had unit i review
DESCRIPTION
HAD Unit I Review. Tom Eck, [email protected]. CALM Resources. http://njms.umdnj.edu/calm I will email you the link again tonight. Today’s review and a number of other resources should be up by tomorrow afternoon. To activate your “clicker”. Press Ch – 52 – Ch. Unit I Priorities. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CALM ResourcesCALM Resources
http://njms.umdnj.edu/calm
I will email you the link again tonight.
Today’s review and a number of other resources should be up by tomorrow afternoon.
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To activate your “clicker”To activate your “clicker”Press Ch – 52 – Ch
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Unit I PrioritiesUnit I Priorities
1) Nervous System Principles2) Lymphatics3) Lungs4) Heart5) Mediastinum6) Back7) Upper Limb8) Surface Anatomy9) Embryology
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Nervous System PrinciplesNervous System Principles the second most important content from
Chapter 1most important: anatomical terms, but they
are rarely tested directly the structure of peripheral nerves as they
exit the spinal cord the anatomical and functional distinctions
between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
dermatomes (T4 = nipple; T10 = umbilicus) referred pain
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To which segments does heart pain To which segments does heart pain refer?refer?
C1 – C5
C3 – C5
T1 – T4
T3 – T8
T6 – T12
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10Seconds
Remaining
1. C1 – C52. C3 – C5 3. T1 – T4 4. T3 – T85. T6 – T12
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Remember: In referred pain, start by identifying the visceral nerves involved
Sympathetics
From there, identify the spinal segments representedby the nerve(s)
T1 – T4/T5
The pain will refer to the corresponding dermatomes.
Referred Referred PainPainA high-yield topic;
especially important in Unit III, but don’t neglect this
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Which of the following, if cut, would block Which of the following, if cut, would block sensory perception in the corresponding sensory perception in the corresponding dermatome?dermatome?
ventra
l root
dorsal ro
ot
ventra
l ramus
dorsal ra
mus
0% 0%0%0%10
SecondsRemaining
1. ventral root2. dorsal root3. ventral ramus4. dorsal ramus
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RhizotomyRhizotomy
The dorsal root of spinal nerves can be cut to relieve intractable pain
Alternately, the ventral root may be cut to treat spastic paralysis
S – Sensory D – DorsalA – Afferent A – Afferent M – Motor V – Ventral E – Efferent E – Efferent
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LymphaticsLymphaticsDon‘t forget to study lymph!You can expect a few lymph questions on
every exam (~2-3), often relating to the spread of cancer
These tend to be challenging, detail-oriented questions
Major Topics◦ Lymph Drainage of the Lung◦ Lymph Drainage of the Axilla and Breast
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Into which vessel does lymph from Into which vessel does lymph from the right arm empty?the right arm empty?
Thoracic Duct IV
C
Right J
ugular V
ein
Right S
ubclavian
Vein
0% 0%0%0%
1. Thoracic Duct2. IVC3. Right Jugular Vein4. Right Subclavian
Vein
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Lymph from the right arm drains to the right lymphatic duct, and to the right subclavian vein (at the venous angle) from there.
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Which of the following correctly stages Which of the following correctly stages the path of pulmonary lymphatic flow?the path of pulmonary lymphatic flow?
0% 0%0%0%
:10
1. Pulmonary Tracheobronchial Bronchopulmonary
2. Paratracheal Tracheobronchial Deep Cervical
3. Tracheobronchial Paratracheal Deep Cervical
4. Pulmonary Paratracheal Aortic Arch
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A patient presents with a severe case of A patient presents with a severe case of pneumonia. When you ask her to lift her arms, pneumonia. When you ask her to lift her arms, you notice that the veins in her upper limbs you notice that the veins in her upper limbs remain distended. You suspect radical remain distended. You suspect radical enlargement of which group of lymph nodes:enlargement of which group of lymph nodes:
Right P
ulmonary
Left Pulm
onary
Right B
ronch
opulmonar..
.
