hardware hwnw3day course l1
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Computer
Computer is an Electronic machine which understands only Binary Digits and it is used for information Processing like recording retrieving and manipulating Information. Types of Computers1. Micro Computers 2. Mini Computers3. Mainframe Computers4. Super Computers5. Simulation Machines
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Micro Computers
PC PC/ATPC/XT• 80286
• i386 SX / DX
• i486 SX,DX,DX2,DX4
Pentium Family
•P1 , Pro, P2, P3, P4
Celeron
Personal Computers
Dual CoreQuad Core
XeonItanium
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Micro ComputerMicro Computer
Factors that differentiate computerFactors that differentiate computer 1. 1. CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit)(Central Processing Unit)2. 2. System System speed speed 3. 3. System System MemoryMemory4. 4. System System BusBus
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Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit
CPU happens to be the heart of a CPU happens to be the heart of a computer , it comes in the shapecomputer , it comes in the shape of a chip which has a definiteof a chip which has a definite
number and speed.number and speed.
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System Speed
It is the speed at which the CPU works , it is given in is the speed at which the CPU works , it is given in terms of hertz (Hz) . terms of hertz (Hz) . Hertz =cycles /secHertz =cycles /secGenerally CPU speed is calculated in MHz such as PI@166 Generally CPU speed is calculated in MHz such as PI@166 MHz,P2 @450 MHz and P3 @ 1000 MHz. Latest CPU speed MHz,P2 @450 MHz and P3 @ 1000 MHz. Latest CPU speed is measured in GHz and it is used in P4 computers, is measured in GHz and it is used in P4 computers, [email protected]@3.4Ghz
Kilo = 10*10*10 =1000Kilo = 10*10*10 =1000Mega =10*10*10*10*10*10 =1000000Mega =10*10*10*10*10*10 =1000000Giga = 10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10Giga = 10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10*10
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System MemorySystem Memory
It is also referred as R.A.M.It is also referred as R.A.M.(Random Access memory) and it is also(Random Access memory) and it is also called primary Memory. It comes in thecalled primary Memory. It comes in the shape of Modules that sits on the shape of Modules that sits on the motherboard.The amount of RAM that motherboard.The amount of RAM that should be put on theshould be put on the motherboard motherboard
depends ondepends onWhat operating system?What operating system?
What application on top of OS? What application on top of OS?
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BootingBooting is loading the boot files is loading the boot files (record)(record)
of an operating system from Hard Disk of an operating system from Hard Disk to System Memory – RAMto System Memory – RAM
DOS boot record consists of:DOS boot record consists of:Command.comCommand.com
io.sysio.sysMSDOS.sysMSDOS.sys
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72 Pin Non EDOThere are several types of RAM. 72 Pin
SIMMS were primarily used in 486 and early Pentium computers and some older
Macs.The most common types used in Pentium Class and later PCs are including Registered, Parity, EDO , FPM and ECC. In most systems, 72 pin SIMMS need to be
installed in pairs
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Unit for memory is Unit for memory is ByteByte
1 Byte = 8 bits (bits: Binary digit)
0 & 1 are called bits
1024 Byte = 1 KB , One Kilo Byte
1024 KB = 1 MB, One Mega Byte
1024 MB = 1 GB, One Giga Byte
1024 GB = 1 TB, One terra byte
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System Bus
System bus in a computer is a like a highway
through which the CPU communicates with
different peripherals. The input/output slots on the motherboards are extension
of a System Bus
System Bus consists of1 Data lines2 Control lines3 Address lines4. Voltage lines
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SYSTEM BUS
CPU VIDEO
RAMHD
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PC :- Personal ComputerPC :- Personal ComputerCPU – 8088CPU – 8088there was no Hard disk connected in the computer.there was no Hard disk connected in the computer. Note :- Hard disk is a permanent Secondary Note :- Hard disk is a permanent Secondary storage device which has a huge capacity storage device which has a huge capacity compared to floppy.compared to floppy.
PC/XT :- Extended TechnologyPC/XT :- Extended Technology
PC with a Hard DiskPC with a Hard Disk
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PC/AT :- Advance TechnologyPC/AT :- Advance Technology
AT 286AT 286 CPU = 80286 ( 16 Bit machine )CPU = 80286 ( 16 Bit machine )
AT286 was a 16-bit machine.AT286 was a 16-bit machine.NoteNote A 16 Bit machine or a computer A 16 Bit machine or a computer is one which runs a 16 Bit Operating is one which runs a 16 Bit Operating System on top of it and it does not System on top of it and it does not support 32 Bit Operating Systemsupport 32 Bit Operating System
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Note Note ::8 bit OS:8 bit OS:DOSDOS16 bit OS16 bit OS : : Windows 3.1,Windows 3.11,Windows 3.1,Windows 3.11, Netware 2.2Netware 2.232 bit operating system32 bit operating system :Windows Windows 95,98,NT-3.51,4.0,200095,98,NT-3.51,4.0,2000netware 3.x, 4.x, 5.x are all.netware 3.x, 4.x, 5.x are all.
