hairs and fibers. morphology and structure of hair
TRANSCRIPT
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Hairs and FibersHairs and Fibers
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Morphology and Structure Morphology and Structure of Hairof Hair
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Morphology (Structure) of Morphology (Structure) of HairHair
An appendage of An appendage of the skin that grows the skin that grows out of an organ out of an organ known as the hair known as the hair follicle.follicle.
Extends from its Extends from its root or bulb root or bulb embedded in the embedded in the follicle, continues follicle, continues into a shaft, and into a shaft, and terminates at a tip terminates at a tip end.end.
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The Shaft of HairThe Shaft of Hair
Composed of Composed of three layers: three layers: cuticle, cortex, cuticle, cortex, and medulla.and medulla.
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Morphology: Morphology: CuticleCuticle Protective coating made Protective coating made
of overlapping scales, of overlapping scales, produce a characteristic produce a characteristic patternpattern
Scales always point Scales always point toward tip of hairtoward tip of hair
Not useful in Not useful in individualizing human hairindividualizing human hair
Can be used for species Can be used for species identificationidentification
http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_35/hair_twh_35_02.jpg
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Preserving Preserving scale patternscale pattern Since examination of Since examination of
internal structure of hair internal structure of hair requires loss of scale requires loss of scale pattern, a scale case is pattern, a scale case is made.made.
Clear nail polish on Clear nail polish on microscope slidemicroscope slide
Hair embedded and Hair embedded and allowed to dry before allowed to dry before removed.removed.
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Differences between Differences between animal hairs & animal hairs & human hairshuman hairs There are three basic scale structures There are three basic scale structures
that make up the cuticle:that make up the cuticle:
1.1. coronal (crown-like)coronal (crown-like)
2.2. spinous (petal-like)spinous (petal-like)
3.3. imbricate (flattened)imbricate (flattened)
Combinations and variations of these Combinations and variations of these types are possible.types are possible.
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2004/research/2004_01_research01b.htm
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Differences between Differences between animal hairs & human animal hairs & human
hairshairs 1. Coronal, or crown-like scale 1. Coronal, or crown-like scale
pattern:pattern: hairs of very fine diameterhairs of very fine diameter resemble a stack of paper cupsresemble a stack of paper cups commonly found in the hairs of small commonly found in the hairs of small
rodents and bats, but rarely in human rodents and bats, but rarely in human hairshairs
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2004/research/2004_01_research01b.htm
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Differences : animal Differences : animal hairs & human hairshairs & human hairs2. Spinous or petal-like scales:2. Spinous or petal-like scales:
triangular in shape and protrude from triangular in shape and protrude from the hair shaftthe hair shaftare found at the proximal region of are found at the proximal region of mink hairs and on the fur hairs of mink hairs and on the fur hairs of seals, cats, and some other animalsseals, cats, and some other animalsnever found in human hairs never found in human hairs
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/jan2004/research/2004_01_research01b.htm
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Differences between animal Differences between animal hairs & human hairshairs & human hairs3. Imbricate or flattened scales:3. Imbricate or flattened scales:
consist of overlapping scales with consist of overlapping scales with narrow marginsnarrow marginscommonly found in human hairs and commonly found in human hairs and many animal hairsmany animal hairs
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Differences between animal Differences between animal hairs and human hairshairs and human hairs
Human hairs are generally Human hairs are generally consistent in color; consistent in color; whereas animal hairs may whereas animal hairs may exhibit radical color exhibit radical color changes in a short changes in a short distance, called distance, called bandingbanding. .
The pigmentation of human The pigmentation of human hairs is evenly distributed, hairs is evenly distributed, or slightly more dense or slightly more dense toward the cuticle; whereas toward the cuticle; whereas the pigmentation of animal the pigmentation of animal hairs is more centrally hairs is more centrally distributed, although more distributed, although more dense toward the medulladense toward the medulla. .
