handbook no.0 höganäs iron and steel powders for sintered components

Sintered Components Metal powders from Hgans go into a large share of the worlds production of P/M parts. By combining complex shapes with specific and unique properties, the uses for P/M parts are many. Our R&D works proactively by developing and perfecting new powders to expand the potential range of applications. Parts for automobiles, household and office appliances, fittings and power tools, are just a few of the many existing applications for P/M parts made of our metal powders. Some examples:

Sintered bearings is a well-established application. The porosity of sintered parts allows absorption of oil for lubrication. Normal sintered density is less than 6.2 g/cm, and powders containing Fe-Cu or Fe-C are often used.

Power tool parts often utilize diffusion alloyed powders, achieving a sintered density around 7.0 g/cm. Subsequent heat treatment further increases wear resistance and strength. Warm compaction is in some cases used to further increase density and improve gear strength.

Lock parts require high strength, toughness, wear resistance and dimensional stability. Diffusion alloyed powders admirably match these parameters for the sintered part, achieving a density between 6.8 and 7.0 g/cm.

Belt pulleys or chain sprockets can be found in every automobile. They are components ideally suited to the P/M process, as it permits an intricate weight-saving geometry. Sponge iron usually forms the base powder, ensuring ample green strength. Sintered density ranges from 6.5 to 6.8 g/cm.

Synchronizing hubs for automobile gear boxes are mainly produced by the P/M process route. High strength, wear resistance and dimensional stability are demands for this application. Diffusion alloyed powders are the common choice of material to meet the demands. Densities are in the range 7.0 --- 7.2 g/cm.

Illustrated are a few of the many parts ideally suited for P/M production. From left: lock part, bearings, belt pulley and power tool part. This catalogue provides a comprehensive presentation of powder properties and mechanical properties, covering a wide range of base powders, alloying elements and process conditions. Our specially-developed CASIP computer program is capable, given property-, processing- and additive requirements, of identifying the ideal powder mix for a specific sintered component. Hgans press-ready mixes and Starmixes ensure uniform composition and powder properties, both between and within lots. Hgans Densmix makes warm compaction possible and thereby increasing density and strength of the material. Comprehensive quality assurance, from ore to finished powders, ensures customers of the best powders for their sintering operations.

7Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials

Properties of Powders and Sintered MaterialsThe successful application of iron and steel powders as raw materials in themanufacturing of structural parts, is related to a number of specific powderproperties:

Flowability (here expressed as flow rate) is an important factor, as isApparent Density during filling of the die cavity.

Powder compressibility affects the density that can be obtained, andthereby also the properties after sintering.

Spring-back value is important for calculating the dimensions of thecompacting tool in relation to the final dimensions of the part.

Sufficient green strength is required to prevent cracks during ejection ofthe part after compaction, and to allow transportation of compacts fromthe press to the sintering furnace.

All these properties are affected by the particle shape and the particle sizedistribution of a specific powder. Sponge iron powder exhibits moreirregular and porous powder particles, which results in higher green strengthcompared to water atomized iron powders. Atomized powders have highercompressibility compared to sponge powders.

On page 9 powder properties are presented as a comparison of somecommon iron base powders. Flow and apparent density are presented forpure powders. Compressibility, green strength and spring-back are presentedfor powders with 0.6% Kenolube added to the mix.

Water atomization process allows alloying elements to be added to themolten steel before atomization. A range of pre-alloyed powders areavailable under the trademark Astaloy. By pre-alloying, mechanicalproperties of the sintered material are improved while the compressibility islower as compared to pure iron powders.

8Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Distaloy powders are based on pure iron powder or iron powderpre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum (Astaloy Mo) to which alloyingelements of fine particle size are bonded by partial diffusion. This techniqueavoids segregation of alloying elements and improves dimensional stability.Good compressibility is maintained with only partial diffusion of alloyingelements to the iron powder particles.

STARMIX and DENSMIX introduce organic binders to the powder mix.With bonded mixes, dusting of fine particle size additives is eliminated.Segregation of alloying elements is avoided which improves dimensionalstability.

