handout for february 21, 2015 - south seattle college

BIOL 241 (section 0629.77) Winter 2015

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Handout for February 21, 2015

Today’s Agenda:

Chapter 9 activity: exercise as a treatment for arthritis?!

Laboratory Exercise 11 (Articulations and Body Movements)

Quiz on Chapters 7 through 9

Song of the week: “Myofibrils”

Chapter 10 activity: ATP use versus sarcomere length

Laboratory Exercise 12 (Microscopic Anatomy and Organization of Skeletal Muscle)

Chapter 9 activity: exercise as a treatment for arthritis?!

BACKGROUND

What is arthritis?

What are 3 major types of arthritis that we have learned about? Which is most

common?

Can you think of any reasons why it might be BAD to exercise arthritic joints?

Can you think of any reasons why it might be GOOD to exercise arthritic joints?

THE STUDY

Benjamin Waller et al., “Effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise on symptoms and function

associated with lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis,” Physical

Therapy 94(10): 1383-1395, 2014.

Background: Current management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain control and

maintaining physical function through pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and surgical

treatments. Exercise, including therapeutic aquatic exercise (TAE), is considered one of the most


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important management options. Nevertheless, there is no up-to-date systematic review

describing the effect of TAE on symptoms and function associated with lower limb OA.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to

determine the effect of TAE on symptoms and function associated with lower limb OA.

Data Sources: The data sources used in this study were: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL,

PEDro, and SPORTDiscus.

Study Selection: All studies selected for review were randomized controlled trials with an

aquatic exercise group and a nontreatment control group. In total, 11 studies fulfilled the

inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis and meta-analysis.

Data Extraction: Data were extracted and checked for accuracy by 3 independent reviewers….

What is a meta-analysis?

Why might these researchers be interested in therapeutic aquatic exercise?

THE DATA

This paper includes several complicated figures and tables. Each of you will focus on one of

them – see the group assignments below. Each group should elect a spokesperson to

summarize that group’s overall understanding of the figure or table.

Figure 1: Anthony, Erin, Kathy

Table 1: Frewoini, Michelle, Rafael

Table 2: Bryan, Darlene, Rachael

Figure 2: Rebecca, Shuayb, Soly

Figure 3: Chris, Eloisa, Katie, Sarah

Figure 4: Allie, Eva, Dascena


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Figure 1: Flow diagram showing screening process and search results. RCT=randomized controlled trial, RA=rheumatoid arthritis, OA=osteoarthritis.


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Figure 2: Forest plots showing the effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise (TAE) on pain and stiffness. 95% CI=95% confidence interval.


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Figure 3: Forest plots showing the effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise (TAE) on physical functioning. 95% CI=95% confidence interval. [continues on next page]


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Figure 3: Forest plots showing the effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise (TAE) on physical functioning. 95% CI=95% confidence interval. [continued from previous page]


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Figure 4 [left]: Forest plots showing the effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise (TAE) on quality of life. 95% CI=95% confidence interval. CONCLUSION What does this study tell us overall? How much confidence in these conclusions should we have?


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Guidelines for Laboratory Exercise 11 (Articulations and Body Movements)

Main objectives: (1) distinguish between synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic joints; (2) examine the hip, knee, shoulder, and temporomandibular joints; (3) become familiar with terms for describing different kinds of movements at synovial joints; (4) consider medical problems, age-related and otherwise, that can occur at joints. Please complete Activities 1, 2, and 4 through 9. You may skip Activity 3 and the Group Challenge. You can use the image below as the X-ray to look at. Which side shows signs of osteoarthritis? Lab notebook: Please answer the questions associated with Activity 4 (Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-Reducing Structures). Please also include answers to the following Review Sheet questions: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 14.

http://www.thinnertimesforum.com/uploads/blog-0538059001337692731.jpg


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Song of the week: “Myofibrils”

MP3 (by Science Groove): http://www.science-groove.org/Now/Myofibrils.mp3

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GC_CUfLP6Pc Lyrics (http://faculty.washington.edu/crowther/Misc/Songs/fibrils.shtml):

Ooh my little filaments, filaments -- Actin and myosin myofibrils: Proteins that are long and dense, long and dense, Making up the structure of the myofibrils.

CHORUS: Signal from the brain rides the nerve to the muscle, Where the myosin inside will slide past the actin of the My-my-my-y-y, woo! Muh-muh-muh-myofibrils.

Add a little calcium, calcium To the cytoplasm near the myofibrils. It will turn troponin on, troponin on, Causing the contraction of the myofibrils.

CHORUS

Muscles need energy, energy, Most of which is needed by the myofibrils. Myosin burns ATP, ATP Fueling the contractions of the myofibrils.

CHORUS

Discussion questions:

1. What is a filament, in the context of this song? What is a myofibril?

2. Regarding the line, “Add a little calcium … to the cytoplasm,” where does that calcium

come from? How why is it described as “causing the contraction of the myofibrils”?

3. What is meant by “Myosin burns ATP”?

http://www.science-groove.org/Now/Myofibrils.mp3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GC_CUfLP6Pc

http://faculty.washington.edu/crowther/Misc/Songs/fibrils.shtml


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Chapter 10 activity: ATP use versus sarcomere length

1. You have already seen a graph of amount of force exerted (on the Y axis)

versus sarcomere length (on the X axis). Re-draw that graph here.

2. Now draw a similar graph, except that the Y axis should represent rate of

ATP use, rather than force. At extreme sarcomere lengths, is this rate of

ATP use 0, or greater than 0? Why?

3. Rattlesnake tailshaker muscles are highly unusual in that a large fraction of

their cellular space is devoted to sarcoplasmic reticulum, and relatively little

space is devoted to thick and thin filaments. How would the graph in #2

look for these tailshaker muscles? Draw the graph.


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Guidelines for Laboratory Exercise 12

(Microscopic Anatomy and Organization of Skeletal Muscle)

Main objective: Review and extend our knowledge of muscle structure at the gross and

microscopic levels.

Complete Activities 1, 2, and 3. Include your answer to Activity 1, #4 to your lab

notebook. Also include your answers to the following Review Sheet questions: 3, 5 (just

explain that letters are clockwise from top left, or whatever), 7, 8.

handout for february 21, 2015 - south seattle college

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