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Morphology: CortexMorphology: Cortex Made of spindle-shaped Made of spindle-shaped
cells aligned in a cells aligned in a regular array, parallel to regular array, parallel to the length of the hairthe length of the hair
Embedded with Embedded with pigment granules that pigment granules that give hair its colorgive hair its color
The color, shape and The color, shape and distribution of the distribution of the granules provide points granules provide points for forensic comparisonfor forensic comparison
www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_59.htm
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Your natural Hair color is Your natural Hair color is determined by three determined by three
factorsfactors
1. The type of natural color pigment 1. The type of natural color pigment melanin present in your hair's melanin present in your hair's cortex. cortex. Eumelanin (black pigment) Eumelanin (black pigment) Phenomelanin (red/yellow Phenomelanin (red/yellow
pigment) pigment) 2. Number of melanin granules 2. Number of melanin granules 3. Spacing of those granules (close 3. Spacing of those granules (close
together or far apart)together or far apart)
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How Melanin pigments How Melanin pigments determine your natural hair determine your natural hair
color: color: Black hair: densely packed melanin granules, full of Black hair: densely packed melanin granules, full of eumelanineumelanin
Brown hair: loose pattern of eumelanin-filled Brown hair: loose pattern of eumelanin-filled
granules or granules blended with eumelanin and granules or granules blended with eumelanin and phenomelanin phenomelanin
Blonde hair: few granules with minimal bits of Blonde hair: few granules with minimal bits of eumelanin… In fact, the eumelanin is so sparse eumelanin… In fact, the eumelanin is so sparse that the color of blonde hair is the color of the hair that the color of blonde hair is the color of the hair fiber itself. fiber itself.
Red hair: loosely packed granules containing Red hair: loosely packed granules containing phenomelaninphenomelanin
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What causes gray hair?What causes gray hair? As you age, your natural production of As you age, your natural production of
pigment slows down and your natural pigment slows down and your natural color loses its color strength. color loses its color strength.
This doesn't happen to every hair at the This doesn't happen to every hair at the same time, so the contrast between the same time, so the contrast between the hair with no color and the hair that still hair with no color and the hair that still has some color causes it to look gray. has some color causes it to look gray.
So how gray your hair actually looks is So how gray your hair actually looks is determined by the percentage of determined by the percentage of strands with no color vs. the pigmented strands with no color vs. the pigmented strands. strands.
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Morphology: Morphology: MedullaMedulla
Canal-like structure of cells that runs Canal-like structure of cells that runs through the center of the cortexthrough the center of the cortex
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Medullary Medullary IndexIndex
Measure of the diameter of the Measure of the diameter of the medulla relative to the diameter of medulla relative to the diameter of the hair shaftthe hair shaft
Usually expressed as a fractionUsually expressed as a fraction Humans: medullary index < 1/3Humans: medullary index < 1/3 Animals: medullary index > 1/2Animals: medullary index > 1/2
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Medullae Medullae of of
Different Different SpeciesSpecies
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Medulla ShapeMedulla Shape Medulla shape is another characteristic Medulla shape is another characteristic
that varies from species to speciesthat varies from species to species
UNISERIAL (rabbit)
MULTISERIAL (rabbit)
VACUOLATED (dog, fox,
common)
LATTICE (deer)
AMORPHOUS (human, common)20
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Medulla of Different Medulla of Different SpeciesSpecies
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Forensic Forensic Analysis of Analysis of
MedullaMedulla Presence of medulla varies quite a bit: even Presence of medulla varies quite a bit: even
hair to hairhair to hair Human head hairs generally have no medulla Human head hairs generally have no medulla
or may be fragmented ones; except or may be fragmented ones; except Mongoloid (Asian) race whose medulla is Mongoloid (Asian) race whose medulla is usually continuoususually continuous
Most animals have medulla that is continuous Most animals have medulla that is continuous or interruptedor interrupted
The shape of the medulla can help identify a The shape of the medulla can help identify a speciesspecies
Examples:Examples: Most animals and humans: cylindrical Most animals and humans: cylindrical Cats: string of pearlsCats: string of pearls Deer: spherical occupying whole hair shaftDeer: spherical occupying whole hair shaft
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Comparison of Animal and Comparison of Animal and Human HairHuman Hair
Medullary Index ≥1/2
Medulla is present for Medulla is present for all animalsall animals
Medulla is continuous Medulla is continuous for most animalsfor most animals
Medulla is patterned for Medulla is patterned for most animalsmost animals
The pattern can tell The pattern can tell the species!the species!