With DENSMIX warm compaction is made possible. By heating both thepowder and press tool, density is improved by 0.1 0.2 g/cm3, whichimproves the mechanical properties of the sintered material. Also the greenstrength is greatly improved allowing some machining operations to becarried out in green state. This substantially improves life time of the cuttingtool.

The sintered properties obtained with a specific iron powder grade dependon several factors, including density, sintering time, temperature, atmosphereand both type and content of added alloying elements. Extensive informationof this type is present in this technical catalogue for most of the availablepowder grades.

For a brief survey of sintered properties of some common materials, thediagrams on page 10 show the tensile strength, hardness and elongation.

Materials 1 4 were compacted at 600 MPa, resulting in densities in therange 6.85 7.10 g/cm3 while materials 5 12 were compacted to a densityof 7.10 g/cm3. All materials were sintered at 1120C for 30 minutes inendothermic atmosphere for base iron powders, and in 90/10 N2/H2atmosphere for diffusion alloyed powders and Astaloy powders.

1

1

2

2

3

3

Flow

(s/5

0 g )

5.

5.

5.

5.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

7.

7.

7.

7.

Gre

en d

ensi

ty (g

/cm

)

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

Sprin

gbac

k (%

)Sp

ring-

back

(%)

9Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials

g

en

MH80.23NC100.24

SC100.26ASC100.29

ABC100.30

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Flow

(s/5

0 g )

MH80.23NC100.24

SC100.26ASC100.29

ABC100.30

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

AD (g

/cm

)

Flow rate Apparent density

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Compacting pressure (MPa)

5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.4

7.6

Gre

en d

ensi

ty (g

/cm

)

MH80.23

NC100.24

SC100.26

ASC100.29

ABC100.30

10 20 30 40 50 60Compacting pressure (tsi)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Gre

en s

tren

gth

(MPa

)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Gre

en s

tren

gth

(psi

)



0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Sprin

gbac

k (%

)


Compressibility (0.6% Kenolube) Green strength (0.6% Kenolube)

Spring-back (0.6% Kenolube)

Sprin

g-ba

ck (%

)

10

Iron and steel powders for sintered components

Pla

Spo

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Hard

ness

, HV1

0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 2 3 40

2

4

6

8

10

12

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

1. NC100.24 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C2. SC100.26 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C3. ASC100.29 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C4. PASC60

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Tens

ile S

tren

gth

(MPa

)

9 10 11 120

2

4

6

8

10

12

9. Astaloy 85 Mo + 0.5%C10. Astaloy Mo + 0.5%C11. Astaloy A + 0.5%C12. Astaloy CrM + 0.4%C

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

5 6 7 80

2

4

6

8

10

12

5. Distaloy AB + 0.5%C6. Distaloy AE + 0.5%C7. Distaloy DC + 0.5%C8. Distaloy HP + 0.5%C

Iron base powders Distaloy powders Astaloy powders

11

Overview of Powder Grades

Plain Iron Grades

Sponge Iron Powders

NC100.24 is one of the most widely used iron powdergrades in the powder metallurgy industry. The green-and edge strengths of the compacts are very high due tothe spongy structure of the powder particles. NC100.24has a good compressibility and a low and consistent H2-loss.

SC100.26 has the best compressibility of all Hganssponge iron powder grades. The green strength is alsohigh. It has slightly higher apparent density thanNC100.24 and should be used particularly where highdensity after single pressing and sintering is desirable.

MH80.23 is specially designed to match the requirementsfor self-lubricating bearings. Its particle size range ischosen to give an optimum pore structure for thisapplication. MH80.23 can also be added to powdermixes in small quantities to substantially improve greenstrength.

12

.5%C%CC4%C

rs

12


Atomized Iron Powders

AHC100.29 is an atomized plain iron powder with good

SC100.26, but the apparent density is considerablyhigher than that of the sponge iron powder grades.

ASC100.29 is an atomized iron powder with very highcompressibility, which makes it possible to single presscompacts with densities of up to 7.2 g/cm3. ASC100.29is particularly suited for high density structural parts,and also as a base material for soft magneticapplications.