32/64 bit OS32/64 bit OS: Windows XP, Windows Vesta, : Windows XP, Windows Vesta, Windows2003Windows2003
Solaris, Linux, hp-ux, IRIXSolaris, Linux, hp-ux, IRIX
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The The 386 386 Computers were superior to 286 for Computers were superior to 286 for the following reasons the following reasons 1. 1. 386 was first 32 bit micro computer that 386 was first 32 bit micro computer that supportedsupported 32 Bit Operating System , 286 32 Bit Operating System , 286 does notdoes not2. 2. Cache MemoryCache Memory was introduced from was introduced from 386386 onwardsonwards
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Cache memory is temporary memory (RAM) placed between CPU and System memory. The CPU Looks for repetitive data from Cache memory, if it gets one it is called hit cache or else it is miss cache.
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486 Computers 486 Computers :-:- Are more superior to 386 Are more superior to 386 for the following reasonfor the following reason All the 486 processors have 8kb L1All the 486 processors have 8kb L1 cache cache (built in (built in cache memory) other than having L2 cache memory) other than having L2 cachecache
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PentiumPentium:- (P1):- (P1)
1. It Has 16 kb of built in Cache out of which It Has 16 kb of built in Cache out of which 8kb is data Cache and 8kb is instruction 8kb is data Cache and 8kb is instruction cache cache 2.2. It uses a flash R.O.M Upgrade It uses a flash R.O.M Upgrade Pentium M.M.X ( MultiMedia eXtension is Pentium M.M.X ( MultiMedia eXtension is excellentexcellent for running multimedia software.for running multimedia software.
Good for graphicsGood for graphics
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Pentium Pro Pentium Pro
1. 1. Pentium Pro makes excellent Pentium Pro makes excellent SERVER SERVER and it is not a good choice for doing and it is not a good choice for doing graphics graphics
3.3. Pentium Pro Does not support Pentium Pro Does not support Multimedia ExtensionMultimedia Extension
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Server is a computer that is configured as heart of a network
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Pentium II Processor Pentium II Processor 1 . . It has 32 kB of built in cache memory out of It has 32 kB of built in cache memory out of which 16kb is data cache and 16kb is which 16kb is data cache and 16kb is instruction cacheinstruction cache
2. 2. It has MMX capability of Pentium1 and It has MMX capability of Pentium1 and Server Capability of Pentium Pro Server Capability of Pentium Pro
This computer makes an excellent Graphical This computer makes an excellent Graphical WorkstationWorkstation
5. 5. It makes a very powerful Enterprise serverIt makes a very powerful Enterprise server
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CeleronCeleron 1.1. It has 128 KB on die cache memory It has 128 KB on die cache memory
2.2. Uses 66/100 MHz F.S.BUses 66/100 MHz F.S.B
3.3. Sits on socket PGA 370 as well as slot 1Sits on socket PGA 370 as well as slot 1
4.4. Uses inexpensive chip setUses inexpensive chip set
5.5. Celeron is Excellent to be used in stand Celeron is Excellent to be used in stand alone alone mode and must not be used as a server mode and must not be used as a server or or for for high end graphicshigh end graphics6.6. Has MMX ExtensionHas MMX Extension
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Pentium III ProcessorPentium III Processor
Understands 13 S.I.M.D (Single Instruction Multiple Understands 13 S.I.M.D (Single Instruction Multiple Data) instruction more than a Pentium II ProcessorData) instruction more than a Pentium II Processor
It gives better performance in terms of graphics It gives better performance in terms of graphics
MFLOPS rating is highMFLOPS rating is high
S.I. S.I.
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Pentium 4 – P4
Uses Hyper threaded technology Uses high speed DDRAM Uses high speed FSB ( 400, 533, 800, 1066 MHz) Good for digital photo studio.
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Key Transitions happeningKey Transitions happeningProcessor – Dual coreMemory – Fully buffered bi-directionalManagement SoftwaresSAS controllers – Controls SATANIC: Multi function Network AdaptorDual independent system bus.RAID6 : RAID ADG
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Increase in Clock speed leads to increase in heat dissipationIncrease in Clock speed leads to increase in heat dissipationCooling mechanism:Cooling mechanism:- Air- Air- Liquid cooling : Intel, AMD are working on Liquid cooling.- Liquid cooling : Intel, AMD are working on Liquid cooling.
