Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924)

Recipient of the first political science Ph.D. from Harvard

Served in both the House of Representatives and Senate representing Massachusetts

First Senate majority leader

Supported the gold standard, high protective tariff, and preparedness

While chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee opposed supporting the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations

Supported American expansion with an American-controlled canal through Central America along with coaling stations and naval bases in the Pacific, on Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, and in the Philippines.

Also advocated for a strong navy to protect national shipping interests

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Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914)

West Point graduate

Served as Lieutenant during the Civil War

1886 appointed President of the Naval war College

Published The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890) whose theories on the relationship of sea power and world commerce influenced foreign policy development in the 1880s and 1890s

1893-1895 commanded the USS Chicago

Retired 1896 after forty years of active service but returned to service in 1898

Appointed to the naval Board of strategy

Served as one of the American delegates at the First Peace Conference at The Hague.

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Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)

Leader of the "Rough Riders," a volunteer cavalry unit in the Spanish-American War

Served as governor of New York and then as McKinley's vice president

Became President in 1901 after McKinley’s assassination and elected to a full term in 1904

Supported expansionism policies, the development of a canal across Central America, and a powerful navy

Wrote a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. contributed to the US becoming the police of the western hemisphere

Progressive policies included prosecuting big business for trust violations, passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act, and conservation through the creation of national parks

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Sanford B. Dole (1844-1926)

1886 appointed to the Supreme Court in the Hawaiian Kingdom.

Played an active role in overthrowing the monarchy.

1893 was elected President of the Provisional Government. Refused President Cleveland’s request the queen be restored to power, declared his government the Republic of Hawaii

1898 advocated Hawaii becoming a US territory.

In 1900, became Hawaii's first Territorial Governor.

In 1903 became presiding judge of the U.S. District Court for Hawaii serving for 12 years until retiring at age 72.

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General John J. Pershing (1860-1948)

Graduated from West Point in 1886.

Commissioned second lieutenant of cavalry.

Fought in the Indian Wars, commanded an all-black unit for a time.

Taught at West Point.

Sent to Mexico to apprehend Pancho Villa in 1914.

In 1917, selected to lead the American Expeditionary Force to Europe during World War I.

Insisted that Americans fight together rather than being integrated into British and French troops.

Instrumental in the defeat of the Germans in the Argonne Forest, in France.

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Upton Sinclair (1878-1968)

An avowed Socialist

To illustrate the horrible effects of capitalism on workers in the Chicago meatpacking industry wrote THE JUNGLE

Detailed workers sacrificing their fingers and nails by working with acid, losing limbs, catching diseases, and toiling long hours in cold, cramped conditions

Work “aimed for America's heart and instead hit its stomach”

Resulting public outcry focused more on production issues than on workers

Within months, Congress passed the PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT and the MEAT INSPECTION ACT to curb industry abuses

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Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

A leading force in the women's suffrage movement for 50 years.

Born in Massachusetts to a Quaker family,

Taught school and became convinced that society needed to be reformed and freed from slavery and alcoholism.

President of the Canajoharie Daughters of Temperance in the 1840s.

Organized the Women's State Temperance Society of New York with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

1853 took up the cause of women's suffrage and equal rights, remained committed to the cause for the remainder of her life, contributing significantly to the effort to attain equal rights for women.

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Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

A fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist, and speaker.

A reformer whose insistence on economic and political resistance to oppression laid the foundation for the modern civil rights movement

An accomplished diarist and autobiographer whose personal narratives offer an insight into the formation of African American female identity in the late nineteenth century

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W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

Entered Harvard in 1888, and became the first African-American to earn a Ph.D

Believed in the ability of the Talented Tenth, the intellectual black elites, to advance the cause for all blacks

In 1903 published The Souls of Black Folk, challenging the ideas of Booker T. Washington

Called for immediate extension of rights to blacks so they could vote, take advantage of education, and use public facilities

Active in the formation of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). Served as director of publicity and research and edited The Crisis until 1934

Increasingly favored black separatism

In 1961 joined the Communist Party and moved to Ghana

Biography.com

Clarence Darrow (1857-1938)

Defended Eugene V. Debs in 1894 against charges of criminal conspiracy in relation to the American Railway Union strikes

Opposed the death penalty and supported racial equality

In 1925, defended John T. Scopes who was charged by fundamentalists for violating a Tennessee statute against teaching evolution in the schools

Closing arguments are models of expository speaking

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William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

Served as a representative to the Illinois legislature favoring income tax, prohibition, and women's suffrage

Earned the Democratic nomination for president in 1896 but lost the race. (Also lost in 1900 and 1908)

Served as Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state

Resigned in 1915 opposing Wilson's aggressive stance toward Germany

Prosecuted the Scopes trial, supporting a literal interpretation of the Bible and denounced the teaching of evolution in the schools

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Henry Ford (1863-1947)

Born on a farm near Detroit, Michigan

Experimented on building own internal-combustion engines

Founded Ford Motor Company in 1903

Developed the Model T by 1908

Used mass production to reduce the price of the Model T, and worked to perfect the assembly line

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Glenn Curtiss (1878-1930)

"The Father of Naval Aviation"

"Founder of the American Aircraft Industry"

Manufactured motorcycles in hometown of Hammondsport, New York .

