hadron production measurements @ cern · energy accelerator available. shower develops – a large...
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Hadron Production Measurements Hadron Production Measurements @ CERN@ CERN
M.G.Catanesi /INFN Bari ItalyTeV PA II Workshop
Madison 28-31 August 2006
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OutlineOutline
• Motivations and a little bit of history ….
• Present measurements: Harp results• K2K & MiniBoone fluxes• Super Beams & Neutrino Factory Design• Atmospheric fluxes ( < 15 GeV)
• Possible future extensions• Na49 : Atmospheric (< 200 GeV) & T2K neutrino Flux• Totem : Total X-section @ 14 TeV
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Why hadron productions ?Why hadron productions ?
• The task to make a reliable prediction of the neutrino flux at the experiment is difficult.• You need a precise knowledge of the relative population of the
different kind of particles and energy spectrum . • To avoid one of the main source of systematic error the
neutrino experiments community was always committed to measure in ancillary experiments the hadron production
(observed event rate) = (X-section) (neutrino flux) (detection efficiency)
The subject of this talk
Contains everything interesting: oscillation physics, exotic event rates etc.
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Decay region25 m 50 m 450 m
Neutrino Beams: a “typical” example… MiniBooNE
• Energy, composition, geometry of the neutrino beam is determined by the development of the hadron interaction and cascade
• It’s hard to make this kind of measurements in situ. Normally MC generators are used for this scope
• Various models are known to have large differences in neutrino rate predictions
It is vital to calibrate neutrino production targets in a proton beam !
protons mesons neutrinos
8.9 GeV Booster
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Example of future projectsExample of future projectsPrimary energy, target material and geometry, collection scheme• maximizing the π+, π - production rate /proton /GeV• knowing with high precision (<5%) the PT distributionCERN scenario: 2.2 GeV/c proton linac.
Phase rotation• longitudinally freezethe beam: slow down earlier particles, accelerate later ones• need good knowledge also of PL distribution
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Atmospheric neutrino Atmospheric neutrino fluxesfluxes: motivations for : motivations for measurementsmeasurements
Initial reaction – well above the highest energy accelerator available.
Shower develops – a large number of lower energy interactions –accelerator measurements are helpful.
• Energy region: from few GeV → 200 GeV (contained)→ 2 TeV (through going)
Accelerator measurements are very sparse.- Colliders: most particles close to beam and don’t enter the detector.- Fixed target: The energies are much lower and few experiments have published. - No data available on O2 & N2
Primary cosmic ray
N
N
K
π
π
μ
ν
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Barton et. al.Atherton et. al.
SPY
SerpukovAllaby et. al.
Abbott et. al.
Eichten et. al.Cho et. al.
Measurements.
1-2 pT points3-5 pT points>5 pT points
1 GeV 10 100 1 TeV
Parent energy
10
1 GeV
10
100
1 TeV
10
Dau
ghte
r ene
rgy
Existing measurementsBoxes show importance of phase space region for contained atmospheric neutrino events.
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Eich
ten
et A
l. ba
sed
on C
ERN
Eich
ten
et A
l. ba
sed
on C
ERN
--7070
-- 1212
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• Motivations and scope
• Experiment’s uncertainties
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NA20 (Atherton et al.) @ CERNNA20 (Atherton et al.) @ CERN--SPSSPS• Secondary energy scan:
60,120,200,300 GeV
• H2 beam line in the SPS north-area
Overall quoted errors Absolute rates: ~15%Ratios: ~5%
These figures are typical of this kind of detector setup
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PresentPresent• Aim at event-by-event experiments, not particle-by-particle• Modern design
• Open-geometry spectrometers• Full solid angle and P.Id.• Design inherited from Heavy Ions experiments
(multiplicity, correlations, pion interferometry, …)• Full momentum acceptance, scan on incident proton momenta
(not only on momentum of secondaries)• High event rate
• Heavy ions experiments are designed for very high track density per event, not for high rate of relatively simple events
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HarpHarp• Inaugurates a new era in Hadron Production
for Neutrino Physics:• Based on a design born for Heavy Ions physics
studies• Full acceptance with P.Id.• High event rate capability (3KHz on TPC)
• Built on purpose• Collaboration includes members of Neutrino
Oscillation & Cosmic rays experiments • And makes measurements on specific
targets of existing neutrino beams.
