hard qcd in pp collisions at rhic
DESCRIPTION
Hard QCD in pp Collisions at RHIC. ECT* Workshop on Hard QCD with Antiprotons at GSI FAIR. Carl A. Gagliardi Texas A&M University Outline. Unpolarized pp collisions Longitudinally polarized pp collisions Transversely polarized pp collisions Looking ahead. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 1
Hard QCD in pp Collisions at RHIC
Carl A. GagliardiTexas A&M University
Outline• Unpolarized pp collisions• Longitudinally polarized pp collisions• Transversely polarized pp collisions• Looking ahead
ECT* Workshop onHard QCD with Antiprotons at GSI FAIR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 2
RHIC: the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Search for and study the Quark-Gluon Plasma• Explore the partonic structure of the proton• Determine the partonic structure of nuclei
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 3
Unpolarized pp collisions at RHIC
• “Baseline” physics!
• pp collisions provide an essential baseline to determine what’s new in heavy-ion collisions
• Unpolarized pp collisions establish the applicability of pQCD to interpret results from polarized pp collisions
• Unpolarized pp collisions constrain the non-perturbative inputs for pQCD calculations
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 4
Mid-rapidity π0 production at RHIC
• Data favor the KKP fragmentation function over Kretzer
• Mid-rapidity π0 cross section at 200 GeV is well described by pQCD over 8 orders of magnitude
PRL 91, 241803
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 5
Forward π0 production at ISR energies
Bourrely and Soffer, EPJ C36, 371: NLO pQCD calculations underpredict the data at low s from ISR Ratio appears to be a function of angle and √s, in addition to pT
√s=23.3GeV √s=52.8GeV
xF xF
Ed3 d
p3 [b/
Ge V
3 ]
Ed3 d
p3 [ b/
GeV
3 ]
NLO calculations with different
scales:
pT and pT/2
Data-pQCD differences
at pT=1.5GeV
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 6
Forward pp π0 + X cross sections at 200 GeV
NLO pQCD calculations by Vogelsang, et al.
PRL 97, 152302STARSTAR
The error bars are statistical plus point-to-point systematic
Consistent with NLO pQCD calculations at 3.3 < η < 4.0
Data at low pT trend from KKP fragmentation functions toward Kretzer.
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 7
Mid-rapidity protons and charged pionsPLB 637, 161STARSTAR
• pQCD calculations with AKK fragmentation functions give a reasonable description of pion and proton yields in elementary collisions
• Calculations with KKP significantly underestimate proton yields at high-pT
• Protons arise primarily from gluon fragmentation; pions receive a large quark contribution at high-pT
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 8
Forward rapidity π, K, p
• Charged pion and kaon yields at forward rapidity are described reasonably by a “modified KKP” fragmentation function
• AKK seriously misses the forward antiproton/proton ratio (expects ~1, see ~0.05 above ~2 GeV/c)
• KKP underestimates the p+pbar yield by a factor of ~10
BRAHMS
PRL 98, 252001
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 9
From “tests” to tools
• RHIC data now provide important constraints for global analyses of pion fragmentation functions
de Florian et al, PRD 75, 114010
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 10
Kaon fragmentation functions
• Also introducing important new constraints for kaon fragmentation functions
de Florian et al, PRD 75, 114010
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 11
Proton fragmentation functions
• Mid-rapidity STAR data are “the best constraint on the gluon fragmentation function into protons at large z”
• Large BRAHMS forward proton to anti-proton excess “remains an open question”
de Florian et al,arXiv:0707.1506
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 12
What about “fundamental objects”?
