harmony and tonality the vertical dimension hst 725...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Harmony and tonalityThe vertical dimension
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyHST.725: Music Perception and CognitionProf. Peter Cariani
HST 725 Lecture 11Music Perception &
Cognition
www.cariani.com(Image removed due to copyright considerations.)
![Page 2: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Upcoming topics
Thursday, March 18 (Cariani)Term project topic presentation & discussion (Stephan)Melody
Reading: Handel (Chapter 10); Deutsch (Pitch sequences)Hand out problem set (due April 8th)
Tuesday, March 30 (Cariani)Presentation on automated music recognitions (Tristan)Rhythm I: Rhythm perception and production
Reading: Handel (Chapter 11); Deutsch (Clarke chapter)Also begin looking at Snyder, Music & Memory
![Page 3: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Upcoming topics II
Thursday, April 1 (Cariani)
Grouping and expectation• Time perception, event structure, and temporal expectations• Auditory spectral and temporal integration; chunking of segments• Auditory scene analysis and organization of voices• Grouping of sounds – onset, harmonicity, rhythm• Sound streams (Bregman, Deutsch), polyphony• Grouping processes and musical structure• Reading: Snyder, Music & Memory; Handel, Ch. 7 Stream Segreg
Tuesday, April 6 (Cariani)Music, speech and language: parallels and contrasts
Presentation on tonal languages and music (Stephan)• Reading: Bigand chapter in Thinking in Sound
![Page 4: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Upcoming topics III
Thursday, April 8 (Cariani)Emotion and meaning in musicMusical semantics, music and pleasureMusic and long-term memoryMusical style recognition (Victor)Problem set due
Tuesday, April 13 (K. Howland, music therapist)"Clinical applications of the neuropsychology of music." Guest speaker Kathleen M. Howland Ph.D., MT-BC, CCC-SLP.
Thursday, April 15 (Oxenham)Clinical issues. Music exposure and hearing loss. Music perception: hearing impaired listeners & cochlear implant users
![Page 5: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Upcoming topics III
Thursday, April 22 (Tramo)Effects of cortical lesions on music perception & cognitionMusic and cortical function: Janata paper (Victor)Auditory agnosia: Peretz paper (Stephan)Music therapy: clinical problems and prospects
Tuesday, April 27 (Cariani)Developmental psychology of music
Thursday, April 29 (Cariani)A question of origins: comparative & evolutionary
psychology of music Reading: McDermott & Hauser; other readings TBA
![Page 6: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Upcoming topics IIITuesday, May 4 (Cariani)Music performance. Organization and timing of
movement.
Thursday, May 6Special topics: absolute pitch, synesthesia, etc.Synthesis: What would a unified theory of music
perception & cognition look like?
Tuesday, May 11Student Term Project Presentations
Thursday, May 13 (Cariani)Overview and recap of major themes;
Monday, May 17 All term projects due, noon.
![Page 7: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tonality and harmony• Harmony: concurrent sounds, vertical dim.• Tonality: relating to a tonic (pitch)• Keys formed by different tonics & scales• Piston: tonality: note; modality: scale• Triads, inversions, and degrees• Krumhansl's probe-tone studies
– Structure of note-note & note-key similarities– Is it just note frequency? Common harmonics?– Pitch memory & establishment of tonal centers
• Chord progressions, harmonic distances• Key modulations, harmonic movements• Tension-relaxation dynamics & pitch stability
![Page 8: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
C-Major diatonic scale
C D E F G A B C
![Page 9: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Modes
![Page 10: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ascending and descending scale intervals(different notes for different directions "melodic context"e.g. melodic minor scale)
![Page 11: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dyads: interactions between pairs of tones
2506
5
Dis
sona
nce
4
3
2
1:1
5:64:5
3:4
2:33:5
1:2
1
0
300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)
![Page 12: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tonal systemschematic(Bigand)
see alsohttp://www.musictheory.netfor introduction to keys
Please see Figure 8.1 in McAdams,and Bigand. Thinking in Sound: The Cognitive Psychologyof Human Audition. Oxford University Press. 1993.