Medullary Index <1/3
Medulla is absent for Medulla is absent for most humansmost humans
Medulla is Medulla is continuous for continuous for Mongoloid raceMongoloid race
Medulla is fragmented – only some animals and humans
Medulla is cylindrical in shape (most animals)
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Identification and Identification and Comparison of HairComparison of Hair
Morphological Characteristics do Morphological Characteristics do not allow individualization not allow individualization of a of a human hair to any single head or human hair to any single head or bodybody
Hair when collected with an Hair when collected with an adequate number of adequate number of standards/references can provide standards/references can provide strongstrong circumstantial evidencecircumstantial evidence
Scale structure, medullary index, Scale structure, medullary index, and medullary shapeand medullary shape are most are most often used for hair comparisonoften used for hair comparison
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Human HairsHuman Hairs(Testify)(Testify)
Racial DeterminationRacial Determination Body AreaBody Area Age and Sex?Age and Sex? Forcibly Removed?Forcibly Removed?
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Can the racial origin Can the racial origin of hair be of hair be
determined?determined? Forensic terms: Forensic terms: Caucasoid, African/West Caucasoid, African/West India, MongoloidIndia, Mongoloid
Mongoloid has Mongoloid has continuous medullaecontinuous medullae
Caucasian has even Caucasian has even distribution of pigment distribution of pigment in cortexin cortex
African/West India has African/West India has unevenly distributed unevenly distributed pigment.pigment.
http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/deedric1.htm
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Racial DeterminationRacial Determination
African
Mongoloid
Caucasoid
Usually kinky, containing dense, unevenly distributed pigments.
Cross section is flat to oval in shape.
Usually straight or wavy with very fine to coarse pigments that are more evenly distributed .
Cross section are oval to round in shape.
Usually coarse containing pigment granules larger in size than Caucasians.
Cross sections are round in shape.
Cross section
varieties.
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Head Hairs
Long with moderate shaft diameter and diameter variation Long with moderate shaft diameter and diameter variation
Medulla absent to continuous and relatively narrow when Medulla absent to continuous and relatively narrow when compared to the structure of hairs from other body areas compared to the structure of hairs from other body areas
Often with cut or split tips Often with cut or split tips
Can show artificial treatment, solar bleaching, or Can show artificial treatment, solar bleaching, or mechanical damage mechanical damage
Soft texture, pliable Soft texture, pliable
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Pubic Hairs
Medulla relatively broad and usually continuous when present
Root frequently with tag
Tip usually tapered, rounded, or abraded
Stiff texture, wiry
Shaft diameter coarse with wide variations and buckling
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Limb HairsLimb Hairs
Tips usually Tips usually tapered, often tapered, often blunt and blunt and abraded, abraded, rounded scale rounded scale ends due to ends due to wearwear
Diameter fine with little Diameter fine with little variation variation
Gross appearance of hair Gross appearance of hair is arc-like in shape is arc-like in shape
Medulla is Medulla is discontinuous to discontinuous to trace with a trace with a granular granular appearanceappearance
Soft textureSoft texture
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Facial Hairs (Beard/Mustache)
Diameter very coarse with Diameter very coarse with irregular or triangular cross-irregular or triangular cross-sectional shape sectional shape
Medulla very broad and Medulla very broad and continuous, may be doubledcontinuous, may be doubled
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Chest Hairs
Shaft diameter moderate and variable Shaft diameter moderate and variable
Tip often darker in color, long and fine, Tip often darker in color, long and fine, arc-like arc-like
Medulla may be granular Medulla may be granular
Stiff texture Stiff texture
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Axillary or Underarm Axillary or Underarm HairsHairs
Resemble pubic hairs in general Resemble pubic hairs in general appearance, but less wiry appearance, but less wiry
Medullary appearance similar to limb hairs Medullary appearance similar to limb hairs
Diameter moderate and variable with less Diameter moderate and variable with less buckling than pubic hairs buckling than pubic hairs
Tips long and fine, frequently with bleached Tips long and fine, frequently with bleached appearanceappearance