Core1
Core2
CP
U
Application software are written to use /need more Processor , I/O, Memory resources
Future4,6,8 coreCPU
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Dual core processorDual core processor
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RAID6: RAID ADG
Advance Data Gaurding has dual parity
Can handle multiple HD failure
Minimum HD required is 5
1 HD for parity, in RAID5
2 HD for parity, in RAID6
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PCIPCI
PCIPCI – Hot plug @ 133MhzPCI express @ 4GB/secPCI X slots
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Server BladeServer Blade
A blade server is essentially a housing for a number of individual minimally-packaged computer motherboard "blades", each including one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections, but sharing the common power supply and air-cooling resources of the chassis. The idea behind blade servers is that by placing many blades in a single chassis, and then 19-inch rack rack-mounting them, systems can be more compact and powerful, but less expensive than traditional systems based on mainframes, or server farms of individual computers.
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BLADESBLADES
From a regular Server
remove – Power supply , PCI slots
We use single power supply to give supply
to all blade servers. Power supply sits in
power enclosure, it holds six power supply
enclosed at bottom of rack.
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Blades
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EnclosureEnclosure
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Server EnclosureServer Enclosure
It has slots – say 10Put switch . Patch panel at either end
and in middle blade servers
Switch sits in blade enclosure ( 2 switch)
6 power supply support 48 blades
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Software InstallationSoftware Installation
By Automatic provisioning
Designate one server as RDB server
Store Image on RDB server (Red Hat per say)
- Assign OS to slots, each slot with particular OS over the network
- No CDROM drive on blades entire installation remotely
Same enclosure can take different blades
Itanium , AMD , Intel.
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Benefits of BladesBenefits of Blades
- Reduced connectivity cost
- Reduced space & Power cost
- Higher system availability- Data center efficiency.How quick blade replacement , Remote management.
- Less cableOnly one cable for power , Fibre and ethernet.
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Blade CapabilityBlade Capability
RIP and ReplaceWe can see all blades GUI ( Citrix application)
Hot plug serverThe OS ,application get loaded in replaced server
Self healingNo manual intervention, they are intelligent
Self protectingNew Vulnerability patch , VPM software , Central repository patch is loaded on all the blades
Self taskingDesignate time for new application and will automatically start by shutting down last application.
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Caution!!! You need to worry about static electricity. Use an Caution!!! You need to worry about static electricity. Use an antistatic strap or an antistatic mat. If you accidentally zap one antistatic strap or an antistatic mat. If you accidentally zap one
of your expensive components, you may have to replaceof your expensive components, you may have to replace it.it.
You need to look at the mounting holes in the motherboard
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mount the mounting posts in the matching holes in the case.
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Now mount the power supply in the case. Make sure you have the orientation correct.
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Remove the blanks covering the external bays for the Floppy, CD/DVD ROM, CDRW drives.
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Get the Motherboard ReadyGet the Motherboard ReadyFirst mount the processor, paying close attention to the First mount the processor, paying close attention to the
orientation of the processor relative to the motherboards orientation of the processor relative to the motherboards socket, the following picture shows the clues for an Athlon socket, the following picture shows the clues for an Athlon
processor, note the “flat” corners.processor, note the “flat” corners.
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Install the processor cooling fan. Before you install the processor Install the processor cooling fan. Before you install the processor fan you need to make sure that there is thermal paste between fan you need to make sure that there is thermal paste between the processor and heat sink. Personally I prefer Artic Silver. All the processor and heat sink. Personally I prefer Artic Silver. All you need is a thin layer of thermal paste. If there is a pre-made you need is a thin layer of thermal paste. If there is a pre-made pad on the heat sink, you can remove it with alcohol. Just make pad on the heat sink, you can remove it with alcohol. Just make sure that you remove all traces of the pad and that the alcohol is sure that you remove all traces of the pad and that the alcohol is completely dry before you mount the heat sink and fan. Be very completely dry before you mount the heat sink and fan. Be very careful installing the heat sink and fan, follow the manufacturer’s careful installing the heat sink and fan, follow the manufacturer’s
instructions.instructions.
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Now install the memoryNow install the memory
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Installing the MotherboardInstalling the MotherboardTake your time with this step. Line up the motherboard with the Take your time with this step. Line up the motherboard with the
template on the back of the case and press it into position. If template on the back of the case and press it into position. If doesn’t want to move into place doesn’t want to move into place DON’T FORCE ITDON’T FORCE IT. Take another . Take another
look and slowly put it into position. Make sure that you don’t look and slowly put it into position. Make sure that you don’t damage the motherboard by sliding it along the mounting posts. damage the motherboard by sliding it along the mounting posts. After it is positioned, attach it to the case with mounting screws After it is positioned, attach it to the case with mounting screws
(a high quality case includes all the hardware you will need). (a high quality case includes all the hardware you will need). Gently tighten the screws a little past finger tight.Gently tighten the screws a little past finger tight.
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Installing the DrivesInstalling the DrivesMost preferred cases use drive rails to mount 5 ¼” drives Most preferred cases use drive rails to mount 5 ¼” drives like DVD ROM drives. Simply attach the rails to the drive. like DVD ROM drives. Simply attach the rails to the drive.
If it doesn’t line up with the front of the case, adjust the If it doesn’t line up with the front of the case, adjust the position of the rail relative to the drive.position of the rail relative to the drive.