Left Bro
nchopulm
onary (...
Infe
rior T
rach
eobronch
ia...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
101. Right Pulmonary2. Left Pulmonary3. Right Bronchopulmonary
(Hilar)4. Left Bronchopulmonary
(Hilar)5. Inferior Tracheobronchial
(Carinal)
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SVC SyndromeSVC SyndromeVeins of head and upper
extremities become distended due to constriction of the SVC by a tumor or grossly enlarged lymph nodes
The bronchopulmonary nodes at the right lung hilus are in close proximity to the SVC
SVC
Hilar Nodes
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The LungsThe LungsDifferences between Left and Right LungsLobes, SegmentsPleura, Reflections, RecessesPneumothorax: in tension pneumothorax,
mediastinum contralateral sideAspirated Objects Right Main Bronchus
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Upon examining a patient with left-sided ptosis, Upon examining a patient with left-sided ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis, a physician suspects a miosis, and anhydrosis, a physician suspects a growing superior lobe tumor. Which of the growing superior lobe tumor. Which of the following segments is most likely involved?following segments is most likely involved?
Apical
Posterio
r
Apicoposte
rior
Anterio
r
Superio
r Lingular
Infe
rior L
ingular
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
10Seconds
Remaining
1. Apical2. Posterior3. Apicoposterior4. Anterior5. Superior Lingular6. Inferior Lingular
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Horner SyndromeHorner SyndromeSympathetic Trunk
-Interruption of Sympathetics to Head causes Ipsilateral Ptosis (Lid Lag), Miosis (Pupil Constriction), and Anhydrosis (Lack of Sweating)
-often caused by Pancoast Tumor
-remember to study lung segments; you can expect a few questions testing their locations, both in the written exam and the practical
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Which space is entered when a Which space is entered when a thoracentesis is performed at the MAL in thoracentesis is performed at the MAL in the 9the 9thth ICS? ICS?
Transverse
sinus
Cardiac n
otch
Costodiaphragmatic r
ecess
Costomediasti
nal rece
ss
Pericard
ial sa
c
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Transverse sinus2. Cardiac notch3. Costodiaphragmat
ic recess4. Costomediastinal
recess5. Pericardial sac
10Seconds
Remaining
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The HeartThe Heartpathway of blood – valve pathologiescoronary vessels – consequences of
blockageauscultation sites – pathological heart
sounds (continuous machine-like murmer = patent ductus arteriosus)
radiographs and CTs especially important
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Identify the heart chambers marked B Identify the heart chambers marked B and D:and D:
Right V
entricle
, Left Vent..
.
Right A
trium, L
eft Atrium
Right V
entricle
, Left Atri
um
Right A
trium, L
eft Ventricle
0% 0%0%0%
:10
D
B1. Right Ventricle, Left
Ventricle2. Right Atrium, Left Atrium3. Right Ventricle, Left
Atrium4. Right Atrium, Left
Ventricle
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CT ScansCT ScansRight Ventricle is associated with the
anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart
Left Atrium is associated with the posterior surface of the heart, just anterior to the esophagus
CT’s and Radiographs show up in the written exam and the practical
Be able to identify major structures
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Which of the following will result a Which of the following will result a diastolic murmur at the apex of the diastolic murmur at the apex of the heart?heart?
Mitr
al Valve
Insu
fficie
ncy
Mitr
al Valve
Stenosis
Pulmonary Valve
Insu
ffi...
Aortic V
alve Stenosis
Aortic V
alve In
suffi
ciency
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Mitral Valve Insufficiency2. Mitral Valve Stenosis3. Pulmonary Valve
Insufficiency4. Aortic Valve Stenosis5. Aortic Valve Insufficiency
:10
Note: 2 is also correct
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Aortic Valve InsufficiencyAortic Valve Insufficiencyblood rushes back into the left ventricle as
the ventricle relaxesmurmur is heard at the apex (not at the right
upper sternal border) because the blood flow causing the murmur is reversed (APTM 2245 does not always apply)
associated with a collapsing pulsecauses left ventricular hypertrophy, as the
heart attempts to compensate for decreased pumping efficiency
Insufficiency = Backflow of Blooda.k.a. incompetence, regurgitation
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A patient is diagnosed with left atrial A patient is diagnosed with left atrial hypertrophy. Which of the following valve hypertrophy. Which of the following valve defects is most likely to have caused this defects is most likely to have caused this condition?condition?
