harsh interrogation tactics

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August 12, 2009

INT ERROGAT ION INC.

2 U.S. Architects of Harsh Tactics in 9/11’s Wake

By SCOT T SHANE

WASHINGTON — Jim Mitchell and Bruce Jessen were military retirees and psychologists, on the lookout

for business opportunities. They found an excellent customer in the Central Intelligence Agency, where in

2002 they became the architects of the most important interrogation program in the history of American

counterterrorism.

They had never carried out a real interrogation, only mock sessions in the military training they had

overseen. They had no relevant scholarship; their Ph.D. dissertations were on high blood pressure and

family therapy. They had no language skills and no expertise on Al Qaeda.

But they had psychology credentials and an intimate knowledge of a brutal treatment regimen used decades

ago by Chinese Communists. For an administration eager to get tough on those who had killed 3,000

Americans, that was enough.

So “Doc Mitchell” and “Doc Jessen,” as they had been known in the Air Force, helped lead the United States

into a wrenching conflict over torture, terror and values that seven years later has not run its course.

Dr. Mitchell, with a sonorous Southern accent and the sometimes overbearing confidence of a self-made

man, was a former Air Force explosives expert and a natural salesman. Dr. Jessen, raised on an Idaho

potato farm, joined his Air Force colleague to build a thriving business that made millions of dollars selling

interrogation and training services to the C.I.A.

Seven months after President Obama ordered the C.I.A. interrogation program closed, its fallout still

commands attention. In the next few weeks, Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. is expected to decide

whether to begin a criminal torture investigation, in which the psychologists’ role is likely to come under

scrutiny. The Justice Department ethics office is expected to complete a report on the lawyers who

pronounced the methods legal. And the C.I.A. will soon release a highly critical 2004 report on the program

by the agency’s inspector general.

Col. Steven M. Kleinman, an Air Force interrogator and intelligence officer who knows Dr. Mitchell and Dr.

Jessen, said he thought loyalty to their country in the panicky wake of the Sept. 11 attacks prompted their

excursion into interrogation. He said the result was a tragedy for the country, and for them.

“I feel their primary motivation was they thought they had skills and insights that would make the nation

safer,” Colonel Kleinman said. “But good persons in extreme circumstances can do horrific things.”



For the C.I.A., as well as for the gray-goateed Dr. Mitchell, 58, and the trim, dark-haired Dr. Jessen, 60, the

change in administrations has been neck-snapping. For years, President George W. Bush declared the

interrogation program lawful and praised it for stopping attacks. Mr. Obama, by contrast, asserted that its

brutality rallied recruits for Al Qaeda; called one of the methods, waterboarding, torture; and, in his first

visit to the C.I.A., suggested that the interrogation program was among the agency’s “mistakes.”

The psychologists’ subsequent fall from official grace has been as swift as their rise in 2002. Today the

offices of Mitchell Jessen and Associates, the lucrative business they operated from a handsome century-old

building in downtown Spokane, Wash., sit empty, its C.I.A. contracts abruptly terminated last spring.

With a possible criminal inquiry looming, Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Jessen have retained a well-known defense

lawyer, Henry F. Schuelke III. Mr. Schuelke said they would not comment for this article, which is based on

dozens of interviews with the doctors’ colleagues and present and former government officials.

In a brief e-mail exchange in June, Dr. Mitchell said his nondisclosure agreement with the C.I.A. prevented

him from commenting. He suggested that his work had been mischaracterized.

“Ask around,” Dr. Mitchell wrote, “and I’m sure you will find all manner of ‘experts’ who will be willing to

make up what you’d like to hear on the spot and unrestrained by reality.”

A Career Shift

At the time of the Sept. 11 attacks, Dr. Mitchell had just retired from his last military job, as psychologist to

an elite special operations unit in North Carolina. Showing his entrepreneurial streak, he had started a

training company called Knowledge Works, which he operated from his new home in Florida, to supplement

retirement pay.

But for someone with Dr. Mitchell’s background, it was evident that the campaign against Al Qaeda would

produce opportunities. He began networking in military and intelligence circles where he had a career’s

worth of connections.

He had grown up poor in Florida, Dr. Mitchell told friends, and joined the Air Force in 1974, seeking

adventure. Stationed in Alaska, he learned the art of disarming bombs and earned bachelor’s and master’s

degrees in psychology.

Robert J. Madigan, a psychology professor at the University of Alaska who had worked closely with him,

remembered Dr. Mitchell stopping by years later. He had completed his doctorate at the University of

South Florida in 1986, comparing diet and exercise in controlling hypertension, and was working for the Air

Force in Spokane.

“I remember him saying they were preparing people for intense interrogations,” Dr. Madigan said.