ABC100.30 is an atomized iron powder withoutstanding compressibility and chemical purity. It isespecially suitable for the production of high-densitystructural components. Densities up to 7.4 g/cm3 areachievable with single pressing. ABC100.30 is also usedin applications where very good soft magnetic propertiesare required.

compressibility. It is used in similar P/M applications as

Pho

13


d

s

Phosphorous-alloyed Grades

PNC60 consists of NC100.24 to which finely-dividedferrophosphorus particles are added, giving aphosphorus content of 0.60%. Green strength andcompressibility are almost equal to that of pureNC100.24. Sintered parts made from PNC60 exhibithigh strength in combination with very high ductility.The phosphorus enhances sintering, allowing shortersintering times and lower temperatures to be used.

PASC60 like PNC60 contains 0.60% phosphorus but isbased on ASC100.29, which gives the powder very highcompressibility. Sintered parts made from PASC60exhibit high strength in combination with very highductility. An addition of graphite and/or copper will givestill higher strength with retained or even improveddimensional stability. PASC60 is also suitable forcomponents requiring good soft magnetic properties.

14


Diffusion-alloyed Grades

Distaloy SA is based on the sponge iron grade SC 100.26, to which 1.75% Ni, 1.5% Cu and 0.5% Mohave beendiffusion bonded. Distaloy SA is recommended for densities up to 6.9 g/cm3 after single pressing. With the addition of graphite, a sintered tensile strength of 600 MPa can be achieved.Distaloy SA has a high green strength. This powder iswell suited for parts requiring heat treatment.

Distaloy AB has the same chemical composition as Distaloy SA, 1.75% Ni, 1.5% Cu and 0.5% Mo, but is based on the high-purity atomized powder ASC100.29.Distaloy AB can be single pressed to densities of around7.2 g/cm3. With the addition of graphite, a sinteredtensile strength of 650 MPa can be achieved. Afterheat treatment the strength can be raised to 1000 MPa.

Distaloy AE is in principle the same powder as Distaloy AB but with Ni content increased to 4%. Cu and Mo contents are 1.5% and 0.5% respectively. High Nicontent and good compressibility makes it possible to produce materials with a sintered tensile strength of 750 MPa. Distaloy AE exhibits good hardenability and

Distaloy AF is similar to Distaloy AE but with higheralloying contents: 5% Ni, 2% Cu and 1% Mo. With the addition of graphite, a tensile strength up to 850 MPa can be obtained after single pressing and

dimensional stability.

sintering.

15


p

e

.

h

n

Distaloy DC (DC = Dimensional Control) is a low-alloyed powder specially developed to obtain both a stable dimensional change independent of the density and a high strength after sintering. By adding graphite, a tensile strength up to 700 MPa can be obtained aftersingle pressing and sintering. Distaloy DC is producedby diffusion bonding 2% nickel to Astaloy Mo (itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This double alloying technique ensures a good compressibility and a

Distaloy DH (DH = Direct Hardening) is a low-alloyedpowder which exhibits an extremely good hardenability.The additional copper increases the hardenability of Distaloy DH further compared to Astaloy Mo. Thismakes it suitable for all common heat treatment processes including sinter hardening. With additions of graphite, a tensile strength up to 700 MPa can be obtained after single pressing and sintering. Distaloy DHisproduced by diffusion bonding 2% copper to Astaloy Mo (itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This double alloying technique ensures a good compressibility

Distaloy HP (HP = High Performance) contains 4% nickel, 2% copper and 1.4% molybdenum. Very high strength is obtained after sintering with a dimensional change that is close to zero. With additions of graphite, a tensile strength up to 850 MPa can be obtained after single pressing and sintering. Distaloy HP is produced by diffusionbonding 4% nickel and 2% copper to Astaloy Mo (itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This double alloying technique ensures a good compressibility and a small scattering of dimensions.

small scattering of dimensions.

and a small scattering of dimensions.