Tricusp
id Valv...
Mitr
al Valve
S...
Pulmonary Valv.
..
Aortic V
alve S...
Aortic V
alve I..
.
0% 0% 0%0%0%
:10
1. Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency
2. Mitral Valve Stenosis3. Pulmonary Valve
Insufficiency4. Aortic Valve Stenosis5. Aortic Valve Insufficiency
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Mitral Valve StenosisMitral Valve StenosisCauses left atrial hypertrophy; the left
atrium grows larger to generate the force necessary to push past the obstruction
Stenosis is often associated with hypertrophy of the preceding chamber
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Following an acute myocardial infarction, Following an acute myocardial infarction, necrosis develops at the apex of the necrosis develops at the apex of the heart. Which vessel was likely occluded?heart. Which vessel was likely occluded?
Left Circ
umflex
Coronary
sinus
Anterio
r Inte
rventricu
lar
Posterio
r Inte
rventricu
lar
Right c
oronary
0% 0% 0%0%0% 10Seconds
Remaining
1. Left Circumflex2. Coronary sinus 3. Anterior
Interventricular4. Posterior
Interventricular 5. Right coronary
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The Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD) supplies the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum, the apex, and the anterior left and right ventricles. It is the most commonly occluded coronary artery.
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The MediastinumThe Mediastinumbe able to trace the course of the
major structures that pass through the mediastinum
localize structures to each mediastinal compartment
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At which level does the trachea At which level does the trachea bifurcate?bifurcate?
T2/T3
T3/T4
T4/T5
T5/T6
T6/T7
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. T2/T32. T3/T43. T4/T54. T5/T65. T6/T7
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divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior compartments
passes through the T4/T5 intervertebral disk posteriorly and sternal angle anteriorly
bifurcation of the tracheaboundary between cardiopulmonary and
abdominopelvic sympathetics (greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves)
Remember: cardiopulmonary = postsynaptic; abdominopelvic = presynaptic
Transverse Thoracic PlaneTransverse Thoracic Plane
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You see a patient with a hoarse voice and a You see a patient with a hoarse voice and a detectable suprasternal pulse. Which of the detectable suprasternal pulse. Which of the following diagnoses might explain these following diagnoses might explain these symptoms?symptoms?
Coarctati
on of the A
orta
Aortic A
neurysm
Tumor Impinging on th
e ...
Lung A
bscess
0% 0%0%0%
:10
1. Coarctation of the Aorta2. Aortic Aneurysm3. Tumor Impinging on the
Left Subclavian Artery4. Lung Abscess
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Aortic AneurysmsAortic Aneurysms
Localized dilation of the aorta If in the vicinity of the aortic
arch, it may impinge on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing hoarseness
If the aneurysm grows large enough, it may lead to a detectable pulse suprasternally
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A patient has been diagnosed with an A patient has been diagnosed with an esophageal hernia, a condition in which part of esophageal hernia, a condition in which part of the stomach passes through an enlarged the stomach passes through an enlarged esophageal hiatus. At which spinal segment has esophageal hiatus. At which spinal segment has the herniation occurred?the herniation occurred?
T8 T9 T10
T11 T12
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10Seconds
Remaining
1. T82. T93. T104. T115. T12
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I Ate Ten Eggs AT Noon I 8 10 E A2T 12T8: IVC (“Caval Opening”)T10: Esophagus (Vagus too) (“Esophageal
Hiatus”)T12: Aorta, Azygos Vein, Thoracic Duct
(“Aortic Hiatus”)
Structures that pass through the Structures that pass through the DiaphragmDiaphragm
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In which compartment of the In which compartment of the mediastinum is the IVC located?mediastinum is the IVC located?
