he final ppt
TRANSCRIPT
DEPRATMENTOF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SHREE S’AD VIDHYA MANDAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNLOGY
Faculty:- Aneri ChavanSUBJECT:- Highway Engineering
SR NO . NAME ENROLLMENT NO .
1 Patel Margi M. 1304501060352 Shah Ishani M. 130450106044
Traffic speed- volume
studies ,surveys and parking studies
What is traffic engineering?
Traffic Engineering is that branch of civil engineering which deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings for safe rapid convenient economic movement of people and goods.
The basic object of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic with least no of accidents.
Study of traffic engineeringThe study of traffic engineering may be divided into
following sections-1. Traffic Characteristics2. Traffic Studies and Analysis3. Traffic operation-control and regulation4. Planning and analysis5. Geometric Design6. Administration and Management
What is Traffic Study???.....
Traffic studies may be grouped into three main categories:
1. Inventories2. Administrative studies3. Dynamic studies.
Types & purpose of traffic surveys
Volume study Speed studyOrigin and destination – O & D studyTraffic capacity studyAccident studyParking study
(1)Traffic volume study
Traffic volume is defined as the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time at any selected period.
Traffic volume studies are conducted to collect data on the number of vehicles and/or pedestrians that pass a point on a highway facility during a specified time period.
This time period varies from as little as 15 min to as much as a year, depending on the anticipated use of the data.
Objectives of the volume study
To determine of vehicle composition in traffic stream.To determine the service flow rate in PCU/PCE unit.To estimate of ADT based on expansion factor.
To determine the directional distribution(DD).
To draw flow fluctuation curves
Scope of the Study
Effectiveness of a traffic control measure
To check existing, operating service condition of a roadway section
Planning traffic operation and control of existing facility
To design intersection, signal timings, channelization
Structural design of pavements, geometric design and road way capacity
Volume Study
Traffic volume studies are usually conducted when certain volume characteristics are needed, some of which follow:
Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) Average Daily Traffic (ADT) Peak Hour Volume (PHV) Vehicle Classification (VC) Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT)
MethodologyTraffic volume study
Automatic Counting Method
Contact system based
Contactless system based
Manual Counting Method
Direct Method
indirect Method
Manual Counting Method: Direct method
Data is counted by using hand tally and manual counters/enumerators. Advantages: By this method traffic volume as well as
vehicle classification and turning proportions can be obtained. Data can be used immediately after collection.
Disadvantages: This method is not practicable for long duration count and when flow is high. Error is common especially when volume is high. Count cannot be cross checked. Count cannot be done in bad weather.
Mechanical Counting Boards
Mechanical count boards consist of counters mounted on a board that record each direction of travel. Common counts include pedestrian, bicycle, vehicle classification, and traffic volume counts.
Electronic Counting Boards
Electronic counting boards are battery-operated, lighter, more compact, and easier to handle. They have an internal clock that automatically separates the data by time interval.
Instruments used in Direct method
Hand Counter Instrument to Measure Distance
Manual Counting Method: Indirect MethodIn this method, data is collected using video camera. Video is captured for long time and data is collected later by rewinding. Advantages: Besides traffic volume, several traffic
parameters can be obtained from recorded film. Data can be cross checked and quality can be ensured. This method is applicable when volume is high. It is suitable for non-lane based traffic operation.
Disadvantages: A suitable elevated place is required for filming operation. Data cannot be used immediately after collection.
Manual Counting Method: Indirect Method
Video cameras are mounted to record the traffic condition on a road.
Automatic counting method:
In this method, vehicles are counted automatically without any human involvement.
Contact system based (pneumatic, mechanical, magnetic or piezoelectric method)
Contactless system based (electrical/optical, ultrasound/infrared radar, micro wave, CCTV/video image processing method etc.)
Advantages: This method is suitable for long duration or continuous count. Count is not affected by bad weather condition. Disadvantages: It requires strict lane discipline. Non motorized vehicles are hard to detect
Equipment used for Automatic counting method: Contact system
Pneumatic Road Tube Counter
Motion sensors
Equipment used for Automatic counting method: Contactless system
Vehicle numbers are recorder using ultrasound, light beam or other infrared technology.
