hart13 ppt ch16

© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Performance-Enhancing Drugs


Concerns About Drug Use Concerns About Drug Use Among AthletesAmong Athletes

Athletes are role models for young people

Drugs may provide an unfair advantage during competition, contrary to our tradition of fair play in sports

Athletes at all levels of ability may risk their health or lives by taking drugs


History: Ancient TimesHistory: Ancient Times

Early concoctions May not have provided any true

physical performance enhancement Could have placebo value that

boosted a competitor’s self-confidence

Ancient Greek Olympians and Aztec athletes used plant-based stimulants

Athletic competitions probably developed in tribal societies as a means of training for war

Starting blocks at ancient stadium, Delphi, Greece(5th century BC)


History: Early Use of History: Early Use of StimulantsStimulants

Strychnine At low doses = a CNS stimulant At higher doses = convulsions and death

Use reported in boxers, possibly to make them more aggressive and keep them from tiring quickly

1904 St. Louis Olympic marathon winner Fueled by a mixture of brandy and strychnine Collapsed and had to be revived after the race

Some use of strychnine in world competition may have continued into the 1960s


History: Early Use of History: Early Use of StimulantsStimulants

Cocaine: Available beginning in the 1800s Mariani’s coca wine was used by the French

cycling team Athletes later used pure cocaine

Caffeine: Many athletes used coffee and/or pure caffeine

“Doping” initially referred to a cheap brandy given to racing dogs and horses to slow them down Term came to refer to the opposite—an effort

to improve rather than impair performance


History: AmphetaminesHistory: Amphetamines

More potent than caffeine, safer than strychnine

Probably in use by athletes soon after they were introduced in the 1930s

Many early reports of the use of “pep” pills by boxers, cyclists, and soccer players

1950s Olympics: Many reports of amphetamine use, a few deaths

1960 Rome Olympics: One cyclist died, several others hospitalized due to amphetamine use


History: International Drug History: International Drug TestingTesting

1960s: Some sports began testing athletes, but problems continued 1967: Tommy Simpson died during

the televised Tour de France Amphetamines found in his system

Ergogenic = “energy producing,” a general term for performance enhancement


History: International Drug History: International Drug TestingTesting

1968: International Olympic Committee established rules to disqualify any athlete who used banned drugs or refused to be tested

The scope of testing at the Olympics has continued to expand over time


History: American FootballHistory: American Football

1960s: Many football players used amphetamines during games

Attitudes toward amphetamines changed National Football League (NFL) banned the

distribution of amphetamines by team physicians and trainers in 1971

But initially no testing of players, who could still obtain the drug on their own

Current NFL policy restricts all use of amphetamines and many other drugs


History: SteroidsHistory: Steroids

Established medical use for weight gain in malnourished people

Soviets began to use testosterone to build up athletes in the 1950s

Many U.S. athletes in certain sports used steroids in the 1960s Weight lifters and bodybuilders Track and field athletes

Testing began in the 1970s Athletes began to be caught and banned from

competition for steroid use Some individual use among Western athletes Widespread use by athletes from some

Eastern European countries


History: The BALCO ScandalHistory: The BALCO Scandal

Rumors of steroid use circulated around certain professional baseball players

June 2003: Evidence surfaced that athletes were using tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) Previously unknown steroid that did not show up in

tests developed by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency

BALCO Laboratories founder Victor Conte was implicated, along with a number of professional athletes from several different sports

Fallout from the BALCO/THG scandal continues


History: The Battle Over History: The Battle Over TestingTesting

1980s: Reports of drug use among athletes grew Most amateur and professional sports

organizations adopted more strict testing guidelines and longer lists of banned substances

Despite extensive and expensive tests, use of performance-enhancing substances continues

Ongoing development of new drugs and strategies to help athletes avoid detection


Drugs Used for Performance Drugs Used for Performance EnhancementEnhancement

Stimulants Steroids Human growth hormone Beta-2 agonists Creatine


Stimulants as Performance Stimulants as Performance EnhancersEnhancers

Effectiveness Studies indicate that most athletes

perform better on amphetamines, but the improvement is small

Small improvements can make a big difference at high levels of competition

Underlying mechanism of improvement is unclear Increased physical ability (increased strength, masking of

fatigue) Effects on the brain (increased confidence, winning attitude)

At legal levels, caffeine may provide a slight improvement in endurance performance



Cocaine No experiments have been carried out on its

performance-enhancing abilities In the 1980s, many athletes believed it did

improve performance Similar to amphetamine in its properties

Shorter duration of action, so it would likely have only brief effects



Ephedrine (available in pure form or in ephedra extract or ma huang) On Olympic and NCAA lists of banned substances Professional sports organizations were slower to ban it NFL eventually banned it but Major League Baseball

did not Players continued to use it for its stimulant effects and for

weight loss Death of Baltimore Orioles pitcher Steve Bechler in 2003 was

attributed to heat stroke brought on by ephedrine

FDA was able to ban ephedra and ephedrine in dietary supplements in 2004



Current use Some athletes continue to use

stimulants during training and then discontinue use several days before competition to avoid testing positive

Risks of use Unknown effects of use during training

on competitive performance Possible overexertion or injury due to

fatigue-masking effect of stimulants Dependence, paranoid patterns and

withdrawal symptoms


SteroidsSteroids

Physical effects of natural testosterone Androgenic effects (masculinizing)

Growth of the penis and other male sex glandsDeepening of the voice Increased facial hair

