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HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS
HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORSAND ERGONOMICS
Fourth Edition
Edited by
Gavriel SalvendyPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indianaand
Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, People’s Republic of China
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Handbook of human factors and ergonomics/edited by Gavriel Salvendy. — 4th ed.Handp. cm.HaIncludes index.HandISBN 978-0-470-52838-9 (hardback); ISBN 978-1-118-12906-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-12907-4 (ebk);ISBN 978-1-118-12908-1 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13135-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-13148-0 (ebk); ISBN978-1-118-13149-7 (ebk)H1. Human engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Salvendy, Gavriel, 1938–HaTA166.H275 2012Ha620.8′2–dc23
2011045254
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
1. Human Factors Function 1
1. The Discipline of Human Factors and Ergonomics 3Waldemar Karwowski
2. Human Factors Engineering and Systems Design 38Sara J. Czaja and Sankaran N. Nair
2. Human Factors Fundamentals 57
3. Sensation and Perception 59Robert W. Proctor and Janet D. Proctor
4. Selection and Control of Action 95Robert W. Proctor and Kim-Phuong L. Vu
5. Information Processing 117Christopher D. Wickens and C. Melody Carswell
6. Cross-Cultural Design 162Tom Plocher, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau, and Yee-Yin Choong
7. Decision-Making Models, Decision Support, and Problem Solving 192Mark R. Lehto, Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, and Ji Soo Yi
8. Mental Workload and Situation Awareness 243Michael A. Vidulich and Pamela S. Tsang
9. Social and Organizational Foundations of Ergonomics 274Alvaro D. Taveira and Michael J. Smith
10. Human Factors and Ergonomic Methods 298Julie A. Jacko, Ji Soo Yi, Francois Sainfort, and Molly McClellan
11. Anthropometry for Product Design 330Kathleen M. Robinette
12. Basic Biomechanics and Workstation Design 347William S. Marras
3. Design of Tasks and Jobs 383
13. Task Analysis: Why, What, and How 385Erik Hollnagel
xvii
xviii CONTENTS
14. Task Design and Motivation 397Holger Luczak, Tanja Kabel, and Torsten Licht
15. Job and Team Design 441Frederick P. Morgeson, Michael A. Campion, and Patrick F. Bruning
16. Personnel Recruitment, Selection, and Turnover 475Jerry W. Hedge, Walter C. Borman, and Dan Ispas
17. Design, Delivery, Evaluation, and Transfer of Training Systems 490Chris W. Coultas, Rebecca Grossman, and Eduardo Salas
18. Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management 534Pascale Carayon, Peter Hoonakker, and Michael J. Smith
19. Situation Awareness 553Mica R. Endsley
20. Affective Engineering and Design 569Martin G. Helander and Halimahtun M. Khalid
4. Equipment, Workplace, and Environmental Design 597
21. Workplace Design 599Nicolas Marmaras and Dimitris Nathanael
22. Vibration and Motion 616Michael J. Griffin
23. Sound and Noise: Measurement and Design Guidance 638John G. Casali
24. Illumination 673Peter R. Boyce
5. Design for Health, Safety, and Comfort 699
25. Occupational Health and Safety Management 701Mark R. Lehto and Bradley T. Cook
26. Human Error and Human Reliability Analysis 734Joseph Sharit
27. Managing Low-Back Disorder Risk in the Workplace 801William S. Marras
28. Work-Related Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders 826David Rodrick, Waldemar Karwowski, and William S. Marras
29. Warnings and Hazard Communications 868Michael S. Wogalter, Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr., and Christopher B. Mayhorn
30. Use of Personal Protective Equipment in the Workplace 895Grazyna Bartkowiak, Krzysztof Baszczynski, Anna Bogdan, Agnieszka Brochocka,Rafał Hrynyk, Emilia Irzmanska, Danuta Koradecka, Katarzyna Majchrzycka,Krzysztof Makowski, Anna Marszałek, Grzegorz Owczarek, and Jan Zera
31. Human Space Flight 910Barbara Woolford, Walter E. Sipes, and Edna R. Fiedler
CONTENTS xix
6. Performance Modeling 929
32. Modeling Human Performance in Complex Systems 931K. Ronald Laughery, Jr., Beth Plott, Michael Matessa, Susan Archer,and Christian Lebiere
33. Mathematical Models in Engineering Psychology: OptimizingPerformance 962Donald L. Fisher, Richard Schweickert, and Colin G. Drury
34. Human Supervisory Control 990Thomas B. Sheridan
35. Human Digital Modeling in Design 1016Vincent G. Duffy
36. Virtual Environments 1031Kay M. Stanney and Joseph V. Cohn
37. Neuroergonomics in Human–System Interaction 1057Dylan Schmorrow, Kay M. Stanney, Kelly S. Hale, Sven Fuchs,Glenn Wilson, and Peter Young
7. Evaluation 1083
38. Accident and Incident Investigation 1085Patrick G. Dempsey
39. Human Factors and Ergonomics Audits 1092Colin G. Drury and Patrick G. Dempsey
40. Cost/Benefit Analysis for Human Systems Investments 1122William B. Rouse and Kenneth R. Boff
41. Methods of Evaluating Outcomes 1139Paula J. Edwards, Francois Sainfort, Julie A. Jacko, Molly McClellan,and Thitima Kongnakorn
8. Human–Computer Interaction 1177
42. Visual Displays 1179Kevin B. Bennett, Allen L. Nagy, and John M. Flach
43. Information Visualization 1209Chris North
44. Human Factors in Online Communities and Social Computing 1237Panayiotis Zaphiris and A. Ant Ozok
