háttéranyag a szabadkereskedelmi vitanaphoz
TRANSCRIPT
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@ttrbgybe
b
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Vbrtbijcoheyzk
Kjccugnkmns hihchk 6. jifbi
N. Qniekhrhskhfhicn trhgfhk 1. jifbi
NN. UVJ 0. jifbi
NNN. zsnb 24. jifbi
NQ. Bz Hurzsnbn Ebzfbsen Xgn 25. jifbi
Q. HX szblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfsjk 20. jifbi
QN. Bz HX-Kbgbfb taje Ebzfbsen s 2>. jifbi
Khrhskhfhicn Cheiibpjfs (MHVB)
QNN. HX- X]B Vrbgszbtibgtn Khrhskhfhicn s
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1. szc chiikiht? B Cbeybrjrszeri bz X]B-lb nrgyui AFN fngbcnkus
gvhkhfsh
5. szc chiiki h t ? sszhajei b i b szbkcbn szhrvhzhthkkhi s
rfhkkpvnshihthkkhi ihajiytbtjtt kjgzuitmnkri
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Kjccugnkmns hihchk
B trbgszbtibgtn kbpmsjibtjk ebzfbsen szhcpjgtli b vnie iheohihgt!shll
kbpmsjibtrhgfszhrt ohihgtnk. Bz HX s bz X]B b vnie EFT-oghk msbkghc ahit(61,5 szzbik) bfob, b ahihk kztn ru- s szjieitbtskhrhskhfhihc vhs rtkh
phfne chekzhitn bz 2444 cniinrf X]F-t, bcn b vniekhrhskhfhihc =4,6
szzbikgbk ahihi che.
Cbeybrjrsze khzfhthkt!i tcjebtob b kt bzjgjs siy ebzfbsen pbrtghr, bz
HX-X]B kztn szblbfkhrhskhfhicn treybisjkgbk. B khzfhcgyhzst trtghicn
ohihgt!se"ghk tbrtouk, bchiy b gyntjtt s kiebzfbse-jrnhgtit cbeybr ebzfbse
szcrb kjcjiy hi!gykht gyot`bt.
B treybisjkbt ghc snhtthtok, chrt szcugkrb b tbrtbijc bz his!fihehs.
Vufbtlbg vbeyugk bggbk, `jey b ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k szcrb b iheohihgt!shll
`jzbfkjt kgi hihchk kntreybisb nf!negyhs.
itbigjs hivrsugk, `jey hey jiybg cbebs bclmnszngt" knheyhgsiyjzjttcheiibpjfs ooog itrh, b`ji b kimsgs hi!gykl!i, b khfvhz!khrhskhfhicn s
ajeibikjztbtsn `btsjkli cngfhg HX tbeiibc s cngfhg hurpbn ebzfbsen
szhktjr citgyjsbg rszhsi.
B treybisjk snkhr`hz szihskr"pjintnkbn s trsbfbicn tcjebtsrb ns szkse
vbg, hihgehf`hthtihg b ajiybcbtlbg b cheahihi! tit`btse. H``hz
hihgehf`hthtihg kigshg bz, `jey bz Xgns tbejrszejk, bz Hurpbn Tbribchgt
(HT), b ghczhtn trvgy`jzsjk, b ebzfikjfk s b mnvni trsbfbijc kpvnshi!n
cheahihi!hg ngajrcitbk iheyhghk.
B kzhicitlbg kzhi 64 rfhkkpvnshihtn szhrvhzhtthi heyhzthttgk. Bz
heyhzthtshk bibpog, bzt itouk, `jey lr vbggbk beeiyjk, fh bibpvht!hg b
ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k lnzbkjfssbi thkngthghk b treybisjkrb.
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Bz HX-lbg ohihgihe jiy vntbtjtt lhru`zsvfhihc kbpmsg iispjgtugk szhrngt
JHMF jrszejk kztt, bchiyhk ahoihtt s chelz`bt ojerhgfszhrrhi lrgbk,
gngms szkse ghczhtkzn vibsztjttlrsejkrb.
B ehghtnkbnibe cfjstjtt szhrvhzhthk hshtlhg b Lnzjttse cbgftucb ghc thszn
ih`ht!v, `jey bz ugns ojeszbliyjk ibztsri treybiojg. B ahgtnhkhg ti b
cbeybr chz!ebzfbse Bibptrvgylhg rezthtt ECJ chgthsset vhsziyhztht!
tbrtbicn hihc cheiibpjfslb ajeibist ves! hshtlhg bkr heyhfi ns
hi`rt`btouk.
B VVNT itrh`jzsb b cbeybr kjrcgy heyhtrtst s b cbeybr Jrszeey"is
chehr!stst heybrgt negyin cbof.
Qbggbk jiybg thrihthk, b`ji cbeybr rszr!i ns ey tiok che, `jey kjcjiy
vbtjsserb vbg szkse b treybisjkjg. Bzjg HX tbeiibcjk kz tbrtjzugk,
bknk snkhrrhi ipthk ahi bggbk rfhklhg, `jey bz bufnjvnzuins szjieitbtsjk
krt zrouk kn b VVNT treybisjkli.
B kzszjieitbtsjk hshtlhg ghc or`bt b treybis jiybg knchghthiihi, bcn b
kjrcgy szbliyjzsn ojejstvgybnt lrcniyhg cfjg msjrltbg.
Heyhs chz!ebzfbsen bibpthrckhkgi iheahiohll rszihehs, chggynsenihe
lh`btrjit pnbmgyntst itugk hiajebf`btgbk.
Jaahgzv jifbijg Cbeybrjrsze szcrb kigshg bz ajgtjs, `jey bz hurpbn
thrchisn `izbtjklb hr!shg ngtherifjtt ebzbtjk (pi. eporc" s
bikbtrszeyrts, `rbfsthm`gnkb) pnbmrboutsn ahitthihn obvuiobgbk,
mskkhgohghk bz X]B pnbmjg bz rukrb, szjieitbtsjkrb s kzlhszhrzshkrh
vjgbtkjz vcjg kvin bkbfiyjk, kitsehs s lrjkrbtnkus btsen hiorsjk.
Knhchit aneyhicht ajrftugk b aifrbozn hrhfhtohiz!k (pi. Vjkbon, pingkb)
cheahihi!jitbicgbk hirsrh.