Traffic volume data can be presented in any of the forms-
1) Average annual Daily traffic :ADT: Average daily traffic is the volume of traffic counted on the roadway(two way) over a given time period (greater than one day but less than one year) divided by the number of days in that time period.AADT: Average annual daily traffic is obtained by adding daily traffic counts over one year divided by 365 days.
2)Variations Charts:These help in deciding the facilities and regulations needed during peak traffic regulations.3)Traffic flow maps-These help to find the traffic volume distribution at a glance.Volume flow diagram-These data are needed for intersection design.4)Thirtieth highest hourly volume:It is found from the plot between hourly volume and the no of hours in an year that the traffic volume is exceeded.
(2)Speed study
Speed studies are necessary because the actual speed of vehicles over a particular may vary depending on various factors such as geometric features, traffic conditions, time, place, environment and driver.
Speed studies un be studied under following heads:
Spot speed: This is the instantaneous speed of vehicle at a specified section or location.
Average speed: Average speed is the average of the spot speeds of all the vehicles passing a given point on the roadways
Running speed: It is the average speed maintained by a vehicles over a particular stretch of road , while the vehicle is in motion
Travel speed(overall speed): it is the effective speed with which a vehicle traverse a particular route between two stations.
Travel speed =
By measuring time Required to travel known distance
Radar speed meter
Photographic method
Measurement of spot speed
Long base method Short base method
1)Direct timing procedure2)Enoscope3)Pressure contact tubes
(3)PARKING SPACE
STUDY
INTRODUCTIONParking is one of the major problems that is
created by the increasing road traffic. It is an impact of transport development.
The availability of less space in urban areas has increased the demand for parking space especially in areas like Central business district. This affects the mode choice also.
This has a great economical impact.
Effect of parking
CongestionAccidentsObstruction to fire fighting
operationsEffect on environment
General Terms of Parking Facilities
1. Parking Accumulation :-The total number of vehicles parked in an area at a specified moment.
2. Parking volume:-The number of vehicles parked in a particular area over a given period of time. It is usually measured in vehicles per day.
3. Parking load:-The area under the parking accumulation curve during a specified period.
4 Parking duration:-The length of time spent in a parking space.5 Parking index:-Percentage of parking bays actually occupied by parked vehicles as compared to the theoretical number available.6 Parking turn over:-Rate of the usage of the available parking space. Thus if there were 10 parking spaces used by 100 vehicles in a period of say 12 hours then the parking turnover would be
On street parkingOn street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be usually controlled by government agencies itself. Off-street parkingParking bay like at the mall
Parking system
On – street or Kerb Parking
1. Parallel Parking
2. 30 degree parking
3. 45 degree parking
4. 60 degree Parking
5. 90 degree Parking
Parallel Parking
30 degree parking
45 degree parking
60 degree Parking
90 degree Parking
Off-street Parking
1.Surface car parks
2.Multistoried car parks
3.Roof parks
4.Mechanical parks
5.Underground car parks
Off-street Parking
Surface car parks
Multistoried car parks
Roof parks
Mechanical parks
Underground car parks
Peripheral Parking Schemes
1. Park and walk Under this scheme the motorists are included to park at the outskirts of the town and walk down to the town.2. Park and ride This scheme provide for peripheral parking facilities and public transport side to the destinations in the town.
Parking studies
Inventory of existing parking space supply and measure current
levels of space usage (accumulation and space turn over).
Identify salient parking characteristics (duration, purpose, trip
destination and walking distances to destination).
Qualify demands and needs.
Estimate facility capital and operating costs, usage and revenues.
Types of Parking Surveys
Parking Space in inventory
Parking Usage Survey by Patrol
Questionnaire Type Parking Usage Survey
Cordon Count
Comprehensive Parking Studies Location where parked
Trip purpose and frequency
Primary trip destination
Length of time parked
Parking fees paid and
Distance walked from primary space to primary destination
Thank You