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Oracle Database Administration

Session 4

Database Creation

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Database Creation Overview

Init<SID>.ora Create database scripts Directory Structure Created

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Init<SID>.ora (PFILE)

Pfile Example - initE256.ora Contains all required the parameters Location of the Control files Location of the dump and trace files

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Server Parameter File (SPFILE)

Used to make persistent changes to the initialization parameters.

This eliminates the need to make changes to the init.ora, to preserve updates due to ‘Alter System’ commands.

Default location /$ORACLE_HOME/dbs File name spfile<SID>.ora

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Server Parameter File

Create spfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/dbs/

spfile<SID>.ora' FROM pfile='/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/

init<SID>.ora';

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The SGADEF File

The contents of this file have been deleted,. If it exists, do not delete this file. It will be

desupported in a future release. Location /$ORACLE_HOME/dbs

lk<sID> --- lk<test>

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The Most Crucial Parameters

The following init.ora parameters are the most crucial– Db_cache_size– * Db_block_buffers*– Db_block_size– Shared_pool_size– log_buffer – Sort_area_size– sga_target– pga_aggregate_target– Optimizer_mode

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Control Files

The init<SID>.ora file lists the control files There should be at least 3 copies of the

control file On a multi-disk system, the control files

should be stored on separate disks The database keeps these files in-sync. This reduces the risk of catastrophe failure

due to media failures

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Control File Locations

control_files = (/u03/oradata/E256/control01.ctl,

/u04/oradata/E256/control02.ctl,

/u05/oradata/E256/control03.ctl)

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Dump File Locations

background_dump_dest = /u01/app/oracle/admin/E256/bdump

core_dump_dest = /u01/app/oracle/admin/E256/cdump

user_dump_dest = /u01/app/oracle/admin/E256/udump

diagnostic_dest = /u01/app/oracle/admin/E256/diag

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Parameters

rollback_segments = (r01,r02,r03,r04) Manual undo #rollback_segments = (r0)

optimizer_mode = CHOOSE db_block_size = 8192 (8k) compatible = 11.1.0 compatible = 10.2.0 (old)

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Parameter Value Examples

db_files = 100 (Number) db_cache_size = 100 (Mb) shared_pool_size = 1500 (Mb) java_pool_size = 1024000 (mb) processes = 90 (Number) log_buffer = 32768 (kb) undo_management = AUTO (mode) undo_tablespace = UNDOTBS

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Parameters

To get the deprecated Initialization Parameters in Oracle 11g

– SQL> SELECT name FROM v$parameter WHERE isdeprecated = ‘TRUE’;

– Select * from sys.v_$obsolete_parameter;

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Parameters

Initialization Parameters Deprecated in Oracle Database 11g Release 1 (11.1):

– BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST (replaced by DIAGNOSTIC_DEST)

– COMMIT_WRITE– CORE_DUMP_DEST (replaced by

DIAGNOSTIC_DEST)– INSTANCE_GROUPS– LOG_ARCHIVE_LOCAL_FIRST

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Parameters Initialization Parameters Deprecated in Oracle

Database 11g Release 1 (11.1):– PLSQL_DEBUG (replaced by

PLSQL_OPTIMIZE_LEVEL)– PLSQL_V2_COMPATIBILITY– REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT– STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST– TRANSACTION_LAG (attribute of the

CQ_NOTIFICATION$_REG_INFO object)– USER_DUMP_DEST (replaced by

DIAGNOSTIC_DEST)

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Optimizer

There are two main optimization modes– Choose uses a cost_based optimization,

when all tables are analyzed. This is a data_centric solution

– Rule uses a rule_based optimization. This is an Oracle_centric solution based on rules set by the rdbms. Deprecated in 10g

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Redo Log Files

Redo log files should be mirrored To mirror online Redo Log files, use redo log

groups Using redo log groups, removes the need for

the O/S to maintain mirrored copies The database maintains them automatically,

using LGWR

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Redo Log Files

The LGWR writes to the Redo Log Group It then cycles through the groups A member of each group should be stored on

separate disks. This will remove disk contention between members of each group

LGWR will experience little change in performance

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logfile group 1 ('/u03/oradata/E256/log1mem1.log',