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Other Body Hairs
Eyebrow: Eyebrow: Stubby, some Stubby, some diameter fluctuation, saber-like in diameter fluctuation, saber-like in appearance appearance
Eyelash: Eyelash: Short, stubby with little Short, stubby with little shaft diameter fluctuation, saber-shaft diameter fluctuation, saber-like in appearance like in appearance
Trunk: Trunk: A combination of features of limb A combination of features of limb and pubic hairs, a transitional hair and pubic hairs, a transitional hair
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Tip of the ShaftTip of the Shaft
Burned Cut Razored Split
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Root of HairRoot of Hair Provide the tools to produce hair and Provide the tools to produce hair and
continue its growthcontinue its growth 3 Stages of Growth 3 Stages of Growth (different looking roots)(different looking roots)
AnagenAnagen -initial phase may last up to 6 years, -initial phase may last up to 6 years, root is flame shapedroot is flame shaped
CatagenCatagen –transition phase (2-3 weeks), root is –transition phase (2-3 weeks), root is elongatedelongated
Telogen Telogen –phase where hair naturally falls out of –phase where hair naturally falls out of the skin, root is club-shapedthe skin, root is club-shaped
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Hair Growth CycleHair Growth Cycle
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Forcibly Removed?Forcibly Removed?
Pulled Forcibly Removed Shed
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A normal telogen hair with a hard 'club' end, seen under (left) a light microscope and (right) an electron microscope
An anagen hair that has been plucked out: notice the soft, sticky tail
Brushed-out hairs all have this kind of root.
This is an anagen hair, one which was pulled out and not ready to be shed.
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Collection of Hair Collection of Hair EvidenceEvidence
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Collection of Hair Collection of Hair EvidenceEvidence
Questioned and Reference hair must Questioned and Reference hair must come from same area of the body; come from same area of the body; one cannot, for instance compare one cannot, for instance compare head hair to pubic hair.head hair to pubic hair.
The collection of 50 full length hairs The collection of 50 full length hairs from all areas of the scalp will from all areas of the scalp will normally ensure a representative normally ensure a representative sampling of head hair.sampling of head hair.
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Collection of Hair Collection of Hair EvidenceEvidence
A minimum collection of 24 full length A minimum collection of 24 full length pubic hairs should cover the range of pubic hairs should cover the range of characteristics present in this type of characteristics present in this type of hair.hair.
All collected hairs must be full-length All collected hairs must be full-length so that the investigator can see if the so that the investigator can see if the color and morphological features vary color and morphological features vary throughout the length of the hair.throughout the length of the hair.
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What does this mean…..?What does this mean…..? To victims of a Sexual To victims of a Sexual
Assault?Assault?
Do you think this would Do you think this would increase or decrease the increase or decrease the likelihood that a person likelihood that a person would file charges against would file charges against their attacker?their attacker?
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Packaging of Hair Packaging of Hair EvidenceEvidence
Recover all hair present. If possible, use fingers or tweezers to pick up hair, place in paper bindles or coin envelopes which should then be folded and sealed in larger envelopes.
Label the outer sealed envelope.
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If hair is attached, such as in dry blood, or caught in metal or a crack of glass, do not attempt to remove it but rather leave hair intact on the object.
If the object is small, mark it, wrap it, and seal it in an envelope.
If the object is large, wrap the area containing the hair in paper to prevent loss of hairs during shipment
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Fibers…. Fibers….
Fall into two main categories….Fall into two main categories…. 1. Natural1. Natural non- synthetic non- synthetic 2. Man- Made 2. Man- Made synthetic synthetic
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Fibers: Natural---Non-Fibers: Natural---Non-syntheticsynthetic
Derived entirely from animal or Derived entirely from animal or plant sourcesplant sources
Most prevalent plant fiber is Most prevalent plant fiber is cotton. cotton.