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Connecting Wires to the Motherboard. Connecting Wires to the Motherboard. You need to connect the motherboard to the case; most cases You need to connect the motherboard to the case; most cases have a small bundle of wires (that are hopefully labeled) that have a small bundle of wires (that are hopefully labeled) that need to connect to certain pins on the motherboard. These need to connect to certain pins on the motherboard. These
control the Power Switch, Reset Switch, Speaker and front panel control the Power Switch, Reset Switch, Speaker and front panel lights. Now it is time to use the motherboard manual to lights. Now it is time to use the motherboard manual to
determine where they go. determine where they go.
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Inserting the cards Inserting the cards Now install your peripherals cards. Before you start, check your Now install your peripherals cards. Before you start, check your motherboard manual for a PCI IRQ map. Try not to install cards motherboard manual for a PCI IRQ map. Try not to install cards in slots that share IRQs. If you must share an IRQ, avoid slots in slots that share IRQs. If you must share an IRQ, avoid slots that share an IRQ with the AGP slot or the IDE controller(s).that share an IRQ with the AGP slot or the IDE controller(s).
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Wiring the CaseWiring the Case
There are lots of wires inside a computer connecting various items. There are lots of wires inside a computer connecting various items. There are so many they can have serious impact on cooling There are so many they can have serious impact on cooling performance. A haphazard cable layout can interfere with proper performance. A haphazard cable layout can interfere with proper airflow inside the computer. Most cases are designed to have air airflow inside the computer. Most cases are designed to have air enter the bottom front and exit from the top rear.enter the bottom front and exit from the top rear.At this point I connect all the rest of the wires to take a look at how At this point I connect all the rest of the wires to take a look at how they can be routed. Some things to pay attention to:they can be routed. Some things to pay attention to:
Make sure that you connect all the fan wiresMake sure that you connect all the fan wires When wiring IDE When wiring IDE devices, make sure the Red wire on the IDE cable is at pin one. Pin devices, make sure the Red wire on the IDE cable is at pin one. Pin one is usually next to the power connector.one is usually next to the power connector. Make sure that you use Make sure that you use 80 wire IDE cable to achieve ATA/66 speed or better.80 wire IDE cable to achieve ATA/66 speed or better. The IDE Master The IDE Master should be at the end of the IDE cable, the Slave in the middle with should be at the end of the IDE cable, the Slave in the middle with the blue connecter (for ATA/66+) on the motherboard.the blue connecter (for ATA/66+) on the motherboard. Don’t forget Don’t forget to run audio cables from the CD/DVD drive and the modem (if using to run audio cables from the CD/DVD drive and the modem (if using a voice modem) to the sound card.a voice modem) to the sound card. Don’t forget to connect the Don’t forget to connect the power cable for the Power Supply to the motherboard.power cable for the Power Supply to the motherboard.
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Connect a Keyboard and Mouse, Monitor and a Connect a Keyboard and Mouse, Monitor and a power cable. Insert a bootable floppy disk in to power cable. Insert a bootable floppy disk in to drive A:. Now, you’re ready to boot the PC. Turn drive A:. Now, you’re ready to boot the PC. Turn it on. Go into the BIOS settings and adjust them it on. Go into the BIOS settings and adjust them to the requirements of your new PC. Make sure to the requirements of your new PC. Make sure that you have it set to boot from the floppy. Save that you have it set to boot from the floppy. Save and exit the CMOS Settings and allow your PC to and exit the CMOS Settings and allow your PC to reboot. If the floppy drive doesn’t work, try reboot. If the floppy drive doesn’t work, try reversing the drive cable (move the red line to reversing the drive cable (move the red line to the other side of the drive). If the PC won’t the other side of the drive). If the PC won’t power on, try reversing the orientation of the power on, try reversing the orientation of the power switch connection from the case. The power switch connection from the case. The same trick also can help if the LEDs on the front same trick also can help if the LEDs on the front of the case aren’t working. of the case aren’t working. If everything is working, close up the case and If everything is working, close up the case and admire your new PC. You can now make it useful admire your new PC. You can now make it useful by installing an Operating System.by installing an Operating System.