Anabolic effects (tissue building) Increased muscle massControl of the distribution of body fat Increased protein synthesis Increased calcium in the bones


SteroidsSteroids

Synthetic anabolic steroids Drug companies synthesized types

of steroids that have fewer of the androgenic effects and more of the anabolic effects of steroids

Not entirely free of androgenic effects


Steroids: Effectiveness at Steroids: Effectiveness at Improving Athletic PerformanceImproving Athletic Performance

Mixed and controversial research findings Testosterone builds muscle mass and strength during puberty Animal studies: Synthetic anabolic steroids build muscle in

castrated animals Unclear if giving additional anabolic steroids to adolescent or

adult males who already have normal circulating levels of testosterone will have a significant effect

Laboratory research on healthy men Steroids can produce small increases in lean muscle mass and

sometimes small increases in muscular strength No evidence for an overall increase in aerobic capacity

Research findings may not match word-of-mouth


Steroids: Issues in ResearchSteroids: Issues in Research

Difficult to extrapolate laboratory findings to athletes Athletes may use much higher doses Athletes may use combinations of steroids

(“stacking”)

Psychological effects of steroids may affect results Users report that they feel stronger—that

they can lift more or work harder Possible active placebo effect—a belief in

the power of steroids enhanced by the sensation that the drug is doing something because one can “feel” it


Steroids: Psychological EffectsSteroids: Psychological Effects

Steroids produce a stimulant-like high and increased aggressiveness May allow more work done during training and

increased intensity of effort during competition

Risks, especially at high doses Psychological dependence, resulting in mood swings

and depression when users don’t take the drugs Interference with social relationships and other areas

of life “Roid rage”: Stories may be exaggerated, but the

number of reports of violent feelings and actions among steroid users is a key area of concern


Steroids: Adverse EffectsSteroids: Adverse Effects

Peliosis hepatitis Bloody liver cysts

Unhealthy changes in blood lipid levels May contribute to atherosclerosis, high blood

pressure, and heart disease

Acne Baldness


Steroids: Adverse EffectsSteroids: Adverse Effects

Special risk for young users Premature closure of the growth plates of the long bones, thus

limiting adult height

Special risks for men Atrophy of the testes Breast enlargement

Special risks for women, who normally have only trace amounts of testosterone Decreased breast size Enlargement of the clitoris Increased facial hair Deepening of the voice

Some effects may be irreversible


Steroids: RegulationSteroids: Regulation

Issues leading to regulation Large black market for the drugs Concerns about use among adolescent boys,

even nonathletes

Anabolic steroids are listed on Schedule III Limited prescription refills More record-keeping


College Stimulant UseCollege Stimulant Use

Low doses of stimulant drugs can improve performance that has been disrupted by fatigue or sleep-deprivation Recently there has been a renewed interest in using

stimulants as nootropics and cognitive-enhancers Some stories imply that the majority of college students take

these drugs to enhance their performance. The actual percentage is 4-7 %

Drugs maybe useful in increasing alertness and assisting one to study for a longer period of time, but they wont increase critical thinking or creativity


College Stimulant UseCollege Stimulant Use

Health risks associated with nootropics All stimulants increase cardiovascular activity, which, at

large doses, can increase the likelihood of heart attack or stroke

These drugs can also disrupt sleep and excessive loss of sleep can lead to the development of physical and mental health problems.

Fairness Some students may not have access to a physician Some students may not want stimulants due to health

risks.


Human Growth HormoneHuman Growth Hormone

A pituitary hormone that can potentially increase the height and weight of an individual to gigantic proportions

Rare instances of excessive body production of the hormone produces “giants” over 7 feet tall Condition usually results in early death

Administration of doses of human growth hormone and related hormones may produce a more controlled increase in body size

Experiments have shown HGH may increase lean body mass but may not improve strength

It is illegal to distribute human growth hormone for nonmedical purposes


Beta-2 AgonistsBeta-2 Agonists

Action and effects Selective stimulation of the beta-2 subtype of

adrenergic receptors Sympathomimetic effects on the bronchi of the

lungs Used in treating asthma

Animal studies showed a possible effect on muscle mass

No evidence for improved athletic performance

Banned for use in competition Example: Clenbuterol


CreatineCreatine

A natural substance found in meat and fish, sold legally as a dietary supplement

Actions and effects Helps regenerate ATP, which provides the energy for

muscle contractions Users tend to gain weight, some of which is water

weight Creatine may improve strength and short-term

speed in sprinting No evidence for improvement in longer-distance

events Performance may decrease due to weight gain


Getting “Cut”Getting “Cut”

Weight challenges in sports Wrestlers and jockeys need to build

strength and train hard but also need to make a specific weight

Athletes in these sports may engage in extreme methods to achieve short-term weight loss Purging Diuretics Sweating (exercising in heat or while wearing

nonporous clothing)


Getting “Cut”Getting “Cut”

Bodybuilding terms and strategies “Cut” refers to a lean, strong body, a

“sculpted” body “Ripped” or “shredded” refers to a more

extreme version of looking cut Every muscle fiber and vein is visible

Body fat percentage may be as low as 6 to 9 percent 14-20% is ideal for a healthy male

Many bodybuilders take “fat burning” supplements of questionable safety and effectiveness


Chapter 16Chapter 16

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

hart13 ppt ch16

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mcgrawhill higher education

use of amphetamines

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aztec athletes