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HARP physics motivationsHARP physics motivations
Input for prediction of neutrino fluxes for the MiniBooNE and K2K experiments
Pion/Kaon yield for the design of the proton driver and target system of Neutrino Factories and SPL- based Super-Beams
Input for precise calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux (from yields of secondary p,K)
Input for Monte Carlo generators (GEANT4, e.g. for LHC or space applications)
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HARPHARP’’s goalss goals• secondary hadron yields
• for different beam momenta• as a function of momentum and angle of daughter particles• for different daughter particles
• as close as possible to full acceptancethe aim is to provide measurements with few % overall precision
efficiencies must be kept under control, down to the level of 1%primarily trough the use of redundancy from one detector to another
• thin, thick and cryogenic targets• T9 secondary beam line on the CERN PS allows a 2 15 GeV
energy range• O(106) events per setting
• a setting is defined by a combination of target type and material, beam energy and polarity
• Fast readout• aim at ˜103 events/PS spill, one spill=400ms. Event rate ˜ 2.5KHz• corresponds to some 106 events/day• very demanding (unprecedented!) for the TPC.
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Detector layoutDetector layout
Large Anglespectrometer
Forward spectrometer
Large Angle Spectrometer:0.35 rad < θ < 2.15 rad100 MeV/c < p < 700 MeV/c
Forward Spectrometer:30 mrad < θ < 210 mrad.750 MeV/c < p < 6.5 GeV/c
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Data taking summaryData taking summary
K2K: Al MiniBoone: Be LSND: H2O
5%50%100%
Replica
5%50%100%
Replica
10%100%
+1.5 GeV/c+12.9 GeV/c +8.9 GeV/c
SOLID:
CRYOGENIC: ν EXP:
HARP took data at the CERN PS T9 beamline in 2001-2002Total: 420 M events, ~300 settings
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Relevance of HARP for K2K neutrino beamRelevance of HARP for K2K neutrino beam
pions producing neutrinos pions producing neutrinos in the oscillation peakin the oscillation peak
GeVE 75.05.0 << ν
mradGeVP
250 1
<>
π
π
θK2KK2K
interestinterest
K2K
far/n
ear r
atio
K2K
far/n
ear r
atio
Beam MCconfirmed byPion Monitor
Beam MC
To be measured To be measured by HARPby HARP
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.50 Eν (GeV)
oscillationoscillationpeakpeak
One of the largest K2K systematic errors comes from One of the largest K2K systematic errors comes from the uncertainty of the far/near ratiothe uncertainty of the far/near ratio
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Al 5% 12.9 GeV/c ResultsAl 5% 12.9 GeV/c Results
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Al 5% 12.9 GeV/c Results
HARP results in black, Sanford-Wang parametrization of HARP results in red
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Al 12 GeV/c: Comparison with older Al 12 GeV/c: Comparison with older datadata
0
200
400
600
800
0 5d2 σπ+
/ (d
p d
Ω) (
mb
/ (G
eV/c
sr)) Sugaya 98
pbeam=12.9 GeV/c
θ=89 mrad
σN=16 Ψ
0
200
400
600
800
0 5
Vorontsov 88
pbeam=10.1 GeV/c
θ=61 mrad
σN=25 Ψ
0
200
400
600
800
0 5
Vorontsov 83
pbeam=10.1 GeV/c
θ=61 mrad
σN=20 Ψ
0
200
400
600
800
0 5
Abbott 92
pbeam=14.6 GeV/c
θ=134 mrad
σN=15 Ψ
0
200
400
600
800
0 5
Abbott 92
pbeam=14.6 GeV/c
θ=164 mrad
σN=15 Ψ
0
200
400
600
800
0 5
Abbott 92
pbeam=14.6 GeV/c
θ=200 mrad
σN=15 Ψ
p (GeV/c)
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Far/Near Ratio in K2K