'/u04/oradata/E256/log1mem2.log') size 5M,

group 2 ('/u04/oradata/E256/log2mem1.log',

'/u05/oradata/E256/log2mem2.log') size 5M,

group 3 ('/u05/oradata/E256/log3mem1.log',

'/u03/oradata/E256/log3mem2.log') size 5M

Redo Log files

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Data Dictionary Views

REM # install data dictionary scripts

@/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql

@//u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql

@/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/rdbms/admin/catexp.sql

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Automatic Rollback

Automatic Undo Management allows Oracle to manage the rollback function

Choice of managing undo (rollback) segments automatically or manually

Controlled by the init.ora parameter ‘undo_management’

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Automatic Rollback

The undo data is managed in a single undo tablespace

Use ‘Create undo tablespace’ command or the ‘undo_tablespace clause of the ‘Create database’ command, to create the tablespace

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Automatic Rollback

Create UNDO TABLESPACE "UNDOTBS" DATAFILE '/u04/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf' SIZE 200M

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Manual Rollback

The first tablespace created is the System tablespace

Create a rollback segment in the SYSTEM tablespace, before creating any more tablespaces

This rollback segment is usually called r0 Alter this segment online. This way you do not

need to shutdown and restart the database.

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Manual Rollback

Connect as internal

create rollback segment r0 tablespace system

storage (initial 16k next 16k minextents 2 maxextents 20);

Use ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT ONLINE to put r0 online

alter rollback segment r0 online;

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Manual Rollback

create tablespace rollback datafile

'/u05/oradata/E256/rbs01.dbf' size 50M

default storage (

initial 128k

next 128k

pctincrease 0

minextents 2

);

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Default Accounts

REM * Alter SYS and SYSTEM users.

alter user sys temporary tablespace temp;

alter user system temporary tablespace temp;

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Temp Tablespace – Dictionary Managed

create tablespace temp tempfile '/u04/oradata/E256/temp01.dbf' size 50M

default storage ( initial 128k next 128k pctincrease 0 minextents 1);

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Temp Tablespace – Locally Managed

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE "TEMP" TEMPFILE '/u04/oradata/test/temp01.dbf' SIZE 40M EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL;

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Users Tablespace

CREATE TABLESPACE "USERS" DATAFILE '/u04/oradata/test/users01.dbf' SIZE 250M

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL;

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Save the Output

REM * Log output of this script. Give this file a meaningful name

spool create_db.lst

.

.

.

spool off

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Directory Structure

Create an instance directory structure under the /admin directory

Example: create an E256 directory Create the following directories under this

– pfile– create– udump– bdump– cdump

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Directory Structure

Create /oradata directories under /u03, /u04 and /u05 etc

Under those directories, create /E256 directories. This ensures that the files related to this database is separate from those of another database.

Example: /u04/oradata/E256

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Useful commands

You can use the following commands to track and manage datafiles

– ls -lasd /u*/oradata/<SID>/* lists all the files related to a database

– rm /u*/oradata/<SID>/* removes all the files related to a database

– rm /u*/oradata/<SID>/*.ctl removes the control files

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Server Manager

Use Sqlplus /nologin CONNECT / as SYSDBA or CONNECT username/password as sysdba

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Start and stop

Startup Startup nomount Startup mount

Shutdown Shutdown immediate Shutdown abort

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V$database

SQLPLUS> select name from v$database;

NAME

---------

E256

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Global Name

SQLPLUS> select * from global_name;

GLOBAL_NAME

-------------------------

E256.HARVARD.EDU

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v$tablespace

SQLPLUS> select * from v$tablespace; TS# NAME

------ -------------- 0 SYSTEM 1 ROLLBACK 2 TEMP 3 TOOLS 4 USERS

5 rows selected.