16


Pre-alloyed Grades

Astaloy 85 Mo is a water-atomized steel powdercontaining 0.85% Mo, balance iron. The lowermolybdenum content compared to Astaloy Mo givesAstaloy 85 Mo a somewhat higher compressibility, and alower hardenability. The latter makes it easier to avoidthrough-hardening of thin sections during surface heattreatment. Astaloy 85 Mo is often used as-sintered withaddition of copper and/or nickel.

Astaloy Mo is a water-atomized steel powder pre-alloyedwith 1.5% molybdenum. This grade exhibits highcompressibility and a homogeneous microstructure aftersintering. This, in combination with its optimalhardenability, makes this powder an excellent choice forparts requiring surface hardening. The result is highsurface hardness and good core toughness. Astaloy Mo isoften used as-sintered with additions of copper and/or

Astaloy A is a water-atomized steel powder which is pre-alloyed with 1.9 % Ni and 0.55 % Mo. Thiscomposition results in a high hardenability. The materialis often used with the addition of copper making itsuitable for sinter hardening. Astaloy A can also be usedfor different types of heat treatments with or without the

Astaloy B is a water-atomized steel powder which is pre-alloyed with 0.45 % Ni, 0.6 % Mo and 0.3% Mn. Thisis an established alloying system used mainly in heattreated applications often with additions of copper or

nickel.

copper addition.

nickel.

17


a

o

d

r

r

is

e-

al

de

e-

Astaloy CrL is a water atomized iron powder pre-alloyedwith 1.5% Cr and 0.2% Mo. The composition results inhigh hardenability comparable to Astaloy A. This makesit suitable for sinter hardening preferably with smalladditions of copper. Astaloy CrL has a goodcompressibility due to the low oxygen content. The fully

microstructure and dimensional stability.

Astaloy CrM is a water atomized iron powder pre-alloyed with 3% Cr and 0.5% Mo exhibiting anexcellent hardenability. The low oxygen content gives agood compressibility. Very high strength and hardnesscan be achieved after sintering. Astaloy CrM is alsosuitable for high temperature sintering, sinter hardeningand plasma nitriding. The fully pre-alloyed compositionresults in a homogeneous microstructure with very good

pre-alloyed composition results in a homogeneous

properties.

Conditions for sample preparation and testing Powder mixing Alloying elements and lubricants used to establish the data in this manual have been copper powder (-150m) or (-30m), nickel powder (Inco 123), Kropfmhl graphite UF4 96/97% C, zinc stearate, amide wax and Kenolube P11. The type and amount of lubricant and added alloying additives can be found at the bottom of each page with sintered properties. If nothing else is indicated, sintered properties are evaluated on plain mixes. Sintered data are for some materials evaluated on bonded mixes, Starmix or in case of warm compaction, Densmix. Compacting Compaction was made in carbide dies. The spring back was measured on cylinder specimens with a diameter of 25 mm and a height of 20 mm. Steel dies give a spring-back that is usually 0.03-0.07% larger. The spring-back is also dependent on other factors such as geometrical shape and dimensions of the compacted part, tool design, type and amount of lubricant and alloying elements. For warm compacted specimens, the powder was heated to 130C (266F) and the tool die and punches were heated to 140C (284F). Spring-back for compaction was calculated based on the diameter of the tool die at room temperature and diameter of the specimens after cooling down to room temperature. Sintering The sintering was mainly carried out in 90 N2/10 H2 atmosphere but data are also presented for material sintered in endothermic atmosphere (CO2: 0.6%), synthetic DA (75 H2/25 N2) or in the case of sinter hardening 80 N2/20 H2 atmosphere. Carbon values in the graphs represent combined carbon contents. A mesh belt furnace was used for sintering up to 1150C (2100F). Sintering at temperatures above 1150C (2100F) was carried out in a lifting hearth batch furnace.