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N. Qniekhrhskhfhicn trhgfhk
Bz hicit vtnzhfhkvniekhrhskhfhicn ajiybcbtbngbk iheajgtjsbll ohiihcz!nt heyrszt b
vniekhrhskhfhihc rtkghk s vjiuchgghk uersszhr" gvhkhfsh, csrszt bohihgt!s aifrbozn trhgfhz!fshk ohihgthttk.B gyjimvbgbs vhk vet!i b 08 utg bzjglbg b 04-lbg 2%-jsrszbrgyvbi msbk b vnie 24. ihegbeyjll hxpjrt!rh vjit, gbpobngklbg 22%-js b siyb). Bkgbn gyntslbg gbey szhrhpht otszjtt b
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Kigshg cbrkgs vitjzsjk zboijttbk ih zsnb hshtlhg, sszhaeeslhg Kgbvniekhrhskhfhicn szhrhpghk hchikhfsvhi, bcn b reng lhiin, fh b cs renkkbiajiytbtjtt ajrebicbt ns eyjrstjttb. Bz zsnbn jrszejk hxpjrtolbg bz heycs kzttnkhrhskhfhihc cb cr b kjgtnghgs ajrebicgbk che`btrjz rszt bfob (8=%). Cngfhzhis!sjrlbg szbk-Bchrnkb `trgyrb trtgt, fh b vise utg bz bffne vnszjgyibejsstblnintst cutbt hurpbn rszbrgy ns mskkhgt bz hxpjrtolbg. Hurpb kjgtnghgshg lhiinsziitsbngbk siyb
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B ebzfbsen gvhkhfs hi!shetsh, b eijlins vhrshgylhg b ojll pjzmn hirsh rfhklhg
heyrh ngkll hi!trlh khrit b khrhskhfhicn kbpmsjibtjk hiciytsghk b krfsh. Hgghk kt
a!ajrcob vbg b cuitnibthrins s b lnibthrins szngt.
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NN. UVJ
B vniekhrhskhfhihc ahitthirhgfszhrh bibktsgbk iheajgtjsbll szgthrh b csjfnk
vnie`ljr utg `jssz vtnzhfhkhg khrhszti cuitnibthrins vjit. B EBVV khrhtlhg tll2
vhs, g. treybisn ajrfuik rvg mskkhgthk b vcjk s heyl pnbmrboutsn bkbfiyjk.Hllhg b ajiybcbtlbg b msmspjgt`jz bz 2>01-2>>6 kzttn Xrueuby Ajrfui vhzhthtt hi,bchiyghk hrhfcgyhkgt cheszihthtt b UVJ , bchiyghk khrhtlhg rukhrhskhfhihc chiihtt
knthrohsztsr!i ajiy treybisjk
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Kjrhb
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bz B]HBG
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VTT X]B, Obpg, Qnhtgbc, Cbiboznb,]zngebpr, Lrughn, Kbgbfb,Busztrinb, o-_ibgf, M`nih,Chxnk, Thru
Vhriht(cniin kc#)?
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1. Bz HX s bz zsnbn ren jrszebn kzttn khrhskhfhicn kbpmsjibtjk
Bz Hurpbn Xgn knhchit aneyhicht ajrft bz zsnbn ren jrszebn`jz a"z!f!khrhskhfhicnkbpmsjibtjk ahoihsztsrh s ohihgitghk chehr!stsrh. Bz HX miob ihebill heyhgi!vhrshgyahitthihk lnztjstsb bz hurpbn ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k szcrb iheajgtjsbllvhrshgytrsbnk`jz (kigshg X]B, Obpg) kphst.
Bz zsnbn jrszejk kzi bz HX hffne b Kjrhbn Kztrsbseebi `jzjtt itrh ktjifbiszblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfst
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5. HX-Kjrhb AVB25
B Kjrhbn Kztrsbseebi kntreybit cheiibpjfs bz HX ihetajell s ihebclnmnzusbll
cr `btiyjs szblbfkhrhskhfhicn heyhzcgyh, bchiy bz ruk chiihtt knthrohf tllhk kztt bszjieitbtsjk khrhskhfhicrh, b szhiihcn tuibofjgojejk vfhicrh, b kjrcgylhszhrzshkrh,b lhru`zsjkrb, bz iibcn tcjebtsjkrb, s b vhrshgypjintnkrb. B cheiibpjfst
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B ktjifbi khrhskhfhicn ajrebijc Kjrhb szcrb khfvhz!tihg bibkuisb cnbtt b pbrtghrtllszr ohihzth msbifjttset s hrrh `nvbtkjzvb hizrkzjtt b cheiibpjfs ih`htsehscfjstsbnti. Bz HX itbi szjrebicbzjtt thm`gnkbn ohiihe" knnebztsjkrt mshrlh jiybg2>
cfjstsjkbt negyhi, bchiyhk b kjrhbn hxpjrt l!vist shethgk hi!, ey tllhk kztt bzAVB thrihtn `btiygbk knthrohsztst bz szbk-Kjrhb thrihtg tbii`bt khszjgen npbrnvhzhtrh.
m) Cbeybrjrsze s Fi-Kjrhb kzttn rukhrhskhfhicn ajrebijc bibkuisb
B Kjrhlb nrgyui cbeybr knvnthi rtkh
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shc khzfhcgyhzth `nvbtbijsbg bz AVB treybisjk ajiytbtst. Cnvhi b pbrtghr ghc ohizhttkszseht rfhcn hgehfcgyhk gyotsrb bz HX szcrb jaahgzv rfhkht ohihgt!thrihthkhg, b treybisjk orbkhzfst!i bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse ns vjgbkjfnk.
Qnhtgcs bz HX kztt . HX-Ngfnb szblbfkhrhskhfhicn treybisjk
Bz HX khrhskhfhihcpjintnkbn strbtenob Ngfnt knhchit pbrtghrkgt `btrjzzb che. Ktjifbiszblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfs itrh`jzs`jz szcjtthv! ugns rfhk kbpmsjifnk b
pbrtghr pnbmgbk zrtseb s fngbcnkusbg gvhkv! vsrihrhoh cnbtt. B
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B iheutlln treybisn ajrfuirb
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HEX jphrbtv nrgytst b ghczhthk ahihttn `btskrrhi rhgfhikhz!, cjszkvbn szk`hiy"Hurzsnbn Ebzfbsen Lnzjttse (HEL) vezn, ce b iheahis!ll fgts`jz szhrv b tbeiibcjkhigkhn itbi bikjtjtt Hurzsnbn Ebzfbsen Vbgms.
Bz HEX-t ghc bggynrb ebzfbsen rfhkhkhg bibpui trsuisgbk, cngt ngkll hey jiybg
szhrvhz!fsghk ih`ht thkngthgn, chiyhg khrhszti Jrjszjrsze ehjpjintnkbn miobnt kvgobchevbistbgn. Jrjszjrsze cngfhg hszkzzhi (gyit vbey lurkjit pjintnkbn ahgyhehtsshi,pgzeyn tcjebtsjk cngt pi. jims `nthihk, bibmsjgy jibor, stl. erhtvhi) neyhksznkrlrgn b vjit szjvoht iibcjkbt b msbtibkjzsrb bggbk rfhklhg, `jey che!rnzzh, niihtvhgvhioh ebzfbsen s pjintnkbn lhajiyst b trselhg.
Ohihgihen ahiiislbg bz HEX b vnie EFT-oghk s npbrn thrchisghk heybrgt b=,5%-=,5%-t, b vniekhrhskhfhihcghk phfne b
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QN. Bz HX-Kbgbfb taje Ebzfbsen s Khrhskhfhicn Cheiibpjfs (Mjcprh`hgsnvh
Hmjgjcnm bgf Vrbfh Berhhchgt - MHVB)
Kzhi t vhs ajiybcbtjt kvht!hg
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kiaifn lhru`zkkbi s lhru`zsbnkkbi kbpmsjibtjs kthichnt s reztn, `jey hzhk
chesrtsh hshtg b lhru`zk cniyhg hshthklhg s cniyhg cfjg ajrfui`btgbk
ojejrvjsibtrt (krtbibgtsrt) ghczhtkzn vibsztjttlrse`jz. B lhru`z s ajebf iibc
kzttn vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsrb (Ngvhstjr-tj-stbth fnsputh shttihchgt, N]F]) msbk bkkjr
khri`ht sjr, `b b ajebf iibclbg, bggbk szbliybn szhrngt itrhott s ebzfbsenthvkhgyseht ajiytbt viibikjzst r ojesrhihc, b pusztb lhru`zsn szgfk hshtihehs
che`nsuisb hshtg (X]B-cjfhii) th`t vntbrhgfhzs ghc ih`htsehs.
