handouts cells tissues sp11
TRANSCRIPT
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CellsandTissuesPartI:CellStructuresBIO160Objectives Identifythethreemajorcellregions(nucleus,cytoplasm,andplasmamembrane)andtheiroverallfunctions.
Identifythemajortypesofcellsfoundinthehumanbody.
Describeselectivepermeability,diffusion,osmosis,andthevarioustransportprocessesallowingsolutesand
moleculestopassthroughamembrane.
CellsandTissues Carryoutallchemicalactivitiesneededtosustainlife
Cellsarethebuildingblocksofalllivingthings
Tissuesaregroupsofcellsthataresimilarinstructureand
function
Cellsarenotallthesame
Allcellssharegeneralstructures
Allcellshavethreemainregions
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasmamembrane
CellularProjections
Notfoundinallcells
Usedformovement
Ciliamovematerialsacrossthecellsurface
Locatedintherespiratorysystemtomovemucus
Flagellapropelthecell
Theonlyflagellatedcellinthehumanbodyissperm
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CellDiversity
CellPhysiology:MembraneTransport Membranetransportmovementof
substancesintoandoutofthecell
Twobasic
methods
of
transport
Passivetransport
Noenergyisrequired
Activetransport
Cellmustprovidemetabolicenergy
(ATP)
SolutionsandTransport Solutionhomogeneousmixtureoftwoor
morecomponents
Solventdissolvingmedium;typically
waterinthebody
Solutescomponentsin
smaller
quantitieswithinasolution
Intracellularfluidnucleoplasmandcytosol
Interstitialfluidfluidontheexteriorofthe
cell
SelectivePermeability Theplasmamembraneallowssomematerialstopasswhileexcludingothers
Thispermeabilityinfluencesmovementbothintoandoutofthecell
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PassiveTransportProcesses Diffusion
Particlestendtodistributethemselvesevenlywithinasolution
Movementisfromhighconcentrationtolowconcentration,ordownaconcentrationgradient
PassiveTransportProcesses
Typesof
diffusion
Simplediffusion
Anunassistedprocess
Solutesarelipidsolublematerialsorsmallenoughto
passthroughmembranepores
Osmosissimplediffusionofwater
Highlypolarwatermoleculeseasilycrosstheplasma
membrane
PassiveTransportProcesses Facilitateddiffusion
Substancesrequireaproteincarrierforpassive
transport
Transportslipidinsolubleandlargesubstances
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ActiveTransportProcesses Substancesaretransportedthatareunabletopassbydiffusion
Substancesmaybetoolarge
Substancesmaynotbeabletodissolveinthefatcoreofthemembrane
Substancesmayhavetomoveagainstaconcentrationgradient
ATPisusedfortransport
ActiveTransportProcesses
Twocommon
forms
of
active
transport
Activetransport(solutepumping)
Vesiculartransport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Activetransport(solutepumping)
Aminoacids,somesugars,andionsaretransportedbyproteincarrierscalledsolutepumps
ATPenergizesproteincarriers
Inmostcases,substancesaremovedagainstconcentrationgradients
Vesiculartransport
Exocytosis
Movesmaterials
out
of
the
cell
Materialiscarriedinamembranous
vesicle
Vesiclemigratestoplasma
membrane
Vesiclecombineswithplasma
membrane
Materialisemptiedtotheoutside
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Vesiculartransport(continued)
Endocytosis
Extracellularsubstancesareengulfedbybeingenclosedinamembranousvescicle
Typesofendocytosis
Phagocytosiscelleating
Pinocytosiscelldrinking
CellsandTissuesPartII: TissueTypesBIO160Objectives Namethefourmajortissuetypes,theirchiefsubcategoriesandexplainhowtheydifferstructurallyand
functionally.
Givethechieflocationsofthevarioustissuetypesinthebody.