Its widespread use has made its Its widespread use has made its evidential value almost evidential value almost meaninglessmeaningless
Cotton has a ribbon-like shape Cotton has a ribbon-like shape with twists at regular intervals with twists at regular intervals
Animal sources include sheep Animal sources include sheep (wool), goats (mohair, (wool), goats (mohair, cashmere) and many other cashmere) and many other sourcessources
http://www.swicofil.com/images/cotton_microscopic.jpg http://www.e4s.org.uk/textilesonline/content/6library/report1/images/microscope_2.gif
Wool
Cotton
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Linen - stem fiber from flax plant
Kapok - from seed hairs of kapok plant
Other fibers - Manila, hemp, sisal, jute
Other Plant FibersOther Plant Fibers::
Trace > Fibers > Natural
CottonLinen Hemp
sisal
jute
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Mineral FibersMineral Fibers
Asbestos - crystalline material Used to be used for insulation Fractures into thin rods that
can get into your lungs; can kill you
Not used much anymore
Trace > Fibers > Natural
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Filament: Long continuous fiber (like silk)
Staple: Filament is cut into smaller pieces; staples are spun together to form thread (like cotton)
Trace > Fibers
Filament vs. StapleFilament vs. Staple
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Man-Made Fibers: aka Man-Made Fibers: aka “Synthetic”“Synthetic”
Fibers derived from either natural or Fibers derived from either natural or synthetic polymerssynthetic polymers
The fibers are made by forcing The fibers are made by forcing polymeric material through the holes polymeric material through the holes of a spinneretof a spinneret
Rayon and then nylon were the first Rayon and then nylon were the first two man-made fibers (year 1911)two man-made fibers (year 1911)
http://www.naturalvisions.co.uk/pictures/thumbnail/XMIC_0021_0001XX.jpg
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Man-Made Fibers Con’tMan-Made Fibers Con’t Regenerated FibersRegenerated Fibers
Made from regenerated cellulose (wood or Made from regenerated cellulose (wood or cotton pulp) cotton pulp)
Include such fibers as rayon, acetate, and Include such fibers as rayon, acetate, and triacetatetriacetate
Synthetic Fibers Synthetic Fibers Currently manufacturedCurrently manufactured Made from synthetic chemicals called polymersMade from synthetic chemicals called polymers Include such fibers as nylons, polyesters, and Include such fibers as nylons, polyesters, and
acrylicsacrylics
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Class characteristicsClass characteristics
Trace > Fibers > Analysis
Color: microscopic examination
Size: length and width can be measured
Shape: cross section is viewed
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ID and Comparison of ID and Comparison of Man-Made FibersMan-Made Fibers
Fabrics that can be fitted together at their torn Fabrics that can be fitted together at their torn edge are easy to matchedge are easy to match
Microscopic comparison of color and diameterMicroscopic comparison of color and diameter Comparison of lengthwise striations and pitting Comparison of lengthwise striations and pitting
on the surface of a fiberon the surface of a fiber The shape of the fiber—ex. Wayne Williams caseThe shape of the fiber—ex. Wayne Williams case
Cross sections are generally helpfulCross sections are generally helpful Note: Combined factors of color, size, shape, Note: Combined factors of color, size, shape,
microscopic appearance, chemical composition, microscopic appearance, chemical composition, and dye content make it very unlikely to find two and dye content make it very unlikely to find two different people wearing identical fabricsdifferent people wearing identical fabrics
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ID and Comparison of ID and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers con’t.Man-Made Fibers con’t.
The chemical makeup of the fiber itself can be The chemical makeup of the fiber itself can be examined through the following:examined through the following:
Infrared microspectrophotometryInfrared microspectrophotometry Refractive IndexRefractive Index
The chemical makeup of the dyes in the fiber The chemical makeup of the dyes in the fiber can be examined through the following:can be examined through the following:
Liquid chromatographyLiquid chromatography Visible light microspectrophotometryVisible light microspectrophotometry
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Chemical Composition: determined by Chemical Composition: determined by advanced instrumentationadvanced instrumentation
Trace > Fibers > Analysis
Class characteristics
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PaintForensicsPaintForensics
What is paint?What is paint? What crimes are paint involved in?What crimes are paint involved in? How is paint collected?How is paint collected? How is paint analyzed in the lab?How is paint analyzed in the lab?
