30 July 2004

Hadron Productions

Present knowledge & Future plans

M.G.Catanesi INFN –Bari Italy

Nufact ’04 Osaka

Outline

Motivations (why hadron productions)

(Short) Historical overview Recent and present measurements Possible future extensions

Why Hadron Productions

Neutrino sources from hadron interactions From accelerators From cosmic rays

Design parameters of future neutrino beams influenced by target/energy choices

NEW

NEW

Only indirect evaluation

MC dependence

Layout of a “standard” neutrino beam

1013 or more protons per spill: very difficult environment

Neutrinos flux prediction

Energy, composition, geometry of the neutrino beam is determined by the development of the hadron interaction and cascade

It’s hard to make this kind of measurements in situ. Normally MC generators are used for this scope

WANF CERN

Discrepancies between hadronic generators

Secondary particles production :

The task to make a reliable prediction of the neutrino flux at the experiment is difficult. You need a precise knowledge of the relative population of the

different kind of particles and energy spectrum . To avoid one of the main source of systematic error the neutrino

experiments community was always committed to measure in ancillary experiments the hadron production

In neutrino oscillation experiments the beam is (part of) the experiment no credible result without a reliable understanding of the beam itself.

• the atmospheric neutrino flux

Proton fluxes: balloons, satellites

Geomagnetic

field

Hadron Production

e

decay chain

Calculations of the neutrino flux:

the main incertainties comes from

the Hadron production

Atmospheric neutrino fluxes

Primary flux is now considered to be known to better than 10%

Most of the uncertainty comes from the lack of data to construct and calibrate a reliable hadron interaction model.

Model-dependent extrapolations from the limited set of data leads to about 30% uncertainty in atmospheric fluxes

cryogenic targets

primary flux

e

e

decaychains

N2,O

2

K

p

....

hadronproduction

G.Battistoni

Discrepancies between hadronic generators

What hadron production measurement is needed in the atmospheric case ?

Ei ,

PIdImportance in the cascade 5-100 GeV

A

integrate over the full phase space

Ni and O2 targets

The experimental data are not adequate Harp & MIPP will cover this hole

Example of future projects

Primary energy, target material and geometry, collection scheme• maximizing the +, production rate /proton /GeV• knowing with high precision (<5%) the PT distributionCERN scenario: 2.2 GeV/c proton linac.

Phase rotation• longitudinally freeze the beam: slow down earlier particles, accelerate later ones• need good knowledge also of PL distribution

Experiment Proton E Some H.P. exp

ref

Ps169, Ps180, Ps181 ~ 20GeV Allaby et al.

Eichten et al.

CERN 70-12

N.P. B44 (1972)

CDHS, CHARM, BEBC

~400GeV NA20 (Atherton) CERN 80-07

CHORUS, NOMAD, CNGS

~400GeV NA56/SPY SPSC 96-01

K2K, MiniBooNE 12.9 GeV, 8GeV HARP CERN- ps214

NuFact/SuperBeam designs

~2GeV HARP ==

Atm. Neutrinos >10GeV HARP/NA49

FNAL E907

CERN- ps214

SPSC 2001-017

MINOS 120GeV HARP/NA49

FNAL E907

SPSC 2001-017

Future? 50 GeV Off axis NA49/Hero ?

A little bit of history : CERN 1960/70

Historical overview

Mostly based on measurement of particle yields along beam lines

Experiments done making (smart) use of existing facilities No experiments built on-purpose

Low (~20GeV/c) and high (~400GeV/c) primary proton momenta, forward angular region (<150mrad)

Low statistics and/or limited number of data points J. Allaby et al., CERN-70-12

p-nuclei (B4C, Be, Al, Cu, Pb) and p-p collisions at 19.2 GeV/c

Single arm spectrometer G. Eichten et al., Nucl. Phys. B44(1972) 333

p, K production in p-nuclei collisions (Be, B4C,Al, Cu, Pb targets) at 24 GeV/c

Single arm magnetic CERN-Rome spectrometer

Eic

hte

n e

t A

l. b

ased

on

CE

RN

-70

-12

Motivations and scope

Experiment’s uncertainties

NA20 (Atherton et al.) @ CERN-SPS

• Secondary energy scan: 60,120,200,300 GeV

• H2 beam line in the SPS north-area

Overall quoted errors Absolute rates: ~15%Ratios: ~5%

These figures are typical of this kind of detector setup

SPS: NA56/SPY

Most likely the most advanced study done with instrumented beam line experiments

Dedicated to WANF (CHORUS/NOMAD) (and CNGS) experiments

To address discrepancies beam spectrum, shape and composition as measured in CHORUS/NOMAD compared to MC predictions.