• The direct photon yield is well described by pQCD
PRL 98, 012002
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 13
Jets
STARSTAR PRL 97, 252001
• Jet structure at 200 GeV is well understood
• Mid-rapidity jet cross section is well described by pQCD over 7 orders of magnitude
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 14
Partonic structure of the proton
• HERA data provide very strong constraints on unpolarized PDFs• Much less polarized DIS data; over a limited Q2 region• Gluon and sea-quark polarizations largely unconstrained by DIS
World DIS
database with
DGLAP fits
All fixed-target data
World Data on g1p as of 2005
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 15
Origin of the proton spin?Polarized DIS: 0.2~0.3 Poorly Constrained
sdusdu
gz
qz
pz LLGS
21
21
• RHIC Spin program– Longitudinal polarization: Gluon polarization distribution– Transverse polarization: Parton orbital motion and transversity– Down the road: Anti-quark polarization
Leader et al, hep-ph/0612360ΔG = 0.13 ± 0.16ΔG ~ 0.006ΔG = -0.20 ± 0.41
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 16
RHIC: the world’s first polarized hadron collider
• Spin varies from rf bucket to rf bucket (9.4 MHz)• Spin pattern changes from fill to fill• Spin rotators provide flexibility for STAR and PHENIX measurements• “Billions” of spin flips during a fill with little if any depolarization
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 17
Inclusive ALL measurements (0, ±, and jets)
LLba
baLL a
ffffA ˆ
f: polarized parton distribution functions
cos
For most RHIC kinematics, gg and qg dominate, making ALL sensitive to gluon polarization.
10 20 30 pT(GeV)
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 18
Predicted sensitivity for different ΔG scenarios
• Jets (STAR) and π0 (PHENIX and STAR) easier• γ and ALL(π+) - ALL(π-) sensitive to the sign of ΔG• Inclusive measurements average over broad x ranges
-1<<2 Inclusive o -1<<2 Inclusive
-1<<2 Inclusive jet -1<<2 Inclusive
Sampled x range for inclusive jets
Calculations by W. Vogelsang
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 19
STAR jets from Runs 3+4PRL 97, 252001
Gluon polarization is not “really big”(GRSV-max: CL ~ 0.02)
STARSTAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 20
π+
Charged pions from Run 5
π-
STARSTAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 21
STAR neutral pions from Run 5
z Mean ratio of 0 pT to Jet pT
• ALL disfavors large (positive) gluon polarization• Energetic π0 carry a significant fraction of the total
transverse momentum of their associated jet
π0
STARSTAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 22
PHENIX neutral pions from Run 5arXiv:0704.3599
• χ2 from a comparison to the GRSV polarized parton distributions• Uncertainties associated with GRSV functional form not included• Large positive polarizations excluded; large negative polarizations
disfavored
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 23
STAR jets from Run 5
g = g (max)g = -g (min) g = 0GRSV-STD
2005 STAR preliminary
STARSTAR
• CL from a comparison to the GRSV polarized parton distributions• Uncertainties associated with GRSV functional form not included• Large positive polarizations excluded; large negative polarizations
disfavored• Uncertainties from Run 6 will be a factor of ~3 smaller at high pT
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 24
PHENIX π0 from Run 6
• Preliminary Run 6 χ2 comparison, including statistical uncertainties only (syst. are expected to be small)
• Its looking like ΔG is quite small or negative
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 25
Single-spin asymmetries at forward rapidity
• Large single-spin asymmetries at CM energies of 20 and 200 GeV• Weren’t supposed to be there in naïve pQCD• May arise from the Sivers effect, Collins effect, or a combination
PRL 92, 171801STARSTAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 26
SIDIS can distinguish transverse motion preferences in PDF’s (Sivers) vs. fragmentation fcns. (Collins)HERMES results both non-zero.+ vs. – differences suggest opposite signs for u and d quarks.
Collins Sivers
Transverse momentum dependent distributions exist
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 27
J. Balewski (IUCF)Sivers effect in di-jet production
180open
1
2
spin
di-jetbisector
kTx
> 1
80 f
or
k Tx >
0
Sivers effect:
• Left/right asymmetry in the kT of the partons in a polarized proton
• Spin dependent sideways boost to di-jets
• Requires parton orbital angular momentum
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 28
Sivers di-jet measurementarXiv:0705.4629
• Measure the di-jet opening angle as a function of proton spin• Both beams polarized, xa xb pseudorapidity dependence can
distinguish q vs. g Sivers effects.
STARSTAR
Mostly: +z beam quark −z beam gluon
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 29
Sivers di-jet measurementarXiv:0705.4629
• Observed asymmetries are an order of magnitude smaller than seen in semi-inclusive DIS by HERMES
• Detailed cancellations of initial vs. final state effects and u vs. d quark effects?
STARSTAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 30
BRAHMS forward rapidity pion measurements at 200 GeV
• Sign dependence of charged pion asymmetries seen in FNAL E704 persists to 200 GeV
BRAHMS2.3 deg (~3.4)4 deg (~3)
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 31
Additional BRAHMS forward rapidity results at 200 GeV
BRAHMS2.3 deg (~3.4)
• Charged kaon AN both positive; slightly smaller or comparable to π+
• Antiprotons show a sizable positive AN
• Protons show little asymmetry
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 32
BRAHMS results at 62.4 GeV
BRAHMS Combined results from 2.3 and 3 deg
• Lower beam energy• Larger xF
• Very large asymmetries!Limitation of the BRAHMS measurements:
Very strong correlation between xF and pT from small acceptance
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 33
Inclusive forward asymmetry, AN
STARSTAR
Kouvaris et al, hep-ph/0609238
Decreasing ηIncreasing pT
The data show exactly the opposite behavior
Theory Data
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 34
AN(pT) in xF-bins
• Combined data from three runs at <η>=3.3, 3.7 and 4.0
• In each xF bin, <xF> does not significantly changes with pT
• Measured AN is not a smooth decreasing function of pT
as predicted by theoretical models
Kouvaris et al,hep-ph/0609238
STARSTAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 35
Separating Sivers and Collins effects
Collins mechanism: asymmetry in the forward jet fragmentation
Sivers mechanism: asymmetry in the forward jet or γ production
SP kT,q
p
p
SP
p
p
Sq kT,πSensitive to proton spin – parton transverse motion correlations
Sensitive to transversity
• Need to go beyond inclusive π0 to measurements of jets or direct γ• Have some Run 6 data under analysis• Will study in Run 8 with the STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 36
STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer
• Pb glass calorimeter covering 2.5 < η < 4• Detect direct photons, jets, di-jets, ….. in addition to π0, for
kinematics where π0 single-spin asymmetries are known to be large
South half of FMS array during assembly
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 37
Looking beyond inclusive ALL measurements
• Inclusive ALL measurements at fixed pT average over a broad x range.
• Need a global analysis to determine the implications• Can hide considerable structure if ΔG(x) has a node
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 38
The next few years: ΔG(x)
• Di-jets access LO parton kinematics• Involve a mixture of qq, qg, and gg scattering
2||tanh|cos|
2ln
21
1
1
43*
43
2
1
21
432
431
43
43
xxy
sxxM
epeps
x
epeps
x 2005 Data Simulation
STAR (pre-)preliminary
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 39
γ + jet events
• γ + jet provides very good event-by-event determination of the parton kinematics
• 90% of the yield arises from qg scattering• Can choose the kinematics to maximize the sensitivity to ΔG(x)
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 40
Down the road: anti-quark polarization
• With two polarized beams and W+ and W-, can separate u, d, u, d polarizations
• These simulations are for the PHENIX muon arms
• STAR will do this with electrons• Need 500 GeV collisions at high luminosity,
and upgrades to both PHENIX and STAR
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 41
Further future: spin measurements in the RHIC II era
Direct measurement of the Δs, Δs contributions in charm-tagged W boson production
Sivers asymmetry AN
for Drell-Yan di-muon and di-electron production
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 42
Conclusion
• pp collisions at RHIC are providing important new inputs for our understanding of fragmentation functions
• The world’s first polarized hadron collider is generating a wealth of new data regarding the spin structure of the proton
• We’ve only barely started!
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 43
Carl Gagliardi – ECT* Hard QCD at GSI Workshop 44
Subtleties of Jet Analysis: Trigger Bias
EMF Electromagnetic Energy Fraction ET(EMC) / total jet pT
Shaded bands = simulations
Fake jets from upstream
beam bkgd.
Conclude:
Cut out jets at very high or very low EMF
Use simulations to estimate syst. errors from trigger bias
High Tower and Jet Patch triggers require substantial fraction of jet energy in neutral hadrons
Trigger efficiency turns on slowly above nominal threshold
Efficiency differs for quark vs. gluon jets, due to different fragmentation features
Simulations reproduce measured bias well, except for beam background at extreme EM energy fraction