![Page 13: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Triads, inversions, and degreesMajor: root-major third-fifthMinor: root-minor third-fifth
Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York, W. W. Norton. 1962.
![Page 14: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Establishment of the tonic (tonal system, tonality)
• First note (most salient)• Last note (most salient in memory)• Most frequent or longest duration note• Note pattern may imply a tonic• Perception of tonic may be influenced by
melodic and harmonic context• Key-finding algorithms have been developed,
but these can make errors (i.e. no strict rules apply)
• What does the existence of the tonic imply about pitch memory? about melodic order?
![Page 15: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Triads, inversions, and degreesMajor: root-major third-fifthMinor: root-minor third-fifth
Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York, W. W. Norton. 1962.
![Page 16: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Probe tone profiles for related keys
Please see Figure 2.5 in Krumhansl, Carol L. Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
![Page 17: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Note-key relations
Probe tone studies:how well does a givenpitch "fit in" with a previously played chord or scale?
Measure of similarityor compatibility
Please see Figure 2.3 in Krumhansl, Carol L. Cognitive Foundations of Musical Pitch. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
![Page 18: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ranking: similarityto thetonic
C
E
D
C# D# F# G# A#D E G Ab b b b b
F A B
G
B
![Page 19: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Frequency of notesand pitch similarities
Statistics of pitches inRomanticist music
Debate over the meaning of the probetone studies
Role of short term& long term memoryinternalized schemes ortonal grammars?
Please see Figure 3.3 in Krumhansl,Carol L. Cognitive Foundations ofMusical Pitch. New York: Oxford University Press 1990.
![Page 20: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
INTERVALDISTRIBUTIONS
ANDOCTAVE
SIMILARITY
![Page 21: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Octavesimilarity
Please see Cariani, Peter. Journal of New Music Research. 30, no. 2 (2001): 107-135.
![Page 22: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Note-chordrelations(Harms 1-12)
Please see Cariani, Peter. Journal of New Music Research. 30, no. 2 (2001): 107-135.
![Page 23: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Key-key relations
Please see J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 8, no. 1 (Feb, 1982): 24-36.
Perceived harmonic structure of chords in three related musical keys.
Krumhansl C L, Bharucha J J, Kessler E J.
![Page 24: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Circle of Fifths
Which diatonic scales share the same notes (common pitches)
Please see Figure 10.5(b) of Zuckerkandl, Victor. The Sense of Music. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press, 1959.
![Page 25: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Relatedness of chords within a key
Please see Figure 10.19 in Bharucha J., and Krumhansl C. L. "The Representation of Harmonic Structure in Music: Hierarchies of Stability as a Function of Context."Cognition 13, no. 1 (Jan, 1983): 63-102.
![Page 26: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Similarity relationsbetween chords inthe key of C
![Page 27: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Leman & Carreras (1997): Self-organizing neural nets & key relations
Please see Figures 1, and 4 in Carreras, F. "Schema and Gestalt: Testing the Hypothesis of Psychoneural Isomorphism By Computer Simulation." In Leman’s Music, Gestalt, andComputing: Studies in Cognitive and Systematic Musicology. Marc Leman, ed. Berlin, New York: Springer, 1997.
![Page 28: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Chord progressions
"cadences": (ending) sequences of chords
tension & relaxation instability-stability
Please see Figure 10.7 in Zuckerkandl, Victor. The Sense of Music. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1959.
cadenceshttp://www.musictheory.net/load.php?id=55
![Page 29: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tonal hierarchies
Please see Figure 8.3 in McAdams, and Bigand. "Contributions of Music to Research on Human Auditory Cognition." In Thinking in Sound: The Cognitive Psychology of Human Audition. Oxford University Press.1993, 231-277.
![Page 30: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Harmony and tonality The vertical dimension HST 725 …dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/59549/hst-725-spring-2004/... · Please see Piston, Walter. Harmony. 3rd ed. New York,](https://reader037.vdocuments.site/reader037/viewer/2022100302/5b515c847f8b9adf538be21b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pitch-stability of major and minor triads: a basis for tension-resolution?