Sinter hardening For sinter hardening higher cooling rates were obtained by convective cooling in a mesh belt furnace. Three settings on the convective cooling unit were used to obtain different cooling rates, off, 15 Hz and 60 Hz. Cooling rates were estimated from the microstructure of materials for which the structure at different cooling rates is known from dilatometer studies. Variation in cooling rate between different specimens sintered with the same settings of the convective cooling unit was found; however 1C/s (1.8F/s), 2.5C/s (4.5F/s) and 5C/s (9F/s) are good approximations of the cooling rates. Sinter hardened specimens were tempered at 200C (392F) for 60 min. High temperature sintering with sinter hardening The lifting hearth furnace used for high temperature sintering is equipped with a convective cooling unit. This was used to generate data for the combination of high temperature sintering and sinter hardening. In a similar way as for the belt furnace, cooling rates were estimated by studying microstructures of known materials. Three settings were used corresponding to cooling rates of 1C/s (1.8F/s), 2.5C/s (4.5F/s) and 5C/s (9F/s). High temperature sintered specimens were tempered at 200C (392F) for 60 min. Case hardening The parts were carburized at a temperature of 920C (1688F). Material (60 kg/batch) was inserted in the furnace while the carbon potential was kept at a low level. When the material reached 920C the carbon potential was set to 0.8% by adding propane. Carburizing time is defined as the length of time with propane added to the atmosphere. After carburizing the material was quenched in oil at 60C (140F). Tempering was carried out at 180C (355F) for 60 minutes.

Test methods for powder properties and chemical analysis Testing of powder properties and chemical analysis is made according to the following standards: Apparent density ISO 3923-1 : 1979 Flow ISO 4490 : 2001 Sieve analysis ISO 4497 : 1983Compressibility ISO 3927: 2001 Green strength ISO 3995 : 1985 Carbon ISO 9556: 1989 H2-loss ISO 4491-2 : 1997 Test methods for mechanical properties Tensile strength, yield strength, Youngs modulus, elongation, hardness and dimensional change were measured on standard tensile test specimens (ISO 2740-1999) with a length of 90 mm. Serrated heads were used to improve the gripping of the dogs on the tensile testing machine, except in the case of hardened materials. The elongation was measured over a 25 mm gauge length. The hardness was tested with the Vickers and Rockwell B or Rockwell C methods. Impact strength was determined according to EN 10045-1. The specimens were un-notched impact specimens according to ISO 5754. Dimensional change during sintering was measured over the total length of the tensile test specimens (90 mm). The dimensional change was determined from green size to sintered size or in the case of hardened materials, from green to hardened size. Metallography Case depth was measured according to ISO 4507-2000. The effective case depth is read from the curve representing the variation of Vickers hardness at the point corresponding to 550 HV0.1. All microhardness profiles in the curves presented for each base powder, are starting on the same hardness value at the position 0.05 mm from the surface. This value is based on the microhardness of martensite evaluated on a number of specimens. Close to the surface, the carbon content (and thus the hardness of the martensite) should exhibit only minor deviations from carbon potential (0.8%) of the carburizing atmosphere, independent of the added graphite content and the carburizing time. The values at the subsequent levels are microhardness values measured on individual specimens. Ni-containing materials were etched in Picral and materials not containing Ni were etched in Nital.

21

Modelling

e

l

n

Modelling

Design of experiment (DOE) methodology has been used to plan andevaluate the experiments from which the material data originates. Threelevel response surface models are utilized. From the model, each materialproperty is described by a polynomial based on the independent variables inthe investigation (such as density, combined carbon, sintering time etc.).Properties are then predicted and plotted from this model. The predictedproperties do not exactly match the measured data, but a good estimation isobtained. Advantages of this method are that any erroneous data points arefound during the data modelling and that properties can be evaluated on alower number of experiments and yet form a model with high accuracy.

Comments on Case Hardening Material properties after case hardening operation are presented for ASC100.29, Astaloy 85 Mo, Astaloy Mo, Distaloy AB, Distaloy AE, Distaloy DC, Distaloy DH and Distaloy HP. These data show the response of a case hardening on these materials.