B MHVB ihtlh ipsvhi b Kbgbfb s bz heyhs HX tbeiibcjk kztt kjrllbg itrh`jzjtt
(kztk b Cbeybrjrsze s Kbgbfb itbi 2>>2-lhg birt) ktjifbi lhru`zsvfhicn
cheiibpjfsjk chesz"gghk. B ohihgihe `btiyjs cbeybr-kbgbfbn cheiibpjfs szcjs
thkngthtlhg hibvuit, b lhru`zk niihtvh b lhru`zsjk ojebnt msbk kjritjzjtt crtklhg
lnztjst, b vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsjk chghtt msbk itbigjsselbg szbliyjz rhgfhikhzshkht
tbrtbicbz. B MHVB (tllhk kztt aneyhihclh vvh bz hicit nf!szbk ghczhtkzn lhru`zsnojevntngbk tbpbsztbibtbnt ns) hiorsn s tbrtbicn szhcpjgtli ns sjkkbi rszihthshllhg s
pjgtjsbllbg szbliyjzzb b lhru`zk itbi b ajebf iibcjk hiihg ngft`bt vntbrhgfhzsn
hiorsjk szbliybnt. Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse szgfkb szhrngt b Kbgbfvbi kntreybit
lhru`zsvfhicn rhgfhikhzshk ohihgtnk b cngtt bz HX-X]B szblbfkhrhskhfhicn
treybisjk vjgbtkjz rsz`hz ns. (Gl.? Bgehib Chrkhi ahlrur >-g heyhzththtt ]thp`hg
@brphr kbgbfbn cngnszthrhigkkhi. B tbiikjzg. Chrkhi bggbk b ih`ht!set shc zrtb kn,
`jey Gchtjrsze, chegynssb b cr ihzrt cheiibpjfs szvhet b ghczhtkzn
lhahkthtsvfhicn cheiibpjfsjk cnbtt. Chrkhi ueybg szhciyhshg tcjebtsri
lnztjstjttb @brphrt, `jey szcrb ajgtjs b MHVB cnhi!lln `btiylbipsh, s ghc szhrhtg
orbgyntgn b cheiibpjfs szvhet, ueybgbkkjr ghc tufob aneyhichg kvi `beygn bz hicit
nf!szbklbg Gchtjrszelbg cheajebicbzjtt krntnkus vihcgyhkht b MHVB-vbi kbpmsjibtlbg,
bchiyhk heyrthic#hg b VVNT cnbtt chrithk ahi. B gcht gbeykvht szhrngt Gchtjrsze ghc
ajeob krgn b szhrz!fs szvheghk orbgyntst. Chrkhi ohihzth tjvll @brphrghk, `jey
Gchtjrsze, cngt b`jey eybkjribtnibe bz sszhs HX-tbeiibc, rbebszkjfnk b``jz, `jey b
szhrz!fs rbtnankmnob sjrg sjr khriog b tbeiibcn pbribchgtn rbtnankmnkrb ns (cnxhf
berhhchgt)./
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chevnzseist. B treybisjk chengfts`jz kjcjiy ikst bfjtt Chrkhi gcht kbgmhiir,
Mbchrjjg lrnt cngnszthrhihgk s ]brkjzy arbgmnb higk kzs, tcjebt ahiipsh
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Bz Xgn knngfui berr- s npbrn thrckhkrh vjgbtkjz vcbogibtgbk heyhzthtsgi
hirtk, `jey iheajgtjsbll berrrzkhgysehngk (pi. mshchehkukjrnmb, lbrjcan, shrts s
cbr`b`s) hshtlhg bz HX ghc nrgyjz hi! thiohs vcihljgtst. Npbrn rzkhgysehngk
hshtlhg hrhfcgyhshg negyhitk, `jey b vcihljgtsn chghtrhgf cheahihi! nf!t bfojg b
`bzbn npbrgbk bz bikbicbzkjfsrb (pi. heyhs biucgnucthrckhk s khrkprjk hshtlhg ns).B vcihljgts `btst nf!lhg sztthrt! sszhs knnebzts tll cngt 24%-b cbeybr krst
tkrz. B vcihljgts ibsstsb kzhi 4,8 cniinrf HX\ rtk" HX-lb nrgyui cbeybr
hxpjrt`jz kbpmsjif thrchis szcrb bf`bt `jsszbll bikbicbzkjfsn nf!t bz tibejsbg 0%-
js vc ihljgts`jz.
B szjieitbtskhrhskhfhicn thrihthg
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B VVNT treybisjkbt bz hurpbn kzvihcgy knhchit aneyhihcchi ksrn. Vbvbiy tb
ajiybcbtjsbg hr!sfnk b treybisjkkbi szhclhg kjcjiy kthiyhkht s hiihgszhgvht cutbt
ghc kjrcgyzbtn szhrvhzhthk (GEJ-k) s heyhs pjintnkbn msjpjrtjk `bgeob. Beejfbicuk a!
nrgyb b treybisjk itbiuk hivrt trbgszpbrhgmnogbk `ngyb. B treybisn ajiybcbt
tit`btsevbi sszhaeeslhg bz hicit vlhg Hurpb-szhrth tbpbsztbit hiehfhtihgse sgvhkv! mnvni hiihgiis crskish mioli s b treybisn ajiybcbt tit`btsegbk
gvhish rfhklhg b Vbgms -n hey`bge fgtsh gyjcg b Lnzjttse
gynivgjsserb `jztb b treybisjkjg hirhgf!HX jaahgzv mijkrb s chevfhgf!fhahgzv
rzkhgysehkrh nrgycutbtst tbrtbicbz VVNT treybisn nrgyhivhkht.
B
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/Bktuins hshcgy? B VVNT treybisjk ahlrur
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Bz hi!zhths vrbkjzsjk szhrngt szcugkrb bz hi!gyk ihengkll b kztn orc"eyrts,
vheynpbr, eyeyszhrnpbr, jrvjsthm`gnkbn hszkzk, ngajkjccugnkmns thrckhk s
szjieitbtsjk thrihtg ohihgtkhz`htghk. B kzvhtihg ajrebijc chiihtt ajgtjs, `jey b
cbeybrjrszen viibikjzsjk sjk hshtlhg b eijlins rtkigmjkjg khrhszti
lhsziitkgt kbpmsjifgbk bz X]B-lb hxpjrti (a!kgt gyuebt-hurpbn) mehk`hz, eybz utllnbk szcrb khfvhz!ll vi lhoutsn ahitthihk bz bchrnkbn pnbmrb ngfnrhkt
cfjg b `bzbn lhsziitk zihtn ih`ht!sehnt ns obvtok. @bsjgi cfjg, b cbeybr
rzkhgysehk vnzseibtgi shc msupg b `bzbn pnbmn `btsjkrb khii aneyhign, `bghc brrb ns,
`jey bz X]B szcrb gyotjtt khfvhzcgyhk hurpbn hxpjrtpnbmbngkjg `ji jkjz`btgbk
knihzhtthll vhrshgyt. B VVNT-l!i abkbf rfhcn szhktjrins ghebtv `btsjkbt bz hihczs
ghc ohizhtt.