HARP gives ~ factor 2 error reduction across all energies
Near Detector
Far Detector
Predicted Flux Shape Predicted Far/Near Ratio
Near/Far Ratio
Nucl.Phys.B732:1-45,2006hep-ex/0510039
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MinibooneMiniboone:: 8.9 GeV p beam hitting a 8.9 GeV p beam hitting a berilliumberillium targettarget
Decay region
25 m50 m 450 m
1.8 m
Drawing not to scale
π+,K+
νp
π−,K-
ν
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HARP Be 8.9 GeV 5% Target ResultsHARP Be 8.9 GeV 5% Target Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6
p (GeV/c)
dσπ /
dp (
mb
/ (G
eV/c
))
30-210 mrad
0
200
400
600
800
0 50 100 150 200
θ (mrad)
dσπ /
dΩ (
mb
/ sr)
0.75-6.5 GeV/c
Harp Forward Spectrometer Acceptance
π+
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Berillium
8.9
GeV/
C Re
sults
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6
d2 σπ / (d
p dΩ
) (m
b / (
GeV
/c s
r))
30-60 mrad
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6
60-90 mrad
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6
90-120 mrad
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6
120-150 mrad
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6
150-180 mrad
0
100
200
300
0 2 4 6
p (GeV/c)
180-210 mrad
prelim
inary
π+
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• More HARP data for accurate flux prediction coming:
K± production data
p π interaction in thick target
π- production data
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Al 12 GeV/c : a first (raw) comparison Al 12 GeV/c : a first (raw) comparison with some geant4 with some geant4 hadronichadronic generators:generators:
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Be 8.9 GeV/c : a first comparison Be 8.9 GeV/c : a first comparison with geant4 with geant4 hadronichadronic generators:generators:
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Possible protonPossible proton--driver energies for driver energies for neutrino factory & super beamsneutrino factory & super beams
• Geant/Mars comparison• Obvious discrepancies in
• Total yields• Relative abundance +/-
• Larger discrepancies at low proton energy
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Proton Energy (GeV)
Pion
/(Pro
ton*
Ener
gy(G
eV))
GEANT4 Pi+ LHEP-BICGEANT4 Pi- LHEP-BICGEANT4 Pi+ QGSPGEANT4 Pi- QGSPGEANT4 Pi+ QGSP_BICGEANT4 Pi- QGSP_BICGEANT4 Pi+ QGSP_BERTGEANT4 Pi- QGSP_BERTGEANT4 Pi+ LHEPGEANT4 Pi- LHEPGEANT4 Pi+ LHEP-BERTGEANT4 Pi- LHEP-BERTGEANT4 Pi+ QGSCGEANT4 Pi- QGSCMARS15 Pi+MARS15 Pi-
Proton Driver GeV
2.2
3.5
81624
Old SPL energy (2.2 GeV)
[New SPL energy 3.5GeV]
FNAL linac (driver study 2)
[FNAL driver study 1, 16GeV]
[BNL/AGS upgrade, 24GeV]
Harp Acceptance Large Angle Spectrometer:
0.35 rad < θ < 2.15 rad100 MeV/c < p < 700 MeV/c
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5 GeV/c p5 GeV/c p--Ta ResultsTa Results
π+π-Forward :
20° < θ < 90°
Backward:
90° < θ < 135°
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33--55--88 GeV/c pGeV/c p--Ta ResultsTa Results π-
Backward region
Forward region
prelim
inary
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33--55--88 GeV/c pGeV/c p--Ta ResultsTa Results π+
Backward region
Forward region
preliminary
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Atmospheric neutrino fluxesAtmospheric neutrino fluxes• Primary flux is now considered
to be known to better than 10%• Most of the uncertainty comes
from the lack of data to construct and calibrate a reliable hadron interaction model.