Austenitizing and carburizing were carried out at 920C (1688F) for all materials investigated. This temperature is recommended for Astaloy Mo and also for Distaloy DC, Distaloy DH and Distaloy HP which are based on Astaloy Mo. Diffusion alloyed grades based on pure iron powders such as Distaloy AB and Distaloy AE are preferably austenitized at a somewhat lower temperature in the range 870C (1600F) to 890C (1635F). A lower carburizing temperature will demand longer carburizing time to obtain the same case depth. Mechanical properties of a case hardened material are not homogeneous. From the micro hardness profiles, it is observed that hardness decreases from the surface to the center of the specimen. A similar behavior can also be expected for tensile and yield strength while elongation can be assumed to increase with increasing distance to the surface. Youngs modulus is mainly dependent on porosity and is independent of the case hardening operation. Presented data on tensile strength, yield strength and elongation should be viewed as a component test where the component is a tensile test bar. Properties obtained are dependent on the dimensions of the specimen.

33


Plain iron grades

Sponge Iron Powders NC100.24

SC100.26

MH80.23

Atomized Iron Powders AHC100.29

ASC100.29

ABC100.30

34


35

NC100.24

Sponge Iron Powders

NC100.24

36


37

NC100.24

0 10 20 30 40 50

g/cm3

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0Apparent density versus mixing time

1

1. Zn-stearate

2. Kenolube P11

3. Amide wax2

3

200 300 400 500 600 700 8000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

% Spring back versus compacting pressure

1. 0.8% Zn-stearate

2. 0.6% Kenolube P112

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

7.2Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm3

Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-stearate or 0.6% Kenolube P11

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

1

38


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

MPa

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)

Tensile strength 103 psi

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44103 psi

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

Sintered density (g/cm3)

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3Dimensional change%

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


8

11

13

16

19

21

24Elongation%

NC100.24

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

39

NC100.24

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44103 psi

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.

NC100.24 + C

40


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0

MPa

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2% Cu

4% Cu


15

22

29

36

44

51

58

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44103 psi

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.

NC100.24 + Cu

41

NC100.24

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.6% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.050

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87103 psi

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

NC100.24 + 2% Cu + C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C, (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

42


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.2% C

0.6% C


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.050

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87103 psi

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%


NC100.24 + 4% Cu + C

43

NC100.24

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87103 psi

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

NC100.24 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni


44


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.2% C

0.6% C


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.050

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87103 psi

6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%


NC100.24 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C

45

NC100.24

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)


15

22

29

36

44

51

58

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2Dimensional change%

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


6

9

11

14

17

19

22Elongation%

NC100.24 + 3% Ni


46


0 1 2 3 4 5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.6% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

0 1 2 3 4 550

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87103 psi

0 1 2 3 4 5

Copper content (%)

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8


0 1 2 3 4 5

Copper content (%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

NC100.24 + Cu + C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 500 MPa (density approximately 6.6 g/cm3) S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

47

SC100.26

SC100.26

48


49

SC100.26

0 10 20 30 40 50

g/cm

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1


1 1. Zn-stearate

2. Kenolube P11

3. Amide wax23

200 300 400 500 600 700 8000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


12

1. 0.8% Zn-stearate


200 300 400 500 600 700 800


6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.4Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm

Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-stearate or 0.6% Kenolube P11

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

50


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)


0

7

15

22

29

36

44

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


8

11

13

16

19

21

24Elongation%

S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.

SC100.26

51

SC100.26

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


15

22

29

36

44

51

58

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

SC100.26 + C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

52


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

MPa

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2% Cu

4% Cu


15

22

29

36

44

51

58

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.

SC100.26 + Cu

53

SC100.26

6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.6% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.250

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.20

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%


SC100.26 + 2% Cu + C

54


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.2% C

0.6% C


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.150

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8


6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

SC100.26 + 4% Cu + C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

55

SC100.26

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.