B cbeybr Kjrcgy knhchit aneyhicht ajrft brrb, `jey b sziht! cheiibpjfs thkngthtthi
iheyhg b `bzbn ebzfbsen, trsbfbicn rzkhgysehkrh s ssz`bgelbg iheyhg b kjrcgyebzfbsegvhisn s cugkb`hiy thrhctsn khtt!s kzpjintnkbn miknt"zsvhi.
Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttsegbk bfjtt treybisn cbgftuc - b cbeybr Kjrcgy negyghk ns
cheahihi!hg - heyrthic"hg reztn, `jey bz hclhrn ihtht s heszseht, bz
iibtheszseeyht s iibtoitht, vbibcngt b krgyhzhtht, ihicnszhrlnztjgsejt s b
ajeybsztk rfhkhnt vf!HX s ghczhtn ojeszbliyjk ghc kphz`htnk biku treyt, b
szblbfkhrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfs ghc vhzht`ht bzjk ahiibzts`jz.
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chz!ebzfbse Bibptrvgylhg rezthtt ECJ chgthsseghk ahggtbrtsrb ns, ebrbgmnt bf
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B VVNT treybisjk sjrg b ahihk b lhru`zsjk inlhrbinzisrb s vfhicrh vjgbtkjz
rhgfhikhzshkr!i kvggbk cheheyhzgn. BzHX miobn b VVNT lhru`zsvfhicn treybisbnghzhg
lhii b kvhtkhz!k .
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B lhru`zk s iibcjk kzttn vntbrhgfhzsn hiors lhptsghk krfsh bz Btibgtn-mhg
cngfkt jifbig ohihgt!s rfhki!fst s beejfbicbt khithtt b kzvihcgylhg, b mnvni
szhrvhzhthk rszr!i szcjs krntnkvbi ithk bzzbi kbpmsjibtjsbg. Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse hgghk
`btsrb ey fgttt, `jey gynivgjs kjgzuitmnt tbrt b VVNT-hg lhiin lhru`zsvfhihcr!i,
vbibcngt b lhru`zk s iibcjk kzttn vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsri. B
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Bibpvht! hitrs bz HX s bz X]B chekzhitsh kztt b lhru`z s iibc kztn
vntbrhgfhzs `btiylbg vbg .-24 cniinrf hur cbeybr tllihtht cutbtjtt. H chiihtt b ghczhtkzn
sszh`bsjgitslbg ueybgmsbk gyntjtt X]B pnbmjg ns ohihgt!s cbeybr bktvuc ohihgtkhznk b
X]B-vbi ajiytbtjtt ktjifbi ruajrebijc crihelhg. Cngfhz brrb utbi, `jey b cbeybr
ebzfbse szhrhpi!n ahoihtt, negyhs pnbmjkjg ns vhrshgykphshk.
Cbeybrjrsze ey b trbgszbtibgtn ngthermn krfslhg shc vfhkhz! iispjgtjt
kpvnshi, `bghc khzfhthkt!i tcjebtob bz HX-X]B szblbfkhrhskhfhicn treybisjkgbk. B
khzfhcgyhzst trtghicn ohihgt!se"ghk tbrtouk, bchiy b gyntjtt s kiebzfbse-jrnhgtit
cbeybr ebzfbse szcrb kjcjiy hi!gykht gyot`bt. B treybisjkbt bzjglbg ghc
snhtthtok, chrt szcugkrb b tbrtbijc bz his!fihehs s tufbtlbg vbeyugk bggbk, `jey b
szbliyjzsjk kzhitsvhi kbpmsjibtjs, b ebzfbsen szhrhpi!k szcrb b iheohihgt!shll
`jzbfkjt kgi hihchk kntreybisb nf!negyhs.
itbigjs hivrsugk, `jey hey jiybg cbebs bclmnszngt"knheyhgsiyjzjtt cheiibpjfs
ooog itrh, b`ji b kimsgs hi!gykl!i, b khfvhz! khrhskhfhicn s ajeibikjztbtsn
`btsjkli cngfhg HX tbeiibc s cngfhg hurpbn ebzfbsen szhktjr citgyjsbg
rszhsi.
B treybisjk snkhr`hz szihskr"pjintnkbn s trsbfbicn tcjebtsrb ns szkse vbg,
hihgehf`hthtihg b ajiybcbtlbg b cheahihi!tit`btse. H``hz hihgehf`hthtihg kigshg
bz, `jey bz Xgns tbejrszejk, bz Hurpbn Tbribchgt (HT), b ghczhtn trvgy`jzsjk, b
Bz X]B s bz HX chekzhits kzttn kiglse sszh`bsjgitsgi bz X]B iispjgtovbi kbpmsjibtjsbg bz
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ebzfikjfk s b mnvni trsbfbijc kpvnshi!n cheahihi!hg ngajrcitgbk rhzzk cbeukbt b
treybisjk bibkuisri, b ahichri!vnts krfshkr!i. Bz HX tbeiibcjk kjrcgybn szcrb
b treybisjk kvhtst s bz bzjkkbi kbpmsjibtjs lhis!heyhzthtshk ihajiytbtst gbeylbg
etjiob, `jey bz X]B ghc bfob heyhtrtst bz itbiuk oheyzhtt treybisn bgybejk Xgns
tbejrszejkkbi vbi chejszts`jz. Bz bchrnkbn ai htt!i tllhk kztt brrb vbi`nvbtkjzssbi zrkznk hi, `jey bz HT ghc kbp`bt lhthkngtst jiybg bchrnkbn bgybejklb (pi.
treybisn obvbsibtjk, pnbmgyntsn bogibtjk), bcnkht bz bchrnkbn treybik b Kjgerhsszussbi
shc jsztbgbk che. Ohihgihe b tbejrszejk b Lnzjttse itbi ahggtbrtjtt jivbsszjllbg
thkngt`htghk lh knsszc treybisn szvhelh, fh hz b chejifs ghc hiesehs b treybisn
ajiybcbt cheahihi! gyjcjg kvhts`hz, ghc knhiet! bz ngajrcmnk hihczsh s
ahifjiejzsb szhcpjgtoli. Cs tbeiibcjkkbi heytt cbeybr rszr!i ns ajiybcbtjs gyjcs
bibtt tbrtouk b Lnzjttsejt b tbejrszejk ahi vbi, cngi gbeyjll ajk tit`btse
lnztjstsrb.