• Model-dependent extrapolations from the limited set of data leads to about 30% uncertainty in atmospheric fluxes
• cryogenic targets
primary flux
μν
μν
eν
−μ
−e
decaychains
N2,O2
+π −π Kp
....hadron
production
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prelim
inary
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1 GeV 10 100 1 TeV
Parent energy
10
1 GeV
10
100
1 TeV
10
Dau
ghte
r ene
rgy
New measurements.
HARP
NA49
MIPP
New measurementsBoxes show importance of phase space region for contained atmospheric neutrino events.
For more detail on MIPP see the N.Solomey talk
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A window on the futureA window on the future
(what next @ cern ?)
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AnAn existingexisting facilityfacility: NA49: NA49• particle ID in the TPC is augmented by TOFs• rate somehow limited (optimized for VERY high multiplicity events).
• order 106 event per week is achievable (electronic upgrade needed !)• NA49 is located on the H2 fixed-target station on the CERN SPS.
• secondary beams of identified π, K, p; 40 to 350 GeV/c momentum• Measurements relevant for atmospheric neutrinos have been performed in 2002
with two beam settings (100 and 158 GeV/c) with a 1% Carbon target (these data without TOF)
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π+π-
C.Alt et al. hep-ex/0606028
NA49: NA49: p+Cp+C @158 GeV@158 GeV
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NA49: NA49: p+Cp+C @158 GeV@158 GeV
C. Meurer @ ISVHECRI2006
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10 20 30 40 80 158 energy (A GeV)
10 20 30 40 80 158
In+In
energy (A GeV)
Pb+Pb
C+CSi+Si
= 2·106 registered collisions
NA49 NA49-future
NA49-future plans :1. perform a comprehensive scan in energy
and size of colliding nuclei to study the properties of the transition between hadron gas and quark gluon plasma
2. measure hadron production in hadron-nucleus interactions needed for neutrino and astroparticle physics
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Hadron Production for T2KHadron Production for T2K
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The NA49-future Collaboration:80 physicists from 20 institutes and 14 countries:
University of Athens, Athens, GreeceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayKFKI IPNP, Budapest, HungaryCape Town University, Cape Town, South AfricaJagellionian University, Cracow, PolandJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, RussiaUniversity of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyCern, Geneva, SwitzerlandForschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, GermanySwietokrzyska Academy, Kielce, PolandInstitute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, RussiaLPNHE, Universites de Paris VI et VII, Paris, FrancePusan Natinal University, Pusan, Republic of KoreaFaculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaSt. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, RussiaState University of New York, Stony Brook, USAIFC, IFIC, CSIC and Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, SpainWarsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, PolandUniversity of Warsaw, Warsaw, PolandRudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia•LOI well received
•Proposal in preparation
•Data taking 2007-2009
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Totem @ Totem @ cerncern• Totem @ cern is the only LHC experiment that
will explore the forward region at ή > 3.1• The main goal is the measurement of the total and
elastic x-section @ 14 TeV and the study of diffractive physics in the forward region
• The experiment is approved and funded and will start the data taking end 2007
• Totem shares the interaction point with the CMS experiment
• A common physic TDR is in preparation to make an extensive program of diffractive physics @ LHC
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The TOTEM Collaboration Country Town Institute Geneva CERN, European Laboratory for
Particle Physics Czech Republic Prague Institute of Physics, Academy of
Sciences of the Czech Republic Estonia Tallinn Estonian Academy of Sciences Finland Helsinki Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)
and the Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki
Bari INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari
Genova INFN Sezione di Genova and Università di Genova
Italy
Pisa / Siena INFN Sezione di Pisa and Università di Siena
Poland Plock / Warsaw Warsaw University of Technology, Fac. of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Plock Campus
United Kingdom Uxbridge Brunel University, Electronic and Computer Engineering Dept.