45. Human Factors and Information Security 1250E. Eugene Schultz
46. Usability Testing 1267James R. Lewis
47. User Requirements Collection and Analysis 1313Dieter Spath, Fabian Hermann, Matthias Peissner, and Sandra Sproll
48. Website Design and Evaluation 1323Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Robert W. Proctor, and Fredrick P. Garcia
xx CONTENTS
49. Human Factors in Ambient Intelligence Environments 1354Constantine Stephanidis
50. Interactivity: Evolution and Emerging Trends 1374Constantine Stephanidis, Vassilis Kouroumalis, and Margherita Antona
9. Design for Individual Differences 1407
51. Design for People with Functional Limitations 1409Gregg C. Vanderheiden and J. Bern Jordan
52. Design for Aging 1442Walter R. Boot, Timothy A. Nichols, Wendy A. Rogers, and Arthur D. Fisk
53. Designing for Children 1472Valerie J. Berg Rice
54. Design for All: Computer-Assisted Design of User Interface Adaptation 1484Constantine Stephanidis, Margherita Antona, Anthony Savidis,Nikolaos Partarakis, Konstantina Doulgeraki, and Asterios Leonidis
10. Selected Applications in Human Factors and Ergonomics 1509
55. Human Factors and Ergonomics Standards 1511David Rodrick, Waldemar Karwowski, and Bohdana Sherehiy
56. Office Ergonomics 1550Marvin Dainoff, Wayne Maynard, Michelle Robertson,and Johan Hviid Andersen
57. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 1574Pascale Carayon, Bashar Alyousef, and Anping Xie
58. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Motor Vehicle Transportation 1596Paul A. Green
59. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Automation Design 1615John D. Lee and Bobbie D. Seppelt
60. Human Factors in Manufacturing 1643Dieter Spath, Martin Braun, and Katrin Meinken
61. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Aviation 1667Steven J. Landry
Index 1689
ABOUT THE EDITOR
Gavriel Salvendy is professor emeritus of Industrial Engineering at Purdue University and Chair Professorand Head of the Department of Industrial Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. He is theauthor or co-author of over 550 research publications, including over 300 journal papers and is the authoror editor of 42 books. His publications have appeared in seven languages. He is the major professor to 67former and current Ph.D. students. His main research deals with the human aspects of design, operation,and management of advanced engineering systems. Gavriel Salvendy is the founding editor of twojournals: the International Journal on Human–Computer Interaction and Human Factors and Ergonomicsin Manufacturing and Service Industries . He was the founding chair of the International Commission onHuman Aspects in Computing, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1990 he became the first memberof either the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society or the International Ergonomics Association to beelected to the National Academy of Engineering. He was elected “for fundamental contributions to andprofessional leadership in human, physical, and cognitive aspects of engineering systems.” In 1995 hereceived an Honorary Doctorate from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, “for great contributions to thedevelopment of science and technology and for the great influence upon the development of science andtechnology in China.” He is the fourth person in all fields of science and engineering in the 45 years of theAcademy ever to receive this award. In 2006, he received the Friendship Award presented by the People’sRepublic of China. The award is the highest honor the Chinese government confers on foreign experts.In 2007, he received the John Fritz Medal which is the engineering profession’s highest award for his“fundamental international and seminal leadership and technical contributions to human engineering andindustrial engineering education, theory, and practice.” He is an honorary fellow and life member of theErgonomics Society and fellow of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Institute of Industrial Engineers,and the American Psychological Association. He has advised organizations in 31 countries on the humanside of effective design, implementation and management of advanced technologies in the workplace. Heearned his Ph.D. in engineering production at the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
v
CONTRIBUTORS
Bashar AlyousefResearch AssistantIndustrial & Systems EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, Wisconsin
Johan Hviid AndersenProfessorDepartment of Occupational MedicineDanish Ramazzini CentreHerning HospitalHerning, Denmark
Margherita AntonaCoordinator of the Centre for Universal Access
and Assistive TechnologiesInstitute of Computer ScienceFoundation for Research and
Technology—Hellas (FORTH)Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Susan ArcherSenior Vice PresidentAlion Science and TechnologyBoulder, Colorado
Grazyna BartkowiakResearcher, Department of Personal Protective
EquipmentLab Manager, Protective Clothing LaboratoryCentral Institute for Labour Protection—National
Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland
Krzysztof BaszczynskiResearcher, Department of Personal Protective
EquipmentLab Manager, Laboratory of Safety Helmets and
Equipment Protecting against Falls from aHeight