Military survival training was expanded after the Korean War, when false confessions by American

prisoners led to sensational charges of communist “brainwashing.” Military officials decided that giving

service members a taste of Chinese-style interrogation would prepare them to withstand its agony.



Air Force survival training was consolidated in 1966 at Fairchild Air Force Base in the parched hills outside

Spokane. The name of the training, Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape, or SERE, suggests its breadth:

airmen and women learn to live off the land and avoid capture, as well as how to behave if taken prisoner.

In the 1980s, Dr. Jessen became the SERE psychologist at the Air Force Survival School, screening

instructors who posed as enemy interrogators at the mock prison camp and making sure rough treatment

did not go too far. He had grown up in a Mormon community with a view of Grand Teton, earning a

doctorate at Utah State studying “family sculpting,” in which patients make physical models of their family

to portray emotional relationships.

Dr. Jessen moved in 1988 to the top psychologist’s job at a parallel “graduate school” of survival training, a

short drive from the Air Force school. Dr. Mitchell took his place.

The two men became part of what some Defense Department officials called the “resistance mafia,” experts

on how to resist enemy interrogations. Both lieutenant colonels and both married with children, they took

weekend ice-climbing trips together.

While many subordinates considered them brainy and capable leaders, some fellow psychologists were

more skeptical. At the annual conference of SERE psychologists, two colleagues recalled, Dr. Mitchell offered

lengthy put-downs of presentations that did not suit him.

At the Air Force school, Dr. Mitchell was known for enforcing the safety of interrogations; it might surprise

his later critics to learn that he eliminated a tactic called “manhandling” after it produced a spate of neck

injuries, a colleague said.

At the SERE graduate school, Dr. Jessen is remembered for an unusual job switch, from supervising

psychologist to mock enemy interrogator.

Dr. Jessen became so aggressive in that role that colleagues intervened to rein him in, showing him

videotape of his “pretty scary” performance, another official recalled.

Always, former and current SERE officials say, it is understood that the training mimics the methods of

unscrupulous foes.

Mark Mays, the first psychologist at the Air Force school, said that to make the fake prison camp realistic,

officials consulted American P.O.W.’s who had just returned from harrowing camps in North Vietnam.

“It was clear that this is what we’d expect from our enemies,” said Dr. Mays, now a clinical psychologist and

lawyer in Spokane. “It was not something I could ever imagine Americans would do.”

Start of the Program

In December 2001, a small group of professors and law enforcement and intelligence officers gathered

outside Philadelphia at the home of a prominent psychologist, Martin E. P. Seligman, to brainstorm about

Muslim extremism. Among them was Dr. Mitchell, who attended with a C.I.A. psychologist, Kirk M.

Hubbard.



During a break, Dr. Mitchell introduced himself to Dr. Seligman and said how much he admired the older

man’s writing on “learned helplessness.” Dr. Seligman was so struck by Dr. Mitchell’s unreserved praise, he

recalled in an interview, that he mentioned it to his wife that night. Later, he said, he was “grieved and

horrified” to learn that his work had been cited to justify brutal interrogations.

Dr. Seligman had discovered in the 1960s that dogs that learned they could do nothing to avoid small

electric shocks would become listless and simply whine and endure the shocks even after being given a

chance to escape.

Helplessness, which later became an influential concept in the treatment of human depression, was also

much discussed in military survival training. Instructors tried to stop short of producing helplessness in

trainees, since their goal was to strengthen the spirit of service members in enemy hands.

Dr. Mitchell, colleagues said, believed that producing learned helplessness in a Qaeda interrogation subject

might ensure that he would comply with his captor’s demands. Many experienced interrogators disagreed,

asserting that a prisoner so demoralized would say whatever he thought the interrogator expected.

At the C.I.A. in December 2001, Dr. Mitchell’s theories were attracting high-level attention. Agency officials

asked him to review a Qaeda manual, seized in England, that coached terrorist operatives to resist

interrogations. He contacted Dr. Jessen, and the two men wrote the first proposal to turn the enemy’s

brutal techniques — slaps, stress positions, sleep deprivation, wall-slamming and waterboarding — into an

American interrogation program.

By the start of 2002, Dr. Mitchell was consulting with the C.I.A.’s Counterterrorist Center, whose director,

Cofer Black, and chief operating officer, Jose A. Rodriguez Jr., were impressed by his combination of visceral

toughness and psychological jargon. One person who heard some discussions said Dr. Mitchell gave the

C.I.A. officials what they wanted to hear. In this person’s words, Dr. Mitchell suggested that interrogations

required “a comparable level of fear and brutality to flying planes into buildings.”

By the end of March, when agency operatives captured Abu Zubaydah, initially described as Al Qaeda’s No.