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Cooling SystemsCooling Systems
Liquid
Air
Heat Sink
Thermal Compound
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Upgrading PCUpgrading PCThe system components responsible for up gradation The Motherboard The microprocessor
The RAM
CMOS
ROM BIOS IC
The cache memory
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Upgrading MicroprocessorUpgrading Microprocessor Pin for pin compatible
Same core voltage
Bus speed
Bus frequency
Make sure the system board is configured correctly for the new processor type manually or automatically
Verify current BIOS is going to support upgraded processor or not
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Socket 7 Pentium (75-200 MHz)
Socket 8 Pentium Pro
Slot 1 celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III
Slot 2 Xeon
Super Socket 7 AMD K6-2, K6-2+, K6-III, K6-III+, Pentium MMX
Socket 370 Cyrix III, Celeron, Pentium III
Slot A AMD Athlon
Socket A AMD Athlon, Duron
Socket 423 Pentium 4 (1.3-2.0 GHz)
Socket 478 Pentium 4 (1.3-2.0 GHz)
Socket 603 Pentium 4 (1.3-2.0 GHz)
Socket 418 Itanium/ intel (733-800 MHz)
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Upgrading memoryUpgrading memory
Done by adding more memory on free slots
Identify types of memory
Identify the module (number of ICs)
Speed rating of RAM
Consult processor manual for speed of memory to upgrade
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HDD upgradingHDD upgrading It should be done when free space is less than 20%
Defragmentation
Hard Disk Terminology: Access time ::
The average time required to position drive’s R/W head over specified cylinder / track
Track seek time :: Amount of time required for the drive’s R/W heads to move between
cylinders and settle over a particular track following the seek command being issued by the system
Date transfer Rate ::
Rotation speed ::
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Memory is the physical space where information is stored
MEMORY
MEMORY
PRIMARY MEMORY
SECONDARY MEMORY
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Primary Memory
Primary Memory is also referred as semiconductor memory
Primary memory
ROMRAM
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RAM
DRAM SRAM Non EDO
EDO (Extended Data Out)
SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM)
ECC(Error Correction Code)
RDRAM(RAM bus direct RAM)
DDRAM( Double data rate SDRAM)
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Shapes Of Semiconductor Memory
DIP - Dual Inline Package
SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module 30, 72 pinDIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
168 pin, 184 pin, 240 pin.
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168 Pin SDRAM is currently the most commonly used in both Macs and PCs. It
is available in PC66, PC100 and PC133 speeds. The number after the PC refers to the speed at which the memory can
function.
SDRAM
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SoDIMM RAM is used primarily in Laptops; it is available in various Pin configurations and types that roughly correspond with the other types of RAM listed.
SoDIMM RAM
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184 Pin DDR is (Synchronized Dynamic RAM) SDRAM that runs roughly twice as fast. It is also available in various speeds such as PC1600 and PC 2100
DDRAM
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How To Install RAM Before you install your new RAM, there are some precautions you should take: First shut down your PC and unplug the power cable from the back. Make sure that you have either disconnected or powered off all your peripherals (printers, scanners, etc.). Remove the cover from your PC.
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Look inside and locate the RAM slots. Make sure that you have unobstructed access to the slots. You may need to remove some additional components to gain easy access.
Before you stick your hand inside or remove anything from inside the PC, you need to ground yourself so you don’t damage your new RAM or anything inside your PC.
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1.HARD DISK
2.FLOPPY
3.TAPE
4.CD(Compact Disk)
5.DVD(Digital Video Disk)
6.OD(Optical Disk)
7.JUKE BOX
Secondary Memory
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Floppy is a thin flexible plastic sheet on which metal oxide coating is done to write/read information. Floppy disks are available in different sizes like 5.25”, 3.5” and 8.25”.
Floppy
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Hard Disk is a permanent secondary storage device which has huge storing capacity compared to floppy
Hard Disk
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Tapes are used for taking backup where data is important and critical you bneed to have a tape drive connected to the computer to use tapes.Tape drive cone both external and internal.
Tape Drive
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Compact Disc Reader and Writer uses laser technology to read and write in compact from. Capacity of a CD is 750 MB.
Compact Disc
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DVD digital video(versatile disk) Disk
Uses improvised laser technology to write data in most compact form. Capacity varies from 4.7gb standard to 17gb per disk.
Advantages of DVD over CD
High capacity
DVD Technology is 6 times faster than CD.
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Hard DiskHard Disk
Hard disk is a permanent secondary storage Hard disk is a permanent secondary storage storage device, which has huge storing capacity. storage device, which has huge storing capacity. the word “Hard” is referred to this device the word “Hard” is referred to this device because the platters (storage media) of hard disk because the platters (storage media) of hard disk are made out of hard material like are made out of hard material like aluminums/steel. Hard disk is hard and inflexible aluminums/steel. Hard disk is hard and inflexible and is made from materials such as aluminum and is made from materials such as aluminum instead of Mylarinstead of Mylar..
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hard disk is an i/o device that transfers data to hard disk is an i/o device that transfers data to hard disk from has system.the hard disk has hard disk from has system.the hard disk has several advantages over several advantages over a floppy disk. Its rigid a floppy disk. Its rigid construction allows it to rotate at 3.600 rpm construction allows it to rotate at 3.600 rpm thus thus data can be transferred much faster to or from a data can be transferred much faster to or from a hard disk because it takes less time to find the hard disk because it takes less time to find the storage location. also because of its hard storage location. also because of its hard construction, more data can be placeconstruction, more data can be place
on a hard disk, data is stored in the magnetic on a hard disk, data is stored in the magnetic coating of the disk. the so called head, held by coating of the disk. the so called head, held by an actor arm, is used to write and read data. this an actor arm, is used to write and read data. this disk rotates with a constant turn time, measured disk rotates with a constant turn time, measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). data is organized in revolutions per minute (rpm). data is organized on a disk in cylinders, tracks and sectorson a disk in cylinders, tracks and sectors. .