Superio
r
Anterio
r
Middle
Posterio
r
0% 0%0%0%
101. Superior2. Anterior3. Middle4. Posterior
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Superior
Thymus, Phrenic Nerve, Vagus Nerve, Esophagus, Trachea, Thoracic Duct, Azygos Vein, SVC, Aortic Arch,
Brachiocephalic Vein, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery
Anterior Thymus
Middle Heart, Phrenic Nerve, Ascending Aorta, SVC, IVC, Pulmonary Arteries/Veins
Posterior Descending Aorta, Esophagus (With Vagus Nerve), Thoracic Duct, Azygos Vein, Splanchnic Nerves
Mediastinal Mediastinal CompartmentsCompartments
Bolded structures are exclusive to that compartment.
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The BackThe BackMorphological distinctions between
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae
CurvaturesSpinal Cord StructureVascular Supply: vertebral arteries,
segmental medullary arteries (especially the artery of Adamkiewicz)
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Which of the following prevents Which of the following prevents posterior displacement of the posterior displacement of the dens?dens?
Posterio
r arch
Anterio
r arch
Late
ral m
asses
Vertebra
prominens
Transverse
ligament
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Posterior arch2. Anterior arch3. Lateral masses4. Vertebra
prominens5. Transverse
ligament
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In a case of suspected meningitis In a case of suspected meningitis where should a lumbar puncture be where should a lumbar puncture be performed?performed?
L1/L2
L2/L3
L3/L4
L4/L5
L5/S
1
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. L1/L22. L2/L33. L3/L44. L4/L55. L5/S1
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Lumbar PunctureLumbar Puncture
Spinal Cord ends at L1/L2
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What landmarks are used to What landmarks are used to find the location for a spinal find the location for a spinal tap?tap?
Anterio
r superio
r iliac s
p...
Posterio
r superio
r iliac s
...
Iliac c
rests
Spinalis
parts o
f ere
ctor ..
.
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Anterior superior iliac spines
2. Posterior superior iliac spines
3. Iliac crests4. Spinalis parts of
erector spinae muscles
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High points of iliac crest correspond to L4 spinous process
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A patient is suffering from a herniation A patient is suffering from a herniation of the L4/L5 IV disc. Which nerve root of the L4/L5 IV disc. Which nerve root is most likely compressed?is most likely compressed?
L2 L3 L4 L5
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. L22. L33. L44. L5
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In a herniated disc of the lumbar vertebrae the nerve that exits at that level is spared, while the nerve root one segment below is often compressed
For lumbar roots, that means a herniation of IV disc L2/L3 will compress the L3 root
The rule applies the same for cervical vertebrae: C5/C6 C6 root
For cervical vertebrae, however, it is the nerve exiting at that level is actually compressed; it is only because there is one “extra” cervical nerve that the rule still applies
Herniated DiscsHerniated Discs
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The Upper LimbThe Upper Limbquestions almost entirely neuromuscular (nerve
deficits are BIG) BRACHIAL PLEXUSBRACHIAL PLEXUSknow the spinal segments represented by major
nerves (e.g. long thoracic, suprascapular, dorsal scapular, radial, axillary, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, phrenic)
know major actions of each muscle (groupings and locations help)
memorize the innervation of each muscle◦ Innervation gives clues about action, vice
versaattachments
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A young man notices that following a stab injury he A young man notices that following a stab injury he has difficulty doing push-ups, noting that his right has difficulty doing push-ups, noting that his right shoulder blade tends to “stick out.” Which nerve shoulder blade tends to “stick out.” Which nerve was most likely injured to cause this deficit?was most likely injured to cause this deficit?