Cbeybr rszr!i (tllhk kztt Gchtjrszeebi, Arbgmnbjrszeebi, Lhienuccbi, Fgnvbi s
Erejrszeebi heytt) b khzfhthkt!i ajevb bibpvht! ahggtbrtsjkbt ohihztgk bzzbi
kbpmsjibtlbg, `jey b VVNT `btiyb b kiaifn lhru`zk s b ajebf iibcjk kzttn sphmnins
vntbrhgfhzsn chm`bgnzcusrb (N]F]) ns knthrohfohg. iispjgtugk szhrngt JHMF jrszejk
kztt, bchiyhk ahoihtt s chelz`bt ojerhgfszhrrhi lrgbk, gngms szkse N]F]-rh. Bz
X]B ghczhtkzn kthihzhttseviibisbn s ojerhgfoh cheahihi! lnztjgsejt gyot bz Xgns
lhru`zk szcrb, tjvll hey hshtihehs N]F]-szbliyjzs kjcjiy pgzeyn
kjmkzbtjkkbi or? bz X]B viibibtjk rhgfkvi bktvbk s snkhrhshk vntbrhgfhzsn hiorsjk
khzfhcgyhzslhg. Hz szcugkrb bgyben kjmkzbtjkbt ns rhot, `nszhg b vibsztjtt lrsejkpgzlhin krtrtst ti`htghk che, `b cheiibptok, `jey b ajebf iibc cheszheth b
lhru`zsvfhicn cheiibpjfslbg ajeibit kthihzhttsehnt. Cbeybrjrszejt pifui
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ahgg khii tbrtbgn b ojejt jiybg ngtzkhfshk chetthirh, bchiyhk bz itbiugk
kvgbtjsgbk tbrtjtt szngthg lnztjstok bz heszse-, bz iht-, b krgyhzht, b ajeybsztk
s b kuiturins sjkszg"se jitbict.
Bz Hurpbn Lnzjttse treybisn cbgftucb th`t ghc throhf kn b egcfjstjtt
szhrvhzhthkrh vjgbtkjz Xgns s ghczhtn szbliyjk cfjstsrb. B pbrtghrhk tll
bikbijccbi gynivgjsbg ns chehr!sthttk, `jey bz hclhrn ihtht s heszseht, bz
iibtheszseeyht s iibtoitht, vbibcngt b krgyhzhtht s b ajeybsztk rfhkhnt vf!
bibpvht!ojeszbliyjk jitbicn szngtoghk mskkhgtsh ghc miob b treybisjkgbk.
B ahgtnhkhg ti b cbeybr chz!ebzfbse Bibptrvgylhg rezthtt ECJ chgthsset
vhsziyhztht! tbrtbicn hihc cheiibpjfslb ajeibist ves! hshtlhg bkr heyhfi ns
hi`rt`btouk. B VVNT itrh`jzsb ueybgns b cbeybr kjrcgy heyhtrtst s b cbeybr
Jrszeey"is chehr!stst heybrgt negyin cbof, chrt b treykrlh tbrtjz hihchk
bibpog bzt vheyhs cheiibpjfskgt ih`ht chektgn. B ECJ chgthsseehi kbpmsjibtjs thiohs
kr"cbeybr pjintnkbn s trsbfbicn heyhtrts bibpog rthihcszhr"hg ghc tcjebtggk hey
jiybg cheiibpjfs chektst, bchiy bz Bibptrvgy h rhgfhikhzsghk cfjstst
negyhig.
Qbggbk jiybg thrihthk, b`ji cbeybr rszr!i ns ey tiok che, `jey kjcjiy vbtjsserb vbg
szkse b treybisjkjg. Bzjg HX tbeiibcjk kz tbrtjzugk, bknk snkhrrhi ipthk ahi bggbk
rfhklhg, `jey bz bufnjvnzuins szjieitbtsjk krt zrouk kn b VVNT treybisjkli.
@bsjgi cfjg b kzszjieitbtsjkhshtlhg ghc or`bt b treybis jiybg knchghthiihi, bcn
b kjrcgy szbliyjzsn ojejstvgybnt lrcniyhg cfjg msjrltbg. Heyhs chz!ebzfbsen
bibpthrckhkgi(pi. shrts-, lbrjcan- s cbr`b`s, mshchehkukjrnmb) iheahiohll rszihehs,
chggynsenihe lh`btrjit pnbmgyntst itugk hiajebf`btgbk.
Jaahgzv jifbijg Cbeybrjrsze szcrb kigshg bz ajgtjs, `jey bz hurpbn thrchisn
`izbtjklb hr!shg ngtherifjtt ebzbtjk (pi. eporc"s bikbtrszeyrts, `rbfsthm`gnkb)
pnbmrboutsn ahitthihn obvuiobgbk, mskkhgohghk bz X]B pnbmjg (szvhtsen s iibcn szngthg
heybrgt) bz rukrb, szjieitbtsjkrb s kzlhszhrzshkrh vjgbtkjz vcjg kvin bkbfiyjk,
kitsehs s lrjkrbtnkus `btsen hiorsjk. Cnvhi bz HX ohihgihe ns ohihgt!s khrhskhfhicn
tllihtht cutbt ahi bz X]B-vbi szhclhg bz berrkhrhskhfhihclhg, szctugk b ahifjiejzjttihicnszhrhk hxpjrt ahitthihnghk tjvlln obvuisrb ns. H trhg knhchit aneyhicht ajrftugk b
aifrbozn hrhfhtohiz!k (pi. Vjkbon, pingkb) cheahihi!jitbicgbk hirsrh ns.
QNNN.VVNT-phi pr`uzbcjsbg treybit cjlnintsn msjcbe
2. Bz HX Lnzjttsegbk cjlnintsn msjcbe khzfhcgyhzsh b VVNTtreybisjkkbi pr`uzbcjsbg
B Kieyhk Vbgmsb (khrhskhfhicn cngnszthrhk) ngajrcins isrh (\cb,
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`ttrbgybejt, tjvll
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Cnvhi b VVNT heysehs khrhskhfhicn s lhru`zsn khrhtht kvg itrh`jzgn bz X]B s bz HX
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2. sz. chiikiht? @btstbguicgyjk b VVNT-r!i
B VVNT-hi kbpmsjibtlbg b treybisjk chengfuisbkjr tll ghczhtkzn btstbguicgy
kszit.
B tbguicgyjk kzs ohiihcz!oh, `jey?
ghc nschrtk b VVNT-ghk shc b tbrtbict, shc `jey cnkjrti khii bzt bikbicbzgn,
bz bfjtt pniibgbtlbg ahggii szhrz!fsn kbpmsjibtjkbt tuftk aneyhihclh vhggn
b ebzfbsen krgyhzht vitjzst msbk kjritjzjttbg tuftk aneyhihclh vhggn,
b gh`hzhg szcszhr"st`ht!ghc vc ohiihe"khrhskhfhicn bkbfiyjk ihljgtsrb,
niihtvh b szbliyjk kzhitsrh (chiyhk vr`btbg b ihegbeyjll `jzbfkt ohihgtnk bcheiibpjfsgbk) msbk lhmsist tuftbk cheajebicbzgn.
Hzhkht b gh`zsehkht hitr!cbkrjkjgcnbn cjfhiihk, niihtvh kjrlln szblbfkhrhskhfhicn
cheiibpjfsjk aneyhihclh vthivhi neyhkhzthk t`nfbign.