BodyTissues Tissues
Groupsofcellswithsimilarstructureand
function
Four
primary
types
Epithelialtissue(epithelium)
Connectivetissue
Muscletissue
Nervoustissue
EpithelialTissues Locations
Bodycoverings
Bodylinings
Glandular
tissue
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
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EpitheliumCharacteristics Cellsfitcloselytogetherandoftenformsheets
Theapicalsurfaceisthefreesurfaceofthetissue
Thelowersurfaceoftheepitheliumrestsonabasement
membrane
Avascular(nobloodsupply)
Regenerateeasilyifwellnourished
ClassificationofEpithelia Numberofcelllayers
Simpleonelayer
Stratifiedmorethanonelayer
Shapeofcells
Squamous
flattened
Cuboidal
cubeshaped
Columnar
columnlike
SimpleEpithelia Simplesquamous
Single
layer
of
flat
cells
Usuallyformsmembranes
Linesbodycavities
Lineslungsand
capillaries
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Simplecuboidal
Singlelayerofcubelike
cells
Commoninglandsand
theirducts
Formswallsofkidney
tubules
Coverstheovaries
Simplecolumnar
Singlelayeroftallcells
Oftenincludesmucus
producinggobletcells
Linesdigestivetract
Pseudostratifiedcolumnar
Singlelayer,butsomecells
areshorterthanothers
Oftenlookslikeadouble
layerofcells
Sometimesciliated,suchas
intherespiratorytract
Mayfunction
in
absorption
orsecretion
StratifiedEpithelia Stratifiedsquamous
Cellsattheapicalsurface
are
flattened
Foundasaprotective
coveringwherefrictionis
common
Locations
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
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Stratifiedcuboidaltwolayersofcuboidalcells
Stratifiedcolumnarsurfacecellsarecolumnar,cellsunderneathvaryinsizeandshape
Stratifiedcuboidalandcolumnar
Rareinhumanbody
Foundmainlyinductsoflargeglands
Transitionalepithelium
Shapeofcellsdepends
uponthe
amount
of
stretching
Linesorgansoftheurinary
system
GlandularEpithelium Gland
Oneormorecellsresponsibleforsecretingaparticularproduct
Twomajorglandtypes Endocrinegland
Ductlesssincesecretionsdiffuseintobloodvessels
Allsecretionsarehormones
Exocrinegland
Secretionsemptythroughductstotheepithelialsurface
Includesweatandoilglands
CellsandTissuesPartIII: TissueTypesBIO160ConnectiveTissue Foundeverywhereinthebody
Includesthemostabundantandwidelydistributed
tissues
Functions
Bindsbodytissuestogether
Supportsthebody
Providesprotection
ConnectiveTissueCharacteristics Variationsinbloodsupply
Some
tissue
types
are
well
vascularized
Somehaveapoorbloodsupplyorare
avascular
Extracellularmatrix
Nonlivingmaterialthatsurroundsliving
cells
ExtracellularMatrix Twomainelements
Groundsubstancemostlywateralongwith
adhesionproteinsandpolysaccharide
molecules
Fibers
Producedbythecells
Threetypes
Collagen(white)fibers
Elastic(yellow)fibers
Reticularfibers
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ConnectiveTissueTypes Bone(osseoustissue)
Composedof
Bonecellsinlacunae
(cavities)
Hardmatrixofcalcium
salts
Largenumbersof
collagenfibers
Usedtoprotectandsupport
thebody
Hyalinecartilage
Mostcommontypeof
cartilage
Composedof
Abundantcollagen
fibers
Rubberymatrix
Locations
Larynx
Entirefetalskeleton
priortobirth
Elasticcartilage
Provideselasticity
Location
Supportsthe
external
ear
Fibrocartilage
Highlycompressible
Location
Formscushionlike
discsbetween
vertebrae
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Denseconnectivetissue(dense
fibroustissue)
Mainmatrixelementis
collagenfiber
Fibroblastsarecellsthat
makefibers
Locations
Tendonsattach
skeletalmuscle
to
bone
Ligamentsattach
bonetoboneatjoints
Dermislowerlayersoftheskin
Looseconnectivetissuetypes
Areolartissue
Mostwidely
distributedconnective
tissue
Soft,pliabletissuelike
cobwebs
Functionsasapacking
tissue
Containsallfibertypes
Cansoakupexcess
fluid(causesedema)
Looseconnectivetissuetypes
Adiposetissue
Matrixisanareolar
tissueinwhichfat
globules
predominate
Manycellscontain
largelipiddeposits
Functions
Insulatesthe
body
Protectssome
organs
Servesasasiteof
fuelstorage
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Looseconnectivetissuetypes
Reticularconnectivetissue
Delicatenetworkof
interwovenfibers
Formsstroma(internal
supportingnetwork)of
lymphoidorgans
Lymphnodes
Spleen
Bonemarrow
Blood(vasculartissue)
Bloodcellssurroundedby
fluidmatrixcalledblood
plasma
Fibersarevisibleduring
clotting
Functionsasthetransport
vehicleformaterials
MuscleTissue Functionistoproducemovement
Threetypes
Skeletalmuscle
Cardiacmuscle
Smoothmuscle
MuscleTissueTypes Skeletalmuscle
Undervoluntarycontrol
Contractstopullonbones
orskin
Producesgrossbody
movementsorfacial
expressions
Characteristicsofskeletal
musclecells
Striated
Multinucleate(morethanonenucleus)
Long,cylindrical
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Cardiacmuscle
Underinvoluntarycontrol
Foundonlyintheheart
Functionistopumpblood
Characteristicsofcardiac
musclecells
Cellsareattachedto
othercardiacmuscle
cellsat
intercalated
disks
Striated
Onenucleuspercell
Smoothmuscle
Underinvoluntarymuscle
Foundinwallsofholloworgans
suchasstomach,uterus,and
bloodvessels
Characteristicsofsmoothmusclecells
Novisiblestriations
Onenucleuspercell
Spindleshapedcells
NervousTissue Composedofneuronsandnerve
supportcells
Functionistosendimpulsesto
otherareasofthebody
Irritability
Conductivity