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Hard Disk ConstructionHard Disk Construction
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Servo Motor: Function of Servo Motor is to rotate the platters at 7,200 rpm /10000 rpm
Stepper Motor: Function of stepper motor is to move the heads insteps from track to track so as to read and write the information. Modern Hard Disk use Voice coil in place of stepper motor
HD need +12V and +5V to work
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Hard Disk TerminologyHard Disk Terminology
Cylinder
Seek Time
Formatting
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Disk GeometryDisk Geometry Disks consist of platters, each with two surfaces. Each surface consists of concentric rings called
tracks. Each track consists of sectors separated by gaps.
spindle
surfacetracks
track k
sectors
gaps
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Disk Geometry (Muliple-Disk Geometry (Muliple-Platter View)Platter View)
Aligned tracks form a cylinder.surface 0
surface 1surface 2
surface 3surface 4
surface 5
cylinder k
spindle
platter 0
platter 1
platter 2
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Disk CapacityDisk Capacity Capacity: maximum number of bits that can be stored.
– Vendors express capacity in units of gigabytes (GB), where 1 GB = 10^9.
Capacity is determined by these technology factors:– Recording density (bits/in): number of bits that can be squeezed into
a 1 inch segment of a track.– Track density (tracks/in): number of tracks that can be squeezed into
a 1 inch radial segment.– Areal density (bits/in2): product of recording and track density.
Modern disks partition tracks into disjoint subsets called recording zones
– Each track in a zone has the same number of sectors, determined by the circumference of innermost track.
– Each zone has a different number of sectors/track
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Computing Disk CapacityComputing Disk Capacity Capacity = (# bytes/sector) x (avg. # sectors/track) x (# tracks/surface) x (# surfaces/platter) x (# platters/disk) Example:
– 512 bytes/sector– 300 sectors/track (on average)– 20,000 tracks/surface– 2 surfaces/platter– 5 platters/disk
Capacity = 512 x 300 x 20000 x 2 x 5 = 30,720,000,000 = 30.72 GB
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Disk Operation (Single-Platter Disk Operation (Single-Platter View)View)
The disk surface spins at a fixedrotational rate
spindle
By moving radially, the arm can position the read/write head over any track.
The read/write headis attached to the endof the arm and flies over the disk surface ona thin cushion of air.
spin
dle
spindle
spin
dle
spindle
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Disk Operation (Multi-Platter Disk Operation (Multi-Platter View)View)
arm
read/write heads move in unison
from cylinder to cylinder
spindle
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Disk Access TimeDisk Access Time
Average time to access some target sector approximated by :– Taccess = Tavg seek + Tavg rotation + Tavg transfer
Seek time (Tavg seek)– Time to position heads over cylinder containing target sector.– Typical Tavg seek = 9 ms
Rotational latency (Tavg rotation)– Time waiting for first bit of target sector to pass under r/w head.– Tavg rotation = 1/2 x 1/RPMs x 60 sec/1 min
Transfer time (Tavg transfer)– Time to read the bits in the target sector.– Tavg transfer = 1/RPM x 1/(avg # sectors/track) x 60 secs/1 min.
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Types Of Hard DiskTypes Of Hard Disk
IDE – 40 Pin
SCSI – 50 Pin
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CARDSCARDS
Cards are PCB’s (printed circuit boards)that connects Cards are PCB’s (printed circuit boards)that connects peripherals to the system and control them.peripherals to the system and control them.
Cards are also referred as daughter boards.Cards are also referred as daughter boards.
Motherboard is also a card. Motherboard is relatively the Motherboard is also a card. Motherboard is relatively the biggest card in the computer which has the CPU sitting on biggest card in the computer which has the CPU sitting on
it. it.
Card are as two typesCard are as two types
Intelligent cardIntelligent card non- intelligent cardnon- intelligent card
Intelligent cards have there own CPU . they can make Intelligent cards have there own CPU . they can make decisions by themselves and are expensive.decisions by themselves and are expensive.
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Non intelligent cards are dumb cards that do not have Non intelligent cards are dumb cards that do not have there own CPU and they depend on system CPU(Main there own CPU and they depend on system CPU(Main Processor) for getting its work done.Processor) for getting its work done.
cardscards 8 bit 16 bit8 bit 16 bit 32 bit32 bit 32/6432/64 16/32 bits16/32 bitsISAISA ISA ISA EISA/EISA/ PCI PCI PCMCIA PCMCIA
VESAVESA
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Types of Cards Types of Cards
- VIDEO CARD- VIDEO CARD
VGA:Video Graphic ArrayVGA:Video Graphic Array
AGP: Accelerated Graphic port AGP: Accelerated Graphic port
- I/O CARDS (input /output card )- I/O CARDS (input /output card )
any card that has serial and parallel port on it any card that has serial and parallel port on it
- IDE card - IDE card
- SCSI card- SCSI card
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SMPSSMPS
Power supply is the unit that supplies required Power supply is the unit that supplies required amount voltage and current for a system to work. amount voltage and current for a system to work.