Kjrrhkt `btstbguicgyt b ahgtnhk nschrhtlhg ih`htsehs hikszthgn. Hrrh heylkgt bz hivn
ih`ht!se bfjtt thkngthtthi brrb, `jey `b cbof heyszhr snkhri b cheiibpjfst kntreybign
(ihekjrllbg
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b
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Bz HX sszhs hxpjrtob tibejsbg cngthey 0 cniinrf X]F, bz X]B szcrb 16 cniinrftlliht ghczhtn ovhfhicht ohihgt. Bz X]B-lbg b `jzzbfjtt rtk gvhkcgy orsztbz berrszhktjrli vr`bt (bz HX-gi ntt mskkhg), bz HX phfne bz npbrlbg s bszjieitbtsjkgi szct`bt (bz X]B-gi ns) eyjrsbll EFT l!visrh. Gchtjrszes Gbey-Lrntbggnb hshtlhg b pjzntv EFT `bts ktszhrhsh Arbgmnbjrszegbk (s bzojggbg msbtibkjz jrszejkgbk), bchiyghk rb bzjglbg bz ebzbtjk (bchz!ebzfbse rjvsrb trtg!) gbeyjll trhgfhz!fsh.
Bz hrhfcgyhk rhgfkvi rzkhgyhk b VVNT, b kzpjgtn szmhgrn`jz kphstcs ahitthihkkhi chevbisui, ueybgmsbk vnzseit vitjzbtbn pbrbcthrhnghkhitrshnrh. (2. Msbk vcmskkhgts,
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j b kiglz!vitjzbtjklbg kncutbtjtt `bts heygtht"hg pjzntv, fh bz hi!z!hkl!ikvhtkhz!hg b VVNT rvg hir`ht!hi!gyk crtkh his!sjrlbg jiybg rhgfkvirzkhgy, kjcpihx tcklbg hirt hrhfcgyhkt!i aee, b`ji bihegh`hzhllghk erkhzghk b treybisjk, s bchiyhkgi b ihekhvslchelz`bt szcszhr"ngajrcmnk iigbk rhgfhikhzsrh.
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B GBAVB jrszejk szcrb b VVNT ohihgt!s khrhskhfhihcthrhi! kvhtkhzcgyhnrvgyhsighk? bz X]B ajrebicb Kbgbfvbi s Chxnkvbi ns mskkhg, bchiyhkheycs kzttn khrhskhfhich vnszjgt ngthgzvhll vink. Bz X]B L\NM] jrszejkkbiajiytbtjtt khrhskhfhich ce gbeyjll crtklhg mskkhggh.
B VVNT pjzntvbg `btgb b ovhfhichkrh ns, bcn bz taje cheiibpjfs hshtlhgsjkkbi hr!thiohshll? eijlinsbg tibejsbg =,
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jrszejklbg ohihgtkhzghk s bz JHMF-g lhii heyrthic"hg Gbey-Lrntbggnb gyhr bihetllht b VVNT rvg.
=. Bz bchrnkbn Vuats heyhthc (Chfajrf) EFBH ngtzhth (
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! B khrhskhfhihc vjiuchgghk gvhish ghc ahggtbrt`bt strbtenb bz HX szcrb, bgvhkhfs eyjrstsrb b cugkbovhfhichk hchikhfst hi!shet! hr!thiohs pjintnkbntcjebts ih`ht msbk b chevbist`bt t.
68
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=. sz. chiikiht? Cbeybrjrsze `btiylbg iv! ktjifbi lhru`zsvfhicn
cheiibpjfsbn
Tbrtghr Birs ftucb @btiylb ips ftucb
2 Bilbgnb >1 42/46/2>>0
< Brehgtngb 48/4>= 42/24/2>>5
= Bustrbinb 28/40/2>>2 24/48/2>>/2>0>
8 Bzhrlbnobg 20/48/>8
> Mbgbfb 4=/24/2>>2 >=
24 M`ngb /48/2>>2 42/46/2>>=
22 Mrjbtnb 28/48/2>>1 42/4=/ 4
26 Mzhm` \hpulinm 26/42/2>>= >8
28 Fhgcbrk 400 20/24/2>00
21 Heypt >8 >5
25 Angibgf 41/41/2>00 20>
20 Arbgmh 41/22/2>01 =4/4>/2>05
2> Ehrcbgy =4/46/2>01 45/22/2>05
65
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42/4> >1
=6 Cjgejinb 2=/4>/2>>6 41/4=/2>>1
=8 Cjrjmmj 22 4=/400
=5 Gjrwby 40/46/2>>2 46/2>>= 42/46/2>>8
=> Tjibgf /2>>< 21/41/2>>8
64 Tjrtuebi < 40/24/2>>5
62 \jcbgnb 21/4>/2>>= 41/48/2>>1
6< \ussnbg Ahfhrbtnjg 41/4=/2>>8 /48/2>>1
6= ]hrlnb
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66 ]ngebpjrh 25/46/2>>5 42/42/2>>>
68 ]ijvbknb 28/42/2>>= 2>/45/2>>1
61 ]ijvhgnb 28/24/2>>1 4>/41//22/2>0> 42/40/2>> ]wntzhribgf 48/24/2>00 21/48/2>0>
84 V`bnibgf 20/24/2>>2 20/24/2>>2
82 Vurkhy 26/42/2>>< 42/22/2>>6
8< Xkrbngh 22/24/2>>6 4=/2>1
8= Xgnthf Kngefjc 4>/4=/2>05 05
86 Xrueuby 0> 42/45/2>>2
88 Xzlhknstbg 8
85 ^hchg 20/42//46/
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6. sz. chiikiht? Bz HX chekzhitsh b lhru`zsvfhicn treybisjkjg
Bz HX b lhru`zsvfhicn cheiibpjfsjk treybisb sjrg bibpvht!hg b kvhtkhz!lhru`zsvfhicn gjrck s szbliyjk lhniihsztsrh trhksznk.
B tnszthssehs s citgyjs lgscf gjrcob (AHV) ghc rhgfhikhznk heyrthic"ajebijc che`btrjzssbi b ghczhtkzn ojelbg. Hcnbtt b trvgyszkhk b ajebicbt
ohihgt!s cjzestrrhi rthichz`htnk, bcn b chetishk szhrngt ti te, niihtvh tikjritjzjtt ojejkbt lnztjst b lhahktht!kghk. Bz ugns cheiibpjfsjklbg b gjrck
pjgtjsbg che kvgok iibptbgn, `jey chiy hihchk tbrtjzgbk b `btskrlh, shzitbi chiyhk tnitjttbk. Xtllnbkrb pifb bz gkgyhsse, b citgytbibg lgscf
(kgyszhrts vbey zbkibts) vbey b ojeszhr"
hiors bibphivhnghk aneyhichg kvi`beysb. B tnszthssehs s citgyjs lgscf hzhg hihchnt b Kbgbfvbi s b]zngebprrbi kthgf! cheiibpjfs szvheh heyrthic"hg che`btrjzzb, s beybkjribtjt b ov!lhin ugns cheiibpjfsjk ns kvhtnk.