450GeV/c incident protons, 7135 GeV/c secondaries (overlap with Atherton)

Exploits TOF / Cherenkov / Calorimetry

SPY:19960, ±15mrad, ±

30mrad

target region

spectrometer

SPY measurement principle

• TOF + Cherenkov, cross-check with calorimetry.

Present

Aim at event-by-event experiments, not particle-by-particle

Modern design Open-geometry spectrometers Full solid angle and P.Id. Design inherited from Heavy Ions experiments (multiplicity,

correlations, pion interferometry, …) Full momentum acceptance, scan on incident proton

momenta (not only on momentum of secondaries) High event rate

Heavy ions experiments are designed for very high track density per event, not for high rate of relatively simple events

E910 BNL E910

main goal: Strangeness production in p-A collision (comparison with A-A collisions)

Some data overlap with our needs

6,12,18 GeV/c beam proton momenta

Be, Cu, Au targets however

low statistics in general (this is common in heavy-ions experiments), very low at 6GeV/c

no thick targets no backward acceptance

(target outside the TPC)

HARP (see I.Kato talk)

Inaugurates a new era in Hadron Production for Neutrino Physics:

Based on a design born for Heavy Ions physics studies Full acceptance with P.Id. High event rate capability (3KHz on TPC)

Built on purpose Collaboration includes members of Neutrino

Oscillation experiments And makes measurements on specific targets

of existing neutrino beams.

HARP physics motivations

Input for prediction of neutrino fluxes for the MiniBooNE and K2K experiments

Pion/Kaon yield for the design of the proton driver and target system of Neutrino Factories and SPL- based Super-Beams

Input for precise calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux (from yields of secondary ,K)

Input for Monte Carlo generators (GEANT4, e.g. for LHC or space applications)

HARP’s goals

secondary hadron yields for different beam momenta as a function of momentum and angle of daughter particles for different daughter particles

as close as possible to full acceptance the aim is to provide measurements with few % overall precision efficiencies must be kept under control, down to the level of 1%

primarily trough the use of redundancy from one detector to another

thin, thick and cryogenic targets T9 secondary beam line on the CERN PS allows a 215 GeV

energy range O(106) events per setting

a setting is defined by a combination of target type and material, beam energy and polarity

Fast readout aim at ˜103 events/PS spill, one spill=400ms. Event rate ˜

2.5KHz corresponds to some 106 events/day very demanding (unprecedented!) for the TPC.

Data taking summary

K2K: Al MiniBoone: Be LSND: H2O

5%50%

100%Replica

5%50%

100%Replica

10%100%

+12.9 GeV/c +8.9 GeV/c +1.5 GeV/c

SOLID:

CRYOGENIC: EXP:

HARP took data at the CERN PS T9 beamline in 2001-2002 Total: 420 M events, ~300 settings

The Harp detector: Large Acceptance, PID Capabilities ,

Redundancy

TPC, momentum and PID (dE/dX)at large Pt

TPC, momentum and PID (dE/dX)at large Pt

Drift Chambers:Tracking and low Pt spectrometer

Drift Chambers:Tracking and low Pt spectrometer

1.5 T dipole spectrometer1.5 T dipole spectrometer

Threshold gas Cherenkov: identification at large Pl

Threshold gas Cherenkov: identification at large Pl

0.7T solenoidal coil0.7T solenoidal coil

Target-TriggerTarget-Trigger

EM filter (beammuon ID andnormalization)

EM filter (beammuon ID andnormalization)

Drift Chambers:Tracking

Drift Chambers:Tracking

TOF: identificationin the low Pland low Pt region

TOF: identificationin the low Pland low Pt region

Total Acceptance:

15 GeV on Be

TPC Forward Spectrometer

A 4experiment!!

Acceptances & redundancy : an example

Acceptance: PT vs. PL box plot for pions produced in 15 GeV/c interactions of protons on thin Be target

redundancy in overlap regions

The Tpc :like a bubble chamber but @3KHz

Missing mass distributions

p p -> p p

p -> p

Red: using dE/dx for

PID

Example: Elastic ScatteringTarget: liquid H2 (cryogenic target)Target length: 18 cmBeam of p and of 3 GeV/c

Relevance of HARP for K2K neutrino beam

pions producing neutrinos pions producing neutrinos in the oscillation peakin the oscillation peak

GeVE 75.05.0

mrad

GeVP

250

1

K2KK2K

interestinterest

K2K

far

/nea

r ra

tio

K2K

far

/nea

r ra

tio

Beam MC Beam MCconfirmed byPion Monitor

To be measured To be measured by HARPby HARP

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50 E(GeV)

oscillationoscillationpeakpeak

One of the largest K2K systematic One of the largest K2K systematic

errors errors

comes from comes from

the uncertainty of the far/near ratiothe uncertainty of the far/near ratio

Preliminary results on K2K targetTo do:Correction for resolutionsAbsolute normalisationEmpty target subtraction=0 region, full statistics