SC100.26 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni

56


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.2% C

0.6% C


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.350

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%


SC100.26 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C

57

SC100.26

6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4

MPa

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)


15

22

29

36

44

51

58

6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.40

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.40

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4


-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0


6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4


6

9

11

14

17

19

22

Elongation%

SC100.26 + 3% Ni


58


0 1 2 3 4 5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.6% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

0 1 2 3 4 550

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

0 1 2 3 4 50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

0 1 2 3 4 5

Copper content (%)

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8


0 1 2 3 4 5

Copper content (%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 500 MPa Density approximately 6.9 g/cm3

SC100.26 + Cu + C

59

MH80.23

MH80.23

60


61

MH80.23

0 10 20 30 40 50

g/cm3

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7


1

1. Zn-stearate

2. Kenolube P11

3. Amide wax23

100 200 300 400 500 600 7000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3


12

1. 0.8% Zn-stearate


100 200 300 400 500 600 700


5.2

5.4

5.6

5.8

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8


Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-steatare or 0.6% Kenolube P11

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

62


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

7

15

22

29

36

44

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


1

2

3

4

5

6

7Elongation%

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8% C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

MH80.23 + C (1050C)

63

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


7

15

22

29

36

44

51

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0Dimensional change%

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


1

2

3

4

5

6

7Elongation%

MH80.23 + C (1120C)

S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.

64


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


7

15

22

29

36

44

51

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


1

2

3

4

5

6

7Elongation%

MH80.23 + 2% Cu + C (1050C)

S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8% C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.

65

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525

50

75

100

125

150

175

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 2% Cu + C (1120C)


66


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 5% Cu + C (1050C)



67

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 5% Cu + C (1120C)


68


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525

50

75

100

125

150

175

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-0.0

0.1

0.2


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 8% Cu + C (1050C)



69

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525

50

75

100

125

150

175

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

MH80.23 + 8% Cu + C (1120C)

70


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525

50

75

100

125

150

175

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


1

2

3

4

5

6

7Elongation%

MH80.23 + 0.45% P + C (1050C)



71

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525

50

75

100

125

150

175

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 0.45% P + C (1120C)


72


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525

50

75

100

125

150

175

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%


MH80.23 + 2% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

73

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 2% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)


74


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.550

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%


MH80.23 + 5% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

75

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 5% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)


76


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0% C (DA)

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.550

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

-0.0

0.2

0.4


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%


MH80.23 + 8% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)

77

MH80.23

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

HV10 Hardness

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


-0.9

-0.7

-0.5

-0.3

-0.1

0.1


5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

MH80.23 + 8% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)


78


79

AHC100.29

AHC100.29

80


81

AHC100.29

0 10 20 30 40 50

g/cm3

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4


1

1. Zn-stearate

2. Amide wax

2

300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


1. 0.8% Zn-stearate


2

300 400 500 600 700 800 900


6.6

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.4


Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-stearate 0.6% Kenolube P11

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

82


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

50

100

150

200

250

300 Tensile str.

Yield str

Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

1120C (2050F) 1250C (2280F)

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.60

20

40

60

80

100

120Impact energyJ

0.0

14.7

29.5

44.2

59.0

73.7

88.4

Ft lb

6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6

Sintered density (g/cm)

6

9

12

15

18

21

24Elongation%

6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6


-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1


AHC100.29

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa conventional compaction, S: 1120C (2050F) and 1250C (2280F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

83

AHC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

15

30

45

60

75

90Impact energyJ

0.0

11.0

22.1

33.1

44.2

55.2

66.3

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

3

6

9

12

15

18Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2


AHC100.29 + C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

84


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0% Cu 2% Cu 5% Cu

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

15

30

45

60

75

90Impact energyJ

0.0

11.0

22.1

33.1

44.2

55.2

66.3

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

3

6

9

12

15

18Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0


AHC100.29 + Cu


85

AHC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 Tensile str.

Yield str


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.575

100

125

150

175

200

225

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0.2% C 0.5% C 0.8% C

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

10

20

30

40

50

60Impact energyJ

0.0

7.4

14.7

22.1

29.5

36.8

44.2

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + C


86


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 Tensile str.