B `trgyjs chekiglzthtsshi szhclhgn vfhihc (ihegbeyjll khfvhzcgyhshilgs s ghczhtn hilgs) niihtn che b ajebf jrszelbg. Oiih`ht, bz HXchekzhitsh szhrngt b lhru`z s iibc kztn vntbrhgfhzst (N]F]) msbk jiybgkthihzhttseviibibisjk chesrtsh hshtg ih`ht ngftbgn, bchiyhkht b kjrcgy blhru`z ihthihphfsh utgn hilgsrb viibit.
Kzvhthtt knsbotts? Bkkjr lhszigk kzvhthtt knsbottsri, bcnkjrkjrcgyngtzkhfshk b knsbotts`jz `bsjgi `btst eybkjrjiok bgiki, `jey sjrkhrigh b tuibofjg kzvhtihg knsbottsrb. Bz ugns cheiibpjfsjk rszihthsrhgfhikhzshkht kvggbk cheiibptbgn, bchiyhk nrgycutbtskgt szjieigbk bvibsztjttlrk szcrb bggbk chetisrh, `jey hey bfjtt kjrcgyngtzkhfskzvhthtt knsbottsgbk cng!si-h. Kigshg jiybg hshthklhg, bcnkjr bz iibc bkzrfhk vfhich rfhklhg chekiglzthtschgthshg ip ahi, bz iibcszbliyjzsn ojegbk hi!gyt khii ivhzgnh bz ngtzkhfshk rngthtt lhahktht!rheybkjrjit ebzfbsen btsvbi szhclhg.
b lhru`zk s b lhru`zsjk thiohs kr"vfhich s lnztjgseb,
heyl `btkjgy vfhicn rhgfhikhzshk, pi. itbigjs bikbicbzsrhgfhikhzs (uclrhiib kibuzuib). B szihshll rthiclhg vhtt uclrhiibkibuzuib knthrohsztn b lhru`zsvfhicn cheiibpjfs `btiyt cngfbzjgkthihzhttsehkrh, bchiyhkht b kjrcgy b lhru`zvbi szhclhg viibit heylszhrz!fslhg, bzbn ojeszbliylbg, vbey cs ghczhtkzn szhrz!fslhg.
b lhru`zk szblbf t!khtrbgszahrhnghk s anzhtsn c"vhihthnghk lnztjstsb.
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cheahihi!, `btkjgybllbg c"kf!vibsztjttlrsen rhgfszhr knbibktsb. Hgghkrfhklhg bz HX his!sjrlbg b kvhtkhz!krh trhksznk b lhru`zsvfhicncheiibpjfsjk kntreybisgi (B VVNT lhru`zsvfhicn ahohzhtvhi kbpmsjibtjstrsbfbicn kjgzuitmn agylhg bz HX iispjgtob hzzhi kbpmsjibtjsbg ns vitjz`bt).
tit`btll vibsztjttlrsen rhgfszhr knbibktsb? heyhs fjkuchgtucjkgynivgjsserb `jzbtbib, che`biiebtsn ih`ht!se lnztjstsb, s bz rfhkhit ahihk (pi.ghc kjrcgyzbtn szhrvhzhthk) lhbfvgyt gyot`btgbk lh.
Bz sszhar`hthtihgse s b vibsztjttlrsen tihthk kvhtkhzhthsseh? Bz HXcbebtbrtsn kfhxht vhzhthtt lh, chiy kjgkrt s kthihz!szbliyjkbt iibpt che bvibsztjttlrk thkngthtlhg. Bz hcithtt cbebtbrtsn kfhx b Kbgbfvbi kthgf!cheiibpjfs rszt kphzn, s bz HX brrb trhksznk, `jey hzt b ov!lhin lhahkthtsncheiibpjfsjklb ns lhhchioh. B szlbg ajre kthihzhttsehk knthrohfghk bzsszhar`hthtihgserh msbkey, cngt b vibsztjttlrk htnkogbk szihs rthihclhg vhttkrfshnrh, pi. b lnzjgyjs hiyzhthklhg tbgstbgf cbebtbrtsukrb.
B Kbgbfvbi kthgf! khrhskhfhicn cheiibpjfslb bz HX ahiipsrh lhihajeibitk bzjgszhciyhk instot, bknk lnzjgyjs vntk hshtg vibsztjttlrkgt ip`htghk ahi. H szhciyhkknvibsztsb szbkrthick bibpog trtgnk, s che khii ahihignk b cbebtbrtsn kfhxghk.Hzitbi knkszli`ht! bz heygn rfhkhk kjmkzbtb. Bz HX heyl treybi ahihnvhi ns`bsjgi instkbt kvg itrh`jzgn.
B vntbrhgfhzsn rhgfszhr o hihchkgt bz HX szgfklbg ii hey kvhtkhzhthsseht lnztjstahiihllhzsn chm`bgnzcus itrh`jzsb, vbibcngt b rhgfszhr ihentncntsgbk ajkjzsb bknghvhzshk ahiivnzseibt bi vjgsb rvg.
B tllszrs s chebibpjzbtibg lhahktht!n ojejrvjsibtn krhichk chebkbfiyjzsb.Bz HX jiybg tnibicbt kvg lhvhzhtgn, chiyghk rthiclhg ghc ih`ht hey nf!lhg ktkig ngftjtt ojejrvjsibtn krhihcchi kt kiglz! aruc`jz ajrfuign. B
pr`uzbcjs ojejrvjsibtn negyhk hikhrish rvg chehi!z`ht!, `jey b lhahktht!kobvrb ktszhr szihsshg tiht, tjvll ghc ajrfui`bt hi! bz shc, `jey kttrvgyszk, vbey vibsztjttlrse ueybgbzjg tgyiis bibpog hitr! `btrjzbtjt`jzzjg.
Bggbk rfhklhg, `jey bz HX etbt szblojg b kjcjiytbibg s chebibpjzbtibglhahktht!n ojejrvjsibtn krhichkghk, bz HX jiybg rhgfhikhzshklhg iibpjfjtt che,chiyhk ih`ht!v thsznk, `jey heyrszt b vibsztjttlrse bz niyhg kvhthishkhteyjrsbg hiutbstsk, csrszt b vhszths ai vnshioh b thiohs phrkitseht. (B ohihgihenrhgfszhr szhrngt heyhs hshthklhg bkkjr ns bz iibcgbk khii bz bfjtt hshtlhg nehg
ohihgt!s phrkitsehkht vnshignh, `b chegyhrn bz eyht.)
B ahihk szcrb lnztjstkjk lhvhzhtsh? b Kbgbfvbi kthgf! cheiibpjfslbg bahihk jiybg zrbfkjkbt fjiejztbk kn kzshg, chiyhk rthiclhg bz bir jrszejk
kzs, kt! hr!vhi lr iispjgtjt bibkt`btgbk kn b cheiibpjfs rthichzstniiht!hg. H zrbfkjk szhrngt b lhahktht! szk`hiy szhrngtn jrszeb ajiybcbtlbg iv!
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hiorsjklbg lhbfvgyt gyot`btgb lh. H tjvlln lnztjstkjk ih`ht!v thsznk, `jey bahihk lhajiysjiok bz rthichzst, s obvtsk b vibsztjttlrsejk hshtihehs `nlsrthichzshnt, ey bz iibcjk `btssbi ihszghk b lhahkthtsn rhgfhikhzshkrthichzsrh.
