Hematology • Blood:red body fluid flowing thru the b.v is called the blood

• 8%of total body weight, male: 5 L, female 4 L

• Function :

Gaseous transportation

Nutrients to cell & elimination of waste

Hormones & enzymes transportation

Regulation of PH & body temperature

Clotting mechanism, preventing loss of fluids Components

Cells(45%) Plasma (55%)

Erythrocytes(RBC)

Leukocytes(WBC)

1.granular

Neutrophils

Eosinohils

Basophils

2. Agranular

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

3.Thrombocytes (platelets)

Proteins

Albumin, immunoglobulins

Fibrin(serum)

Structure Function Life span

Production

diseases

RBC,s

Biconcave disc contains haemoglobin made of iron +protein

.Carry o2& co2

.Antigens A,B,AB & 0

.Rh type

120 day Bone marrow in sternm, ribs, vertebra & pelvis

Anaemia :decrease in Hb below 13% in male & 11 % female.

Etiology:↓bone marrow production

Lack of iron,amino acid

Loss of blood

Signs & symptoms

Fatigue, palpitations,breathlessness

Pallor of skin, mucosa,edema

POLYCYTHEMIA:↑ rbc

Lack of concentration, headache,fatigue, CVA

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA:

Inherited Hb conditions

THALESSIMIA :

APLASTIC ANEMIA:failure of rbc to form

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA:lack of vit b12

HAEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA:removal or destruction of RBC

HEMOCHROMATOSIS:excessive deposit of iron in body

WBC: Have nuclei

.To kill microbes

.Release enzyme lysozyme

.Antibodies production

Few days

Bone marrow, lymphoid tissue

LEUKEMIA:cancer of blood

Types:

ALL:acute lymphoblastic leukemia

AML:---------myeloid-------------

CLL:chronic lympoblastic----

CML:----------myeloid------

Etiology:radiation exposure, cytotoxic drugs, HIV

Symptoms:tiredness, fatigue,bleding tendency, lymphadenopathy, spleen enlargement

Treatment::danorubicin,etoperiside, bone

marrow transplantation, imatinib mesylate GRANULOCYTOSIS

EOSINOPHILA

BASOPHILA

Platelets:

disc shaped without nucleus

Blood clotting 5 to 9 days

Bone marrow

IDIPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA:↓ platelets

Plasma Made of water & solute

Blood clotting

LAB TEST

• RETICULOCYTE COUNT/HEMATOCRIT

To know about the rbc count• Differential count for WBC:leucocytosis, leukopenia

CBC(complete blood count)

Hb, TLC,DLC, P.S for opinion

ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

Immunohistochemistry

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Blood plasma substitute

Direct transfusion

Exchange transfusion

Fractionated blood/whole blood

Heparinized whole blood

Septecemia

Thrombocytopenia

Venesection/venus puncture

• ABO:blood groups

• Baso;basophils

• BMT:bone marrow transplantation

• CBC:complete blood count

• ESR:erythrocyte sedimentation rate

• MCH:mean corpuscular haemoglobin

• MCHC:-----------//------------------//---------concentration

• MCV:mean corpuscular volume

• PMN:polymorho nuclear leukocytes

• PT:prothrobin time

• PTT:partial thromboplastin time

• DLC; differentiated leukocyte count

• Eos:eosinophil

• Mono:monocytes

• Hct:hematocrit

• Hb:haemoglobin

Abbreviations

• Name • Ref - • HAEMOGRAM• TEST OBSERVATION NORMAL RANGE• ERYTROCYTES-• Erytrocytes- 3.90 to 5.60 mill/ cu.mm • Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.5 gm/dl• PCV 35 – 47 %• MCV 75 -95 fl• MCH 27- 32 pg• MCHC 30-35 %• RDW 12.8-16.8 %• RBC Morphology• Hypochromia • Microcytosis • Anisocytosis • Poikylocytosis • Macrocytosis • Target cells • Others • Nucleated RBCs • LEUCOCYTES-• Total leucocytes(WBC) count- 4000 – 11000 /cu.mm• Neutrophils 40-75 %• Eosinophils 1-6 %• Basophils 0-1 %• Lymphocytes 20-45 %• Monocytes 2-10 %• Premature leucocytes -• Atypical lymphocytes 0-2 %• Large immature cells 0-2 %• PLATELETS-• Platelet count 150-450 x1000 /cu.mm• MPV 7.4-10.4 fl• PCT 0.164-0.260 %• PDW 12.8- 16.8 %

• Name - • Ref -

• URINE ROUTINE EXAMINATION• TEST OBSERVATION NORMAL • GENERAL EXAMINATION• Volume ml• Colour Pale yellow• Appearance Clear• Deposits absent• Reaction(pH) 4.5-8.0• Specific gravity 1.01- 1.03• CHEMICAL EXAMINATION• Urine Protein Absent• Urine Sugar Absent• Urine Ketones Absent• Occult blood Negative• Bile pigment Absent• Bile salts Absent• Urobilinogen Normal• Nitrite Negative• MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION• Red blood cells Absent• Pus cells Absent• Epithelial cells Absent• Crystals Absent• Cast Absent• Amorphous deposits Absent• Bacteria Absent• Trichomonas Vaginalis Absent• Yeast cells Absent• Pregnancy test

• Test Result Normal• Blood Sugar ( F ) 70 - 100• Blood Sugar ( PP ) 100 - 160• Blood Urea 10 - 40• Serum Creatinine 0.5 - 1.5• S Sodium 137 - 145• S Potassium 3.7 - 4.5 • S GOT 10 - 35 • S GPT 10 - 40• S. Bilirubin ( T ) 0.2 - 1.2 • S Calcium(T) 9 - 11• S Calcium Ionic 1.12 - 1.32• S Uric Acid ( M ) 2.6 - 7.2• S Uric Acid ( F ) 2.4 - 6.3• S Alkaline Phosphotase(Adult ) 100 - 305• S Alkaline Phosphotase ( Child ) Upto 515• Serum Phophorus 2.5 - 5.0 mg/dl• Serum Cholesterol 125 - 225 • Serum Triglyceride Up to 160