Dorsa
l Sca
pular
Long T
horacic
Subsca
pular
Vagus
Phrenic
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Dorsal Scapular2. Long Thoracic3. Subscapular4. Vagus5. Phrenic
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Winged ScapulaWinged Scapula
= Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, C6, C7)
“5-6-7, wings to heaven”
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A patient presents with a medially rotated, A patient presents with a medially rotated, adducted arm and extended, adducted forearm. adducted arm and extended, adducted forearm. Which spinal segments are represented in the Which spinal segments are represented in the injury?injury?
C3, C4
C4, C5, C
6
C5, C6
C7, C8
C8, T1
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. C3, C42. C4, C5, C63. C5, C64. C7, C85. C8, T1
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C5, C6 = “waiter’s tip” sign
Medially rotated arm due to loss of Infraspinatus (Suprascapular Nerve)
Adducted arm due to loss of Deltoid (Axillary Nerve)/ Supraspinatus (Suprascapular Nerve)
Extended forearm due to loss of forearm flexors (Musculocutaneous)
Klumpke palsy = C8, T1 (symptoms similar to ulnar nerve palsy)
Erb-Duchenne PalsyErb-Duchenne Palsy
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Which of the following does not branch Which of the following does not branch off from or derive from the medial off from or derive from the medial cord?cord?
1. Median2. Lateral Pectoral3. Medial Pectoral4. Ulnar5. Medial
Antebrachial
Median
Late
ral Pecto
ral
Medial P
ectora
l U
lnar
Medial A
ntebra
chial
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
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Which of the following muscles rotates Which of the following muscles rotates the glenoid cavity superiorly?the glenoid cavity superiorly?
1. Levator Scapulae
2. Trapezius3. Spinalis4. Rhomboid major5. Rhomboid minor
Levato
r Sca
pulae
Trapezius
Spinalis
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
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Descending fibers elevate the scapula and rotate the glenoid cavity superiorly
CN XI Palsy makes arm abduction more difficult
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Which of the following does not insert into Which of the following does not insert into the intertubercular groove of the humerus?the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
Latissi
mus dorsi
Pectora
lis m
ajor
Teres major
Teres minor
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Latissimus dorsi2. Pectoralis major3. Teres major4. Teres minor
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“lady between two majors” teres major, latissimus dorsi, and pectoralis major
insert in the intertubercular groove
attachments are likely to appear in 3 or 4 questions
learn the “hotspots”: intertubercular groove, greater and lesser tubercles of humerus, supra- and infra-glenoid tubercles, coracoid process, coronoid process, olecranon, medial epicondyle of humerus, lateral epicondyle of the humerus, extensor expansion
for most other attachment sites, a more general idea will suffice (i.e. what bone(s))
AttachmentsAttachments
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After fracture of the clavicle, which After fracture of the clavicle, which muscle is responsible for the palpable muscle is responsible for the palpable fragment?fragment?
Trapezius
Stern
ocleidomas
toid
Pec Majo
r
Pec Minor
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Trapezius2. Sternocleidomasto
id3. Pec Major4. Pec Minor
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Sternocleidomastoid
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What nerve may be injured following What nerve may be injured following fracture of the surgical neck of the fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?humerus?
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Axillary2. Radial3. Median4. Ulnar
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What nerve may be injured following What nerve may be injured following fracture of the medial epicondyle of the fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?humerus?
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Axillary2. Radial3. Median4. Ulnar
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What nerve may be injured following What nerve may be injured following fracture of the radial groove of the fracture of the radial groove of the humerus?humerus?
Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Axillary2. Radial3. Median4. Ulnar
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Surgical neck – axillaryRadial groove – radialDistal end of humerus – medianMedial epicondyle - ulnar
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A man fractures his humerus at the spiral groove. A man fractures his humerus at the spiral groove. What neurological problem is likely to be observed?What neurological problem is likely to be observed?