3, the Mitchell-Jessen interrogation plan was ready. At a secret C.I.A. jail in Thailand, as reported in prior

news accounts, two F.B.I agents used conventional rapport-building methods to draw vital information from

Mr. Zubaydah. Then the C.I.A. team, including Dr. Mitchell, arrived.

With the backing of agency headquarters, Dr. Mitchell ordered Mr. Zubaydah stripped, exposed to cold and

blasted with rock music to prevent sleep. Not only the F.B.I. agents but also C.I.A. officers at the scene were

uneasy about the harsh treatment. Among those questioning the use of physical pressure, according to one

official present, were the Thailand station chief, the officer overseeing the jail, a top interrogator and a top

agency psychologist.

Whether they protested to C.I.A. bosses is uncertain, because the voluminous message traffic between

headquarters and the Thailand site remains classified. One witness said he believed that “revisionism” in

light of the torture controversy had prompted some participants to exaggerate their objections.

As the weeks passed, the senior agency psychologist departed, followed by one F.B.I. agent and then the



other. Dr. Mitchell began directing the questioning and occasionally speaking directly to Mr. Zubaydah, one

official said.

In late July 2002, Dr. Jessen joined his partner in Thailand. On Aug. 1, the Justice Department completed a

formal legal opinion authorizing the SERE methods, and the psychologists turned up the pressure. Over

about two weeks, Mr. Zubaydah was confined in a box, slammed into the wall and waterboarded 83 times.

The brutal treatment stopped only after Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Jessen themselves decided that Mr. Zubaydah

had no more information to give up. Higher-ups from headquarters arrived and watched one more

waterboarding before agreeing that the treatment could stop, according to a Justice Department legal

opinion.

Lucrative Work

The Zubaydah case gave reason to question the Mitchell-Jessen plan: the prisoner had given up his most

valuable information without coercion.

But top C.I.A. officials made no changes, and the methods would be used on at least 27 more prisoners,

including Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, who was waterboarded 183 times.

The business plans of Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Jessen, meanwhile, were working out beautifully. They were paid

$1,000 to $2,000 a day apiece, one official said. They had permanent desks in the Counterterrorist Center,

and could now claim genuine experience in interrogating high-level Qaeda operatives.

Dr. Mitchell could keep working outside the C.I.A. as well. At the Ritz-Carlton in Maui in October 2003, he

was featured at a high-priced seminar for corporations on how to behave if kidnapped. He created new

companies, called Wizard Shop, later renamed Mind Science, and What If. His first company, Knowledge

Works, was certified by the American Psychological Association in 2004 as a sponsor of continuing

professional education. (A.P.A. dropped the certification last year.)

In 2005, the psychologists formed Mitchell Jessen and Associates, with offices in Spokane and Virginia and

five additional shareholders, four of them from the military’s SERE program. By 2007, the company

employed about 60 people, some with impressive résumés, including Deuce Martinez, a lead C.I.A.

interrogator of Mr. Mohammed; Roger L. Aldrich, a legendary military survival trainer; and Karen

Gardner, a senior training official at the F.B.I. Academy.

The company’s C.I.A. contracts are classified, but their total was well into the millions of dollars. In 2007 in

a suburb of Tampa, Fla., Dr. Mitchell built a house with a swimming pool, now valued at $800,000.

The psychologists’ influence remained strong under four C.I.A. directors. In 2006, in fact, when Secretary

of State Condoleezza Rice and her legal adviser, John B. Bellinger III, pushed back against the C.I.A.’s secret

detention program and its methods, the director at the time, Michael V. Hayden, asked Dr. Mitchell and Dr.

Jessen to brief State Department officials and persuade them to drop their objections. They were

unsuccessful.

By then, the national debate over torture had begun, and it would undo the psychologists’ business.



In a statement to employees on April 9, Leon E. Panetta, President Obama’s C.I.A. director, announced the

“decommissioning” of the agency’s secret jails and repeated a pledge not to use coercion. And there was

another item: “No C.I.A. contractors will conduct interrogations.”

Agency officials terminated the contracts for Mitchell Jessen and Associates, and the psychologists’ lucrative

seven-year ride was over. Within days, the company had vacated its Spokane offices. The phones were

disconnected, and at neighboring businesses, no one knew of a forwarding address.

This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:

Correction: August 15, 2009

An article on Wednesday about two former military psychologists who designed the Central Intelligence

Agency’s interrogation program in 2002 misstated the credentials of an Air Force officer who criticized the

interrogation methods but suggested that the two psychologists had acted out of patriotic motives. The

officer, Steven M. Kleinman, is a career intelligence officer and former interrogator; he is not a psychologist

and is not “Dr. Kleinman.” (He has master’s degrees in strategic intelligence and forensic sciences, but does

not have a doctorate.)

Copyright 2009 The New York Times Company

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