January 24th 1907 became the "fastest man in the world" riding a V-8 powered motorcycle at a sustained speed of 136.4 MPH to establish a land speed record that stood until 1911 for cars and 1930 for motorcycles

Inventor of the "Hydroaeroplane" (or seaplane - US patent #1,170,965) in 1911

National Museum of the US Air Force

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Born in the West Indies

Vocal supporter of African nationalism—of black people returning to Africa, the continent of their forefathers, in order to build a great nation of their own

Writings and ideas inspired many leaders of the civil rights movement during the second half of the twentieth century

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Charles A. Lindberg (1902-1974)

completed the U.S. Army Air Cadet program in 1925 and was made second lieutenant

Set a record in aviation history by flying The Spirit of St. Louis nonstop from St. Louis to Paris on May 20-21, 1927

Served as a technical advisor to commercial airlines, testing new aircraft and developing viable routes

Favored neutrality before the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor

Supported conservation efforts and directed the World Wildlife Fund

FBI

Franklin D. Roosevelt

(1882-1945)

Entered politics in 1910 as a Democratic candidate to the U.S. Senate

Contracted polio in 1921

In 1932 defeated Hoover winning the presidency

His New Deal reforms expanded government work programs

By late 1930s, administration focus shifted to focus on European conflict.

Due in part to crisis situation, only President to be elected to four terms

The 22nd Amendment, adopted in 1951, limited presidents to two terms.

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Harry Truman (1884-1972)

Senator from Missouri

Assumed presidency following FDR’s death in 1945

Represented the U.S at the Potsdam conference where two European powers, the Soviets and the British, discussed post-war order

Authorized the use of the atomic bomb in Japan 1947

Doctrine pledged U.S. support to nations opposing Communism

The Cold War, began during administration when the Communist North Koreans invaded South Korea in June 1950

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Omar Bradley (1893-1981)

U.S. Army general noted for concern for individual soldiers and his ability to organize large forces

Graduated from West Point Military Academy during World War II, commanding divisions in North Africa

Commanded the First Army in the D-Day landings and the Normandy campaign

Participated in Patton's march through France and Belgium to German and the battles in Ardennes areas

Headed the Veteran's Administration after the war, became U.S. Army Chief of Staff in 1948

First chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

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Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969)

Texas native, served as General Douglas MacArthur's senior assistant in the Philippines

Commanded Allied forces in Europe during World War II, commanded Allied forces on D-Day

Recalled to active military duty in 1950 to lead NATO forces

Elected US President from 1952 to 1960

Negotiate a peace settlement in 1953 ending the fighting in South Korea against communist China and North Korea

Supported a foreign policy which encouraged cooperation and not conflict

Ordered troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to keep peace when the high school racially integrated

Signed the civil rights acts of 1957 and 1960

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Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964)

In 1932 he led the troops that evicted the veterans who were camped in Washington D.C. protesting their treatment and conditions during the Great Depression.

Named commander of U.S. forces in the Far East

During World War II commanded troops in the Southwest Pacific

Presided over the Japanese surrender as the commander of Allied Powers

Was military governor of Japan from 1945-50

Commanded the United Nations forces in Korea

Was relieved of command by Truman in 1951 because of conflicting tactics

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Chester W. Nimitz (1885-1966)

A five-star admiral in the United States Navy

Held the dual command of Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet ("CinCPac" pronounced "sink-pack"), for U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II

Leading U.S. Navy authority on submarines, as well as Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation in 1939

served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) from 1945 until 1947

Naval History & Heritage Command

George Marshall (1880-1959)

became Gen. John Pershing's principal aide following the Meuse-Argonne campaign during World War I

organized the Civil Conservation Corp, one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs

became chief of staff of the U.S. Army in World War II

organized the training of troops, development of strategic plans, and appointment of top military personnel

named secretary of state by President Harry S. Truman

implemented the Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe

won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his post-war efforts

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George Patton (1885-1945)