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8. sz. chiikiht? Bz X]B cjfhii lhru`zsn heyhzcgyghk (LNV) tjvlln hihchn
Bz X]B cjfhiiheyhzcgyh bz tnszthssehs s citgyjs lgscf (AHV) gjrcob bibtt
ghc kvhthi che tllht, cngt bchggynt ghczhtkzn szjksoje hi!r b kiaifnhkkhikbpmsjibtjs lgscfrb. ey bz nebzsejs s citgyjs lgscf gjrcogbk
bikbicbz`btset b ghczhtkzn szjksoje itbi hi!rt cngncuc gjrckrb kjritjzzb. Bz HX
szhrngt bzjglbg b AHV gjrcot ghc `btrjzzb che heyrthic"hg b ghczhtkzn oje. Hcnbtt b
trvgyszkhk b ajebicbt ohihgt!s cjzestrrhi rthichz`htnk. Bz ugns cheiibpjfsjklbg b
gjrck pjgtjsbg che kvgok iibptbgn, `jey chiy hihchk tbrtjzgbk b `btskrlh, s
hzitbi chiyhk tnitjttbk.
Bz X]B cjfhii LNV ghc tbrtbicbz b knahohzs hrhfhtn, szihshll rthiclhg vhtt g.
uclrhiib kibuzuit. B szihshll rthiclhg vhtt hshrgy! kibuzuib knthrohsztn b LNV`btiyt cngfbzjg kthihzhttsehkrh, bchiyhkht b kjrcgy b lhru`zvbi szhclhg viibit
heyl szhrz!fslhg, `bzbn ojeszbliylbg, vbey cs ghczhtkzn szhrz!fslhg. Bz X]B
cjfhii cheiibpjfs msbk sz"khll rthihclhg vhtt uclrhiib kibuzuit tbrtbicbz,
bchggynlhg b srhicht szhgvhfhtt lhru`z phrhs negyt ghcmsbk b lhru`zsvfhihc
bibpvht!gjrcngbk b chesrtsh hshtg, `bghc b cjfhiiheyhzcgylhg fhangnit lhru`zsn
cheiibpjfsjk chesrtsh hshtg ns rvgyhst`htn. Ghc ngft`bt vnszjgt b lhru`z bz
X]B cjfhii LNV bibpog phrhs hiorst heyl szhrz!fshs kthihzhttsehk chesrtsh hshtg.
@bsjgi hihc bzjglbg bz X]B s bz HX N]F] chekzhitsh kztt, `jey bz X]B cjfhiiLNV bz HX chekzhits`hz `bsjgi trbgszpbrhgmnb rhgfhikhzshkht tbrtbicbz? bz rfhkhit
ahihk pi. szbkrt!n lhbfvgyjkbt s bcnmus murnbh-tgyot`btgbk lh. Vjvll bz X]B LNV ns
szjrebicbzzb b vibsztjtt lrsen hiors sjrg b ahiihllhzs ih`ht!seghk b lnztjstst.
]zngtg kzs hihc, `jey bz X]B cjfhii LNV ns tbrtbicbz jiybg chm`bgnzcust, chiyghk
khrhtlhg b LNV-ht bir ahihkkzs iispjgtjt bibkt`btgbk kn b cheiibpjfs rthichzst
niiht!hg, bchiyhk ojenibe kt!hr!vhi lrgbk N]F] hiors hshtg.
Bz X]B cjfhiiheyhzcgy knsbotts hshtg rszihths rhgfhikhzshkht tbrtbicbz brrb
vjgbtkjzibe, `jey bz iibc krtrts knanzhtsgi ghc kjgvhrtnlnins vbiutb hshtg `jeybgorojg hi s b krtrts sszheghk che`btrjzsgi pjgtjsbg cniyhg pnbmn kbcbtillbi
szcjiojg.
B chebibpjzbtibg kvhthishk knsz"rsrhbz X]B cjfhiiheyhzcgyh eyjrstjtt hiorst
tbrtbicbz? bchggynlhg bz biphrhs iibc ey tin che, `jey hey lhru`z khrhshtghk
hilrisrb b vntbrhgfhzslhg hior lrsegbk gngms `btskrh hiorgn, bkkjr bz biphrhs
iibc hi!zhthshg hiihgvhtsshi i`ht. Xtlln hshtlhg b lrse 284 gbpjg lhii fgtst `jz
brri, `jey b phrnegy bibptbibg-h. Bz HX ns neyhksznk knsz"rn hzhkht bz hshthkht b
lhru`zsvfhicn treybisjkjg s pi. hzhg kvi ce b vhszths anzht hivvhi ns hitgtjrtob blhru`zkbt niyhg hshthklhg.
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Bz X]B cjfhii LNV
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1. sz. chiikiht B Cbeybrjrszeri bz X]B-lb nrgyui AFN fngbcnkus gvhkhfsh
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5. sz. chiikiht
s s z h a j e i b i
b szbkcbn szhrvhzhthkkhi s rfhkkpvnshihthkkhi b VVNT treybisjkri
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rfhkkpvnshihthk ]zjieitbtk _if szhrvhzhthk
BCM@BC Cbeybr iibtjrvjsn Kbcbrb Erhhgphbmh
Ghczhtn Berrebzfbsenkbcbrb Cbeybr ptszhtn Kbcbrb Cbeybr Vhrcszhtvf!k]zvhtseh
Cbeybr Ebzfbkrk sEbzfbszvhtkhzhthk
]zvhtseh
Cbeybr EyeyszhrsznKbcbrb
Ihvhe!Cugkbmsjpjrt
ihicnszhr-ahifjiejzkJrszejs ]zvhtseh
Cbeybr Crgkn Kbcbrb Krgyhzhtvfhicn]zjieitbtk s Eyrtk
]zvhtseh
Qiibikjzk s Cugkitbtk
Jrszejs ]zvhtseh
Cbeybr Gvgyvf!
Crgkn- GvgyjrvjsnKbcbrb
Cugkbbfk s EyrnpbrjsjkJrszejs ]zvhtseh
Cbeybr Jrvjsn Kbcbrb
Cbeybr Khrhskhfhicn sNpbrkbcbrb
Cbeybr ]zblbfbicneyvnv!n Kbcbrb
Cbeybr Eporc"npbrnHeyhsiht
Cbeybr eyvfn Kbcbrb
Cbeybrjrszen
Eyeyszhreyrtk]zvhtseh
Brtnsous - cbeybr ]zhrz!n
ojevf!nrjfb
Cbeybr Qheynpbrn ]zvhtse Cbeybr Lbgkszvhtse
CbeybrOrc"bikbtrszeyrtkJrszejs ]zvhtseh
Ojngt Qhgturh ]zvhtse
Jrvjsthm`gnkbn HszkzkEyrtngbk s
Ajrebicbzngbk ]zvhtseh
Cbeybr Kiebzfbsen]zvhtse
Cbeybr Epnpbrn sHghrehtnkbn Jrszejs
]zvhtse
Cbeybr Kztn AuvbrjzkHeyhsihth
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