Central Institute for Labour Protection—NationalResearch Institute
Warsaw, Poland
Kevin B. BennettProfessor and Human Factors Area LeaderDepartment of PsychologyWright State UniversityDayton, Ohio
Kenneth R. BoffPrincipal ScientistTennenbaum InstituteGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia
Anna BogdanResearcher, Department of ErgonomicsLab Manager, Thermal Load LaboratoryCentral Institute for Labour Protection—National
Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland
Walter R. BootAssistant ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida
Walter C. BormanProfessorDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of South Floridaand Personnel Decisions Research InstituteTampa, Florida
Peter R. BoyceConsultantCanterbury, United Kingdom
Martin BraunSenior ScientistFraunhofer Institute for Industrial EngineeringStuttgart, Germany
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Agnieszka BrochockaResearcher, Department of Personal Protective
EquipmentLaboratory for Respiratory Protective EquipmentCentral Institute for Labour Protection—National
Research InstituteWarsaw, Poland
Patrick F. BruningGraduate Research AssistantOrganizational Behavior and Human ResourcesKrannert School of ManagementSchool of BusinessPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana
Michael A. CampionHerman C. Krannert Professor of ManagementKrannert Graduate School of ManagementPurdue UniversityWeat Lafayette, Indiana
Pascale CarayonProctor & Gamble Bascom Professor in Total
QualityDepartment of Industrial and Systems
EngineeringDirector of the Center for Quality and
Productivity ImprovementUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, Wisconsin
C. Melody CarswellAssociate ProfessorDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky
John G. CasaliJohn Grado ProfessorGrado Department of Industrial and Systems
EngineeringDirector, Auditory Systems LaboratoryVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State
UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia
Yee-Yin ChoongResearch ScientistNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyGaithersburg, Maryland
Joseph V. CohnAerospace Experimental PsychologistOffice of Naval ResearchU.S. NavyArlington, Virginia
Bradley T. CookManaging EngineerMiller Engineering, Inc.Ann Arbor, Michigan
Chris W. CoultasGraduate Research AssociateDepartment of Psychology & Institute of
Simulation and TrainingUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando, Florida
Sara J. CzajaProfessor and Co-DirectorDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Center
on Aging SciencesUniversity of Miami Miller School
of MedicineMiami, Florida
Marvin DainoffDirector, Center for Behavioral SciencesLiberty Mutual Research Institute for SafetyHopkinton, Massachusetts
Patrick G. DempseyResearch Industrial EngineerNational Institute for Occupational Safety
and HealthPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Konstantina DoulgerakiResearch EngineerInstitute of Computer ScienceFoundation for Research and
Technology—Hellas (FORTH)Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Colin G. DruryDistinguished Professor EmeritusDepartment of Industrial EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo: State University of
New YorkBuffalo, NewYork
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Vincent G. DuffyAssociate ProfessorSchool of Industrial EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana
Paula J. EdwardsDirectorHIMformaticsAtlanta, Georgia
Mica R. EndsleyPresidentSA Technologies, Inc.Marietta, GeorgiaEdna R. FiedlerAerospace Psychology ConsultantsTucson, Arizona
Donald L. FisherProfessor and HeadDepartment of Mechanical & Industrial
EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts—AmherstAmherst, Massachusetts
Arthur D. FiskProfessorSchool of PsychologyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Goergia
John M. FlachProfessor and Department ChairDepartment of PsychologyWright State UniversityDayton, Ohio
Sven FuchsSenior Research AssociateHuman-Systems IntegrationDesign Interactive, Inc.Oviedo, Florida
Fredrick P. GarciaLab Manager/Lead Usability SpecialistCenter for Usability in Design and AccessibilityLong Beach, California
Paul A. GreenResearch ProfessorTransportation Research InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan
Michael J. GriffinProfessorHuman Factors Research UnitInstitute of Sound and Vibration ResearchUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
Rebecca GrossmanGraduate Research AssociateDepartment of PsychologyInstitute for Simulation & TrainingUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando, Florida
Kelly S. HaleSenior Vice PresidentDesign Interactive, Inc.Oviedo, Florida
Jerry W. HedgeSenior Research ManagerSurvey Research DivisionRTI InternationalResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina
Martin G. HelanderProfessorSchool of Mechanical and Aerospace
EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
Fabian HermannCompetence-Center Human-Computer
InteractionFraunhofer Institute for Industrial
EngineeringStuttgart, Germany
Erik HollnagelProfessorUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
Peter HoonakkerResearch ScientistCenter for Quality & Productivity Improvement
(CQPI)University of Wisconsin—MadisonMadison, Wisconsin