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What is paint?What is paint?
Colored chemical coating Covers cars and houses
Trace > Paint
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Paint contains 3 types of substances: Vehicle – binds components together,
adjusts the viscosity ( how well it flows) Pigment – gives paint color Extenders – used to modify gloss, texture,
opacity, etc.
What is paint?What is paint?Trace > Paint
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Automotive PaintAutomotive Paint
Electrocoat primer Electrocoat primer – the first layer – the first layer applied to the steel body of the car.applied to the steel body of the car.
* The primer consists of epoxy based * The primer consists of epoxy based resins which is electroplated onto resins which is electroplated onto
the the steel body of the automobile to steel body of the automobile to provide provide corrosion resistance.corrosion resistance.
* The color of these electrodeposition * The color of these electrodeposition primers ranges from black to gray.primers ranges from black to gray.
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Automotive PaintAutomotive Paint Primer surfacer Primer surfacer – layer of coating that – layer of coating that
usually follows the electrocoat layer and is usually follows the electrocoat layer and is applied before the base coat.applied before the base coat.
*Primer surfacers are epoxy modified *Primer surfacers are epoxy modified polyesters polyesters or urethanes.or urethanes.
** This layer is highly pigmented. Color ** This layer is highly pigmented. Color pigments are used so as to minimize color pigments are used so as to minimize color
contrast between primer and topcoats.contrast between primer and topcoats.
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Automotive PaintAutomotive Paint Basecoat Basecoat – layer that provides the color and – layer that provides the color and
aesthetics of the finish and therefore represents aesthetics of the finish and therefore represents the “eye appeal” of the finished automobile.the “eye appeal” of the finished automobile.
**The integrity of this layer is dependent on its **The integrity of this layer is dependent on its ability to resist the elements of weather, ability to resist the elements of weather,
UV UV radiation and acid rain.radiation and acid rain.
There is also a growing trend toward pearl There is also a growing trend toward pearl luster or mica pigments.luster or mica pigments.
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Automotive Paint:Making Automotive Paint:Making PaintPaint
Mica pigments Mica pigments are coated with layers are coated with layers of metal oxide to generate of metal oxide to generate interference colors.interference colors.
The addition of The addition of aluminum flakes aluminum flakes to to automotive paint will impart a automotive paint will impart a metallic look to the paint’s finish.metallic look to the paint’s finish.
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Automotive PaintAutomotive Paint ClearcoatClearcoat – An unpigmented – An unpigmented
clearcoat is clearcoat is applied to improve gloss, applied to improve gloss, durability and durability and appearance. appearance.
* Most clearcoats are acrylic * Most clearcoats are acrylic based, but polyurethane based, but polyurethane clearcoats are increasing inclearcoats are increasing inpopularity.popularity. * The clearcoat provides an * The clearcoat provides an outstanding etch resistance andoutstanding etch resistance andappearance.appearance.
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What crimes are paint involved in?What crimes are paint involved in?
Hit and Runs – paint from car left at scene Other vehicular accidents Home invasion – windows; on suspect
Trace > Paint
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How is paint collected? How is paint collected?
Visually by hand or with forceps. Packaged in sealed containers.
Trace > Paint
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How is paint analyzed?How is paint analyzed?
1. Possibly a physical match (jigsaw-like)
2. Associate the unknown paint with a known sample (class characteristics)
Trace > Paint
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Chemical composition determined by FT-IRFTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) Spectroscopy, or simply FTIR Analysis, is a failure analysis technique
that provides information about the chemical bonding or molecular structure of materials,
whether organic or inorganic.
Trace > Paint > Analysis
How is paint analyzed?How is paint analyzed?
Chemical “Fingerprint”
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Paint can be in multiple layersPaint can be in multiple layers
Each layer is analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties.
Trace > Paint > Analysis