SMPS is the unit that supplies the required SMPS is the unit that supplies the required amount of voltage and current of voltages and amount of voltage and current of voltages and current for different devices in a computer to current for different devices in a computer to
work.work.
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Networking Components builds a LANServers, Clients, Hub, Switch ,Cable,connectors, repeaters,LAN cards
Internetworking componentsInterconnects two or more LANSBridgeRouter
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Implementation
Practical knowledge of Laying cables, crimping connectors,Fixing information outlets, jack panels, switches, Routers
Configuring : Switch , Routers
Documentation : Labeling , wiring diagram
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Management
•Loading Operating SystemNOS on server, client OS
•Creating User accounts•Creating groups•Configuring Printers•Configuring Security•Backup/Restoration
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LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)
Local Area Network is a group of computers interconnected in order to share Information and Hardware Resources.LAN runs a Network Operating System on top of it which could be Windows NT4.0 Server / Windows 2000 Server / Sun Solaris / Linux / Novell NetWare etc.,
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LAN Vs WAN
LAN WAN
•Is restricted to No restriction A definite area spans through countries
•Faster
Speed of 10/100/1000MBPS
Slower
Speed of 64KBPS
•Management Difficult
Is easy
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•Introduction to NetworksIntroduction to Networks
Networking BenefitsRoles of Computers in a Network Types of NetworksNetwork Operating Systems
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Networking Enables: Information Sharing
Hardware and Software Sharing
Centralized Administration
and Support
Networking BenefitsNetworking Benefits
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Types of NetworksTypes of NetworksPeer-to-Peer
Client-Server
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Roles of Computers in a NetworkRoles of Computers in a NetworkMail ServerMail Server
Database ServerDatabase Server
DatabaseDatabase
Fax ServerFax Server
File and Print ServerFile and Print Server Directory Services Directory Services ServerServer
Client Computer
File and Print Server
Database Server
Mail Server
Fax Server
Mail ServerMail Server
Database ServerDatabase Server
DatabaseDatabase
Fax ServerFax Server
File and Print ServerFile and Print Server
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Network Operating SystemsNetwork Operating Systems
A Network Operating System:A Network Operating System:A Network Operating System:A Network Operating System:
Enables Computers to Operate in a Network
Provides Basic Services to Computers in a NetworkCoordinates the activities of the various devicesProvides clients with access to network resourcesEnsures the security of data and devices
Supports Mechanisms that Enable Applications to Communicate with One Another
Integrates with Other Popular Operating Systems
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NETWORK HARDWARE NETWORKING COMPONENTS BUILDS LOCAL AREA NETWORK SERVER CLIENTS HUBS SWITCH CABLES / CONNECTORS REPEATERS TRANSCEIVERS CONVERTERS NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
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SERVER Makes the heart of a network, it has the network OS loaded in it.
RISC BASED SERVERS
SPARC Hp9000 DEC ALPHA
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Intel (CISC) based Enterprise servers from
IBM, Compaq, Dell, HP Enterprise severs are powerful higher-end server used in enterprise network. Enterprise server comes with provision for2,4,6,8 CPUs.
.
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Clients in LAN
With disk Diskless Client
Configuration of client depends upon what application the user would run from that computer.
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HUBS
HUBs are signal splitting devices used in star topology to Connect client to server.
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Why Why SwitchSwitch is is used?used?
Switches are used to interconnect
computers
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Switch 1
Switch 2
A Switched Network
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SWITCH
Switch is a layer2 device whichAuto Learns all the MAC
Addresses of computers on Network
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Why Why RouterRouter is is usedused ? ?