Yield str


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5100

125

150

175

200

225

250

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

10

20

30

40

50

60Impact energyJ

0.0

7.4

14.7

22.1

29.5

36.8

44.2

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2


AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + 0.8% C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

87

AHC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 Tensile str.

Yield str


29

44

58

73

87

102

116

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5100

125

150

175

200

225

250

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0.2% C 0.5% C 0.8% C

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

10

20

30

40

50

60Impact energyJ

0.0

7.4

14.7

22.1

29.5

36.8

44.2

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5


AHC100.29 + 5% Cu + C


88


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0% Ni 2% Ni 4% Ni

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

15

30

45

60

75

90Impact energyJ

0.0

11.0

22.1

33.1

44.2

55.2

66.3

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

3

6

9

12

15

18Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1


AHC100.29 + Ni


89

AHC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.550

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

15

30

45

60

75

90Impact energyJ

0.0

11.0

22.1

33.1

44.2

55.2

66.3

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1


AHC100.29 + 2% Ni + C


90


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5100

125

150

175

200

225

250

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

10

20

30

40

50

60Impact energyJ

0.0

7.4

14.7

22.1

29.5

36.8

44.2

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1


AHC100.29 + 2% Ni + 0.8% C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

91

AHC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.575

100

125

150

175

200

225

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

15

30

45

60

75

90Impact energyJ

0.0

11.0

22.1

33.1

44.2

55.2

66.3

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1


AHC100.29 + 4% Ni + C


92


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 Tensile str.

Yield str


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

10

20

30

40

50

60Impact energyJ

0.0

7.4

14.7

22.1

29.5

36.8

44.2

Ft lb

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + 2% Ni + C


93

AHC100.29

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Tensile str.

Yield str


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.850

75

100

125

150

175

200

HV10 Hardness

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

HRB

HV10 HRB

C 2% Cu + C 2% Ni + C

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.880

100

120

140

160

180

200

GPa Young's modulus

11.6

14.5

17.4

20.3

23.2

26.1

29.0

106 psi

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.80

10

20

30

40

50

60Impact energyJ

0.0

7.4

14.7

22.1

29.5

36.8

44.2

Ft lb

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Combined carbon (%)

0

3

6

9

12

15

18Elongation%

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Combined carbon (%)

-0.60

-0.35

-0.10

0.15

0.40

0.65


AHC100.29 (+ 2% Cu) (+ 2% Ni) + C (7.0 g/cm)

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: conventional compaction (sintered density 7.0 g/cm),S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

94


95

ASC100.29

ASC100.29

96


97

ASC100.29

0 10 20 30 40 50

g/cm3

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4


1

1. Zn-stearate

2. Kenolube P11

3. Amide wax23

300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4


1. 0.8% Zn-stearate


2

1

300 400 500 600 700 800 900


6.6

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.4


Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-st 0.6% Kenolube P11

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

98


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1120C (2050F)

1220C (2230F)


0

7

15

22

29

36

44

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


12

14

16

18

20

22

24Elongation%

ASC100.29

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220 C (2230F), 30 min in syntethic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

99

ASC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.5% C

0.8% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.0

0.1


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.

ASC100.29 + C

100


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2% Cu

4% Cu


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

25

50

75

100

125

150

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

50

100

150

200

250

300

MPa Yield strength

0

7

15

22

29

36

44

103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


2

4

6

8

10

12

14Elongation%

S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in syntethic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.

ASC100.29 + Cu

101

ASC100.29

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5

MPa

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.2% C

0.6% C


0

15

29

44

58

73

87

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.575

100

125

150

175

200

225

HV10 Hardness

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5


6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5


0

2

4

6

8

10

12Elongation%

ASC100.29 + 2% Cu + C

MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P: 400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.

102


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3

MPa

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0.2% C

0.6% C


15

29

44

58

73

87

102

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.375

100

125

150

175

200

225

HV10 Hardness

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30

100

200

300

400

500

600

MPa Yield strength

0

15

29

44

58

73

87

103 psi

6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3


6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3


0

1

2

3

4

5

6Elongation%

S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-

handbook no.0 höganäs iron and steel powders for sintered components

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