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Show SGA

Show sga, will give us the size of the sga and breaks it into fixed and variable parts

v$parameter

V$sga

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Unix Process

We can use – ps -eaf | grep dbw -- to show us that the

database is up and running– ps -eaf | grep oracle -- will give us all the Oracle

processes– ps -eaf | grep E256 -- will give all the processes

related to our database.

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Unix Process

elmo oracle $ ps -eaf | grep E256 oracle 16623 1 0 21:44:04 ? 0:02 ora_ckpt_E256 oracle 16625 1 0 21:44:04 ? 0:04 ora_smon_E256 oracle 16621 1 0 21:44:04 ? 0:19 ora_lgwr_E256 oracle 16617 1 0 21:44:04 ? 0:00 ora_pmon_E256 oracle 16627 1 0 21:44:04 ? 0:00 ora_reco_E256 oracle 16619 1 0 21:44:04 ? 0:11 ora_dbw0_E256

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Multiple Block Size Support

The standard database block size was set using db_block_size parameter

It cannot be changed after the database is created, it requires the recreation of the database

The standard block size is used to create the SYSTEM tablespace

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Multiple Block Size Support

To use non-standard block size tablespaces, sub-caches must be configured inside the buffer cache area of the SGA

Using the db_nK_cache_size parameter, where n = 2, 4, 8 16, or 32

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Multiple Block Size Support

The db_cache_size parameter replaces the db_block_buffers for the standard block size

The db_nK_cache_size parameter must be set for each block size used.

The default is 0

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<sid>.sh #!/bin/sh mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/test/diag mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/test/create mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/test/pfile mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area mkdir -p /u04/app/oracle/oradata mkdir -p /u18/oradata/test ORACLE_SID=dev; export ORACLE_SID

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<sid>.sh

echo Add this entry in the oratab file dev:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test:Y

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0test/bin/sqlplus /nolog @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/dev.sql

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<sid>.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/CreateDB.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/CreateDBFiles.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/CreateDBCatalog.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/JServer.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/interMedia.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/xdb_protocol.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/emRepository.sql @/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/postDBCreation.sql

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Create Database

connect SYS/&&sysPassword as SYSDBA set echo on spool

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/assistants/dbca/logs/CreateDB.log

startup nomount pfile="/u01/app/oracle/admin/test/scripts/init.ora";

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Create Database

CREATE DATABASE "dev" MAXINSTANCES 8 MAXLOGHISTORY 1 MAXLOGFILES 16 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3 MAXDATAFILES 100 DATAFILE '/u18/oradata/test/system01.dbf' SIZE 300M

REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10240K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL

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Create Database

SYSAUX DATAFILE '/u18/oradata/test/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 120M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 10240K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED

DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP TEMPFILE '/u18/oradata/test/temp01.dbf' SIZE 20M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 640K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED

UNDO TABLESPACE "UNDOTBS1" DATAFILE '/u18/oradata/test/undotbs01.dbf' SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5120K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED

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Create Database

CHARACTER SET UTF8 NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16 LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/u18/oradata/test/redo01.log')

SIZE 10240K, GROUP 2 ('/u18/oradata/test/redo02.log')

SIZE 10240K, GROUP 3 ('/u18/oradata/test/redo03.log') SIZE

10240K USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY "&&sysPassword" USER

SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY "&&systemPassword"; spool off

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CreateDBCatalog

connect SYS/&&sysPassword as SYSDBA set echo on spool

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/assistants/dbca/logs/CreateDBCatalog.log @/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql; @/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/rdbms/admin/catblock.sql; @/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql;

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CreateDBFiles connect SYS/&&sysPassword as SYSDBA set echo on spool

/u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0test/assistants/dbca/logs/CreateDBFiles.log

CREATE TABLESPACE "USERS" LOGGING DATAFILE '/u18/oradata/test/users01.dbf' SIZE 5M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 1280K MAXSIZE UNLIMITED

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENT AUTO ;

ALTER DATABASE DEFAULT TABLESPACE "USERS"; spool off

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Reading

10g and 11g Administrators Guides– Part 1

Concepts Manual– Part 2 Chap 12