,y li loi bna
ra khikhu sinh sng.- Bo m ngun nc sch, lu thng chng
nhim ngun nc ti cc khu t ngp nc ca
vnqucgia, khu bo tn thin nhin, khu Ramsartrong cc vng mincatnc.
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- Xy dngmtsm hnh pht trinnn kinh t
xanh thch ngviBKHcngnhm hnh bov
rngngpmn,rngcngngv mts loi ng
vtbin- ohoang d.
- Cn c chnh sch ph hp gip cng ng aphng pht trin nn kinh t xanh nhm gp phn
ci thin i sng tinh thn v vt cht bng cc
ngunti nguyn vngNNcc aphng(du lch
sinh thi bnvng),nui trngcc loi thyhisnc
gi trkinh t.
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- Xy dngcc tiu ch hngdncngnga
phngsdngkhn kho cc loi c gi trkinh tHSTNNcc aphng.
- Nng cao nhnthccho cn bqun l cc cp,
B,cngngv vai tr, chcnng quan trngcaHSTNNivicucsnghintiv tnglai.
- C cchphihpngbcc cp,cc ngnh
c lin quan tTrung ngnaphng.
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