Held many commands during World War II, directed the amphibious landings on Casablanca and the campaign in North Africa

Led the Third Army out of Normandy

Assisted with the Battle of the Bulge, and marched on into Germany

Despised communists and proposed, following the German surrender, that German and U.S. troops join forces against the Soviet Union

Favored retaining Nazis in some positions and as a result he was removed from command

Considered one of the most successful American field commanders of any war

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Tuskegee Airmen

America's first black military airmen

Single-engine or multi-engine pilots trained at Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) in Tuskegee Alabama

The first aviation cadet class began in July 1941 and completed training nine months later in March 1942

Success in escorting bombers during World War II – losing only a small number of bombers to enemy fire in more than 200 combat missions - is a record unmatched by any other fighter group

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Flying Tigers

Name given to the all-volunteer flying units created in the summer of 1938 by Claire Chennault prior to the US entering WWII

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Chinese and the British agreement provided for one squadron of the American Volunteer Group (A.V.G.) in China to assist the R.A.F. in the defense of Free China

Fought for seven months over Burma, China, Thailand, and French Indo-China, against Japanese

Destroyed 299 Japanese planes with another 153 probably destroyed

Lost only 12 P-40's in combat and 61 on the ground and 23 human casualties

Disbanded on July 4, 1942, the China Air Task Force of the United States Army Air Forces, commanded by General Chennault, officially took over air operations in China

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Navajo Code Talkers

Between 1942 and 1945, about 400 served as code talkers for the U.S. Marines

encode, transmit, and decode a message in a fraction of the time it took a machine to do the same

used tribe language as code

Japanese were not able to break the code

CIA

Frances Willard (1839-1898)

President of the WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION, the nation's foremost prohibition organization.

advocated a "DO EVERYTHING" policy, which meant that chapters of the WCTU also served as soup kitchens or medical clinics

the first dean of women at Northwestern University

appeared on a 1940 postage stamp

was the first woman represented in Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol Building

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Jane Addams (1860-1935)

first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1931

widely known for role in the Settlement House movement in the United States

establishment of Hull House in Chicago in 1889 which offered medical care, legal aid, language classes, music, and drama to more than two thousand needy each week

became the first vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1911

helped found the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920

served as the first president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1919, a role she continued until her death

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Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)

Considered by many the most influential First Lady and one of the most significant American women of the 20th century

Organizing the Democratic national campaign for women in 1928

Politicized the plight of African-American men and women and working-class whites, supported the reform causes of Jane Addams and others, and promoted the political careers of women

Appointed by President Harry S. Truman as a delegate to the United Nations

Chaired the Human Rights Commission which drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on December 10, 1948.

Chaired President Kennedy’s UN Commission on the Status of Women

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Vernon J. Baker (1919- 2010)

In 1945, as the only black officer in his company,

commanded a weapons platoon, one of the first

blacks to command an all-white company

Honored for leading a battalion that killed 26

Germans, destroyed 6 machine gun nests, 2

observer posts and 4 dugouts to finally secured

critical land for the American soldiers

Earned a Purple Heart, Bronze Star, and

Distinguished Service Cross, one of the most highly

decorated black soldiers in the Mediterranean

Theater

On January 13th, 1997, 52 years after World War II

military service, presented with the Medal of

Honor, the nation's highest decoration for

battlefield valor, only living black World War II

veteran to earn the Medal of Honor

USDA

Alvin York (1887-1964)

Known as the greatest [American] hero of World War I for fearlessly leading 7 men to charge an enemy machinegun nest

Promoted to Sergeant

Received the U.S. Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, the French Croix de Guerre, the French Legion of Honor, the Croce di Guerra of Italy, and the War Medal of Montenegro

National Archives

Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)

French political thinker and historian,

Known for authoring Democracy in America which deals with issues like religion, the press, money, class structure, racism, the role of government, the judicial system, etc. -- issues that are just as relevant today as they were then.

Historians consider work one of the most comprehensive and insightful books ever written about the U.S

Biography.com

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

Was one of the richest men in the world during life

Worked as a telegraph messenger, personal telegrapher to the superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad's western division, and eventually superintendent of the railroad's western division during the Civil War

By 1863 was earning $40,000 a year from investments

1872 manufacture steel using the Bessemer process

Devoted to the ideology of social Darwinism.

Created the doctrine of the Gospel of Wealth in 1889, cautioned men of wealth to live simply and to use their surplus income to improve the conditions of the poor by helping those who helped themselves

Noted for philanthropic endeavors, granted more than $350,000,000 to worthy causes aiding education, international peace, libraries, culture centers, and research and publications

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