Router is used to connect Networks
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LAN A LAN BRouterRouter
131.120.7.x 131.120.178.x
India America
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Switch
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LAN Card
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NETWORK
ESSENTIALS
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•Introduction to NetworksIntroduction to Networks
Networking BenefitsRoles of Computers in a Network Types of Networks
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Networking Enables: Information Sharing
Hardware and Software Sharing
Centralized Administration
and Support
Networking BenefitsNetworking Benefits
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Roles of Computers in a Roles of Computers in a NetworkNetwork
Mail ServerMail Server
Database ServerDatabase Server
DatabaseDatabase
Fax ServerFax Server
File and Print ServerFile and Print Server Directory Services Directory Services ServerServer
Client Computer
File and Print Server
Database Server
Mail Server
Fax Server
Mail ServerMail Server
Database ServerDatabase Server
DatabaseDatabase
Fax ServerFax Server
File and Print ServerFile and Print Server
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Types of NetworksTypes of NetworksPeer-to-Peer
Client-Server
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Examining the Examining the Network Network
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OverviewOverview
Scope of NetworksBasic Connectivity ComponentsNetwork TopologiesNetwork Technologies Expanding the Network
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Scope of NetworksScope of NetworksLocal Area Network
Wide Area Network
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• Basic Connectivity Basic Connectivity ComponentsComponents
Network AdaptersNetwork CablesWireless Communication Devices
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Network AdaptersNetwork Adapters
Receive data and convert it into electrical signals Receive electrical signals and convert them into data Determine if the data received is for a particular
computer Control the flow of data through the cable
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Network CablesNetwork CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of Cables
Coaxial ThinNetThickNet10Base2, 10Base5
Fiber-Optic
Twisted-PairUnshielded (UTP)Shielded (STP)10BaseT
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Wireless Communication Wireless Communication DevicesDevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication Devices
Narrowband Radio Transmission
Infrared Transmission
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• Network TopologiesNetwork Topologies
Bus TopologyStar TopologyRing TopologyMesh TopologyHybrid Topologies
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Bus TopologyBus Topology
Terminator
SegmentSegment
Terminator
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Star TopologyStar Topology
Hub
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Ring TopologyRing Topology
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Mesh TopologyMesh Topology
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Hybrid TopologiesHybrid TopologiesStar-Bus Bus
Star-Ring
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• Network TechnologiesNetwork Technologies
EthernetToken RingAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
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EthernetEthernet
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription
Access MethodAccess Method CSMA/CDCSMA/CD
Transfer SpeedTransfer SpeedStandard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 MbpsGigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)
Standard Ethernet – 10 MbpsFast Ethernet – 100 MbpsGigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)
Collision DetectionCarrier Sense Multiple Access
Detects signalTransmits signal Collision detected
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Token RingToken Ring
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription
Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing
Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed 4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types
Physical Ring
Logical Ring
MSAU
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Fiber Distributed Data Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceInterface
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription
Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing
Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 MbpsFiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps
Primary Ring
Secondary Ring
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• Expanding the Network Expanding the Network Repeaters and HubsBridgesSwitchesRoutersGatewaysRemote Access Connectivity TypesPublic Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)X.25Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
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RepeaterTransmits data to
all connected computers
HubTransmits data to all connected computers in a star topology
Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and Hubs
Repeater
Hub
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BridgesBridges
Bridge
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SwitchesSwitches
Switch
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RoutersRouters
RouterRouter
RouterRouter
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GatewaysGatewaysEthernet
Token Ring
Gateway
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Positioning Ethernet in the Positioning Ethernet in the Campus Campus
Positioning Ethernet in the Positioning Ethernet in the Campus Campus
Access Layer
Distribution Layer
Core Layer
Ethernet 10BaseT Position
Fast Ethernet Position
Access Layer
Distribution Layer
Core Layer
Provides connectivty between the end user device and the access switch.
Not typically used at this layer.
Gives high-performance PC and workstations 100-Mbps access to the server.
Provides connectivity between access and distribution layers. Provides connectivity from the distribution to core layer. Provides connectivity from the server block to the core layer.
Provides inter-switch connectivity.Not typically used at this layer.
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Comparing Ethernet Media Comparing Ethernet Media RequirementsRequirements
Comparing Ethernet Media Comparing Ethernet Media RequirementsRequirements
10Base5 100BaseTX10BaseT 100BaseFX
Media
Maximum Segment Length
Topology
Connector
50-ohm coax (thick)
500 meters
Bus
100 meters
Star Star Point-to-Point
EIA/TIA Cat3, 4, 5 UTP
2 pair
EIA/TIA Cat5 UTP2 pair
62.5/125 micron multi-
mode fiber
AUIISO 8877 (RJ-45)
Duplex media-interface connector (MIC) ST
ISO 8877 (RJ-45)
400 meters100 meters
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Differentiating between Differentiating between ConnectionsConnections
AUI connectors are DB15
ISO 8877 (RJ-45) connectors and jacks
are slightly larger than RJ-11 phone
connectors and jacks
Fiber Connector Port
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Two Fresh batch starting on Monday the 17th January 2005
Morning batch 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.
Evening batch 7:30 p.m. to 8:30p.m.
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Fees detailsFees for Computer Hardware PLUS Networking Rs 4800/-Course Duration : 3 monthsClasses conducted by Mr.Farooq
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We make you We make you independent on the independent on the
subjectsubject
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Student can repeat the Student can repeat the theory/ practical theory/ practical
classesclasses
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Interactive video sessionUsing LCD projector
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Course is Course is comprehensivecomprehensive
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Classes on Personal development
Facing Interviews
Soft Skills
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Installation Configuration of• Plotters, •Scanners •Digitizers
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Placement assistance Placement assistance within India and abroadwithin India and abroad
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Attend free classes for a week.