After efficiencyAfter efficiencyandand

acceptance acceptance correctioncorrection

p > 0.2 GeV/c|y | < 50 mrad

25 < |x| < 200 mrad

Y. FisyakBrookhaven National Laboratory

R. WinstonEFI, University of Chicago

M.Austin,R.J.PetersonUniversity of Colorado, Boulder,

E.SwallowElmhurst College and EFI

W.Baker,D.Carey,J.Hylen, C.Johnstone,M.Kostin, H.Meyer, N.Mokhov, A.Para, R.Raja,S. Striganov

Fermi National Accelerator LaboratoryG. Feldman, A.Lebedev, S.Seun

Harvard UniversityP.Hanlet, O.Kamaev,D.Kaplan, H.Rubin,N.Solomey,

C.WhiteIllinois Institute of Technology

U.Akgun,G.Aydin,F.Duru,Y.Gunyadin,Y.Onel, A.PenzoUniversity of Iowa

N.Graf, M. Messier,J.PaleyIndiana University

P.D.BarnesJr.,E.Hartouni,M.Heffner,D.Lange,R.Soltz, D.Wright

Lawrence Livermore LaboratoryR.L.Abrams,H.R.Gustafson,M.Longo, H-K.Park,

D.RajaramUniversity of Michigan

A.Bujak, L.Gutay,D.E.MillerPurdue University

T.Bergfeld,A.Godley,S.R.Mishra,C.Rosenfeld,K.WuUniversity of South Carolina

C.Dukes, H.Lane,L.C.Lu,C.Maternick,K.Nelson,A.Norman

University of Virginia ~50 people, 11 graduates students, 11 postdocs.

MIPP :Brief Description of Experiment

Approved November 2001 Techical run 2004 – physics data taking 2005 Uses 120 GeV Main Injector Primary protons to produce

secondary beams of p K p from 5 GeV/c to 100 GeV/c to measure particle production cross sections of various nuclei including hydrogen.

Using a TPC can measure momenta of ~all charged particles produced in the interaction and identify the charged particles in the final state using a combination of dE/dx, ToF, differential Cherenkov and RICH technologies.

Open Geometry- Lower systematics. TPC gives high statistics. Existing data poor quality.

MIPP :Physics Program Particle Physics-To acquire unbiased

high statistics data with complete particle id coverage for hadron interactions.

Study non-perturbative QCD hadron dynamics, scaling laws of particle production

Investigate light meson spectroscopy, pentaquarks, glueballs

Nuclear Physics Investigate strangeness production in

nuclei- RHIC connection Nuclear scaling Propagation of flavor through nuclei

Netrinos related Measurements Atmospheric neutrinos –

Cross sections of protons and pions on Nitrogen from 5 GeV- 120 GeV (5,15,25,5070,90) GeV

Improve shower models in MARS, Geant4

Make measurements of production of pions for neutrino factory/muon collider targets

MINOS target measurements – pion production measurements to control the near/far systematics

Complementary with HARP at CERN

MIPP Particle ID capabilities

Protonseparation analysis using all systems

• Red = 3or better.

• 3Green < 2• 2Blue1 White1

K/π separation

p/K separation

MIPP Current status

Commissioning- Beam tuning going on. All detectors in readout. Beam

chambers fully functional. Drift chambers coming on line.

ToF , Cerenkov in readout Calorimeters fully operational TPC in readout. Zero suppression

algorithm being worked on. RICH being refurbished after fire.

Should be operational shortly. Beam Cerenkov pressure curves

being taken. Plans --Continue data taking in

2005. Tpc electronics upgrading:1KHz

Beam Cerenkov Pressure Curve Beam at 45 GeV/c

TPC installationTPC installation

Future : an Hadron Production for T2K

An existing facility :NA49@cern particle ID in the TPC is augmented by TOFs leading particles are identified as p or n by a calorimeter in connection with

tracking chambers rate somehow limited (optimized for VERY high multiplicity events).

order 106 event per week is achievable (electronic upgrade needed !) NA49 is located on the H2 fixed-target station on the CERN SPS.

secondary beams of identified , K, p; 40 to 350 GeV/c momentum Relevant for atmospheric neutrinos ,NuMI beam & JPARC

Or a new experiment ? (Hero)

Conclusions

Hadron production for Neutrino Experiments is a well established field since the ’80s

Present trends (Harp & Mipp) Full-acceptance, low systematic errors High statistics Search for smaller and smaller effects characterization

of actual neutrino beam targets to reduce MC extrapolation to the minimum

Direct interest of neutrino experiments in hadron production

Also in the future the hadron production will be an important ingredient for a successfully neutrino experiment

the neutrino beam is part of the experiment, and his knowledge is an unavoidable step