Cleveland, OH Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Physics
USA
University Park, PA
Penn State University, Dept. of Physics
Applications by the KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physicsof the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary and by LPI Moscow
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TOTEM Physics: Total p-p Cross-Section
• Current models predictions: 90-130 mb
• Aim of TOTEM: ~1% accuracy
mb 1.41.2 2.1 5.111 +
−±=totσ
02
2
116L
=
×+
=t
tot dtdN
ρπσ
inelasticelastictot NN +=σL inelel
ttot NN
dtdN+
×+
= =02
)/(116
ρπσ
Optical Theorem
Prediction for LHC
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02
2
116L
=
×+
=t
tot dtdN
ρπσ
inelasticelastictot NN +=σL inelel
ttot NN
dtdN+
×+
= =02
)/(116
ρπσ
Optical Theorem
T1: 3.1 < η < 4.7
T2: 5.3 < η < 6.7
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Integral flux of high energy cosmic rays
Measurements of the very forward energy flux (including diffraction) and of the total cross section are essential for the understanding of cosmic ray events
At LHC pp energy:
104 cosmic events Km-2 year-1
> 107 events at the LHC in one day
TOTEM @ CERN
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Will allows the Energy Flow Measurement @ 14 TeV
micro
stat
ion
at 1
9m?
RPs
Total TOTEM/CMS acceptance (β*=1540m)
CMS+TOTEM: largest acceptance detector ever built at a hadron collider
Rom
an Pots
TOTEM+CMS
T1,T2 T1,T2 Rom
anPots
Charged particles
Energyflux
CMS + TOTEM: AcceptanceCMS + TOTEM: AcceptancedNdN
chch/d/d
ηηdEdE
/d/dηη
Physics TDR ready will be discussed soon at the LHCC
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ConclusionsConclusions• Hadron production for Neutrino Experiments is a well
established field @ CERN since the ’70s• Present trends (Harp@cern & Mipp@FNAL)
• Full-acceptance, low systematic errors, high statistics• Search for smaller and smaller effects characterization
of actual neutrino beam targets to reduce MC extrapolation to the minimum
• Direct interest of neutrino experiments in hadron productionMany interesting results are coming !• Also in the future the hadron production will be an important
ingredient for a successfully neutrino experiment.• Thanks to NA49-Future and TOTEM also the CERN will
contribute to this effort
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T1 – DETECTOR: LAYOUT HALF DETECTOR SUB-ASSEMBLY
• Two telescopes (forward and backward) • 5 planes of cathode strip chambers (CSC) 2π φ coverage• 3.1 < |η| < 4.7. • 3 deg rotation from plane to plane to improve pattern recognitionResolution: Resolution: σσx ~ 0.5mm x ~ 0.5mm σσy~ 0.9mmy~ 0.9mm
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T2GEM Telescope: 8 planes
13500 mm from IP
Castor Calorimeter
(CMS)
Vacuum Chamber
1800 mm
400 mm Bellow
T2 Telescope 5.3< lηl < 6.7
σ = 69.6 µm
Space Resolution
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Racks
TAN
Collimator
BPMQRL
Roman Pot Station (made of two RP devices)
Roman Pots
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Forward Region :TrackingForward Region :Tracking
Tracking Efficiency
Tracking Resolution
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PId FW region:PId FW region:
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
m2 (GeV2)
entr
ies
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Nphe
entr
ies
e+π+
p
number of photoelectrons
π inefficiency
00.2
0.40.6
0.81
1.21.4
00.1
0.20.3
0.40.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1
0
50
100
150
200
250
E/p E 1/E
entr
ies
e+
h+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
π/p
P (GeV)P (GeV)
π/e
π/k
TOF CERENKOVCALORIMETER
3 GeV/c beam particles3 GeV/c beam particles
TOFCERENKOV
TOF CERENKOV
CERENKOVCALORIMETER
TOF
CERENKOV
CAL
π+
p
datadata
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Large Angle Region (TPC)Large Angle Region (TPC)
electrons
dE/dx: Ta data 3,5,8 GeV/c
π+π- efficiency