Claw hand
Simian hand
Hand of b
enediction
Wris
t dro
p
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Claw hand2. Simian hand3. Hand of
benediction4. Wrist drop
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This would damage the radial nerve leading to loss of extension at the wrist (wrist drop)
the radial nerve innervates extensors of the forearm, wrist, and most extensors of the phalanges
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Following a laceration to the palm just medial Following a laceration to the palm just medial to the thenar eminence, which of the to the thenar eminence, which of the following intrinsic movements of the thumb is following intrinsic movements of the thumb is likely to be fully intact?likely to be fully intact?
Oppositi
on
Abduction
Flexio
n
Adduction
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Opposition2. Abduction3. Flexion4. Adduction
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opponens policis, abductor policis brevis, and flexor policis brevis are all innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve (which is likely to have been lacerated here)
Adductor policis is innervated by the ulnar nerve
Recurrent Branch of Median Recurrent Branch of Median NerveNerve
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A complete avulsion of the lateral epicondyle would A complete avulsion of the lateral epicondyle would be least likely to disrupt the functioning of which be least likely to disrupt the functioning of which muscle?muscle?
Extenso
r digi
toru
m
Supinato
r
Extenso
r carp
i ulnaris
Extenso
r pollic
is longus
Extenso
r digi
ti minim
i
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Extensor digitorum
2. Supinator3. Extensor carpi
ulnaris4. Extensor pollicis
longus5. Extensor digiti
minimi
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Extensor pollicis longus does not have its origination at the lateral epicondyle; all others listed do
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Which of the following resists inferior Which of the following resists inferior displacement of the humeral head in the displacement of the humeral head in the glenoid cavity?glenoid cavity?
Long h
ead of the tr
iceps..
.
Medial h
ead of tric
eps b...
Late
ral head of t
riceps b
...
0% 0%0%
10
1. Long head of the triceps brachii
2. Medial head of triceps brachii
3. Lateral head of triceps brachii
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stabilizes the head of the abducted humerus in the glenohumeral joint, resisting inferior displacement
attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle
Long Head of the TricepsLong Head of the Triceps
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The nerve that provides sensory innervation The nerve that provides sensory innervation to the posterolateral forearm branches from to the posterolateral forearm branches from the…the…
Posterio
r cord
Medial C
ord
Radial nerve
Ulnar
nerve
Muscu
locutaneo...
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Posterior cord2. Medial Cord3. Radial nerve4. Ulnar nerve5. Musculocutaneous
nerve
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The posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve arises from the radial nerve
major nerves of the upper limb often terminate as cutaneous nerves
knowing the distribution of these sensory nerves helps to identify the major nerve involved in the deficit
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Describe the anatomical location Describe the anatomical location of the long head of the triceps.of the long head of the triceps.
Anterio
r to both
tere
s m...
Posterio
r to both
teres .
..
Anterio
r to te
res major ..
.
Anterio
r to te
res minor a
..
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Anterior to both teres major and teres minor
2. Posterior to both teres major and teres minor
3. Anterior to teres major and posterior to teres minor
4. Anterior to teres minor and posterior to teres major
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Teres minorTere
s major Lon
g head
Humerus
Quadrangular SpaceQuadrangular Space Teres minor wraps
around the back to the greater tubercle
Teres major passes anteriorly to the intertubercular groove
The long head of the triceps passes in between
Know the quadrangular space
The medial humeral circumflex artery and axillary nerve pass through this window
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Which part of the hand would Which part of the hand would experience paresthesia in carpal tunnel experience paresthesia in carpal tunnel syndrome?syndrome?
Thenar eminence
Dorsa
l surfa
ce
Hyp
othenar r
egion
Nail b
ed of middle finger
Tip of little finger
0% 0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Thenar eminence2. Dorsal surface3. Hypothenar
region4. Nail bed of
middle finger5. Tip of little finger
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The following patient presents with no loss of The following patient presents with no loss of consciousness, no visible trauma, and no consciousness, no visible trauma, and no sensory deficits. What is the likely problem?sensory deficits. What is the likely problem?
10
1. Ulnar n. damage2. Median n.
damage3. Volkmann’s
contracture4. Dupuytren’s
contracture
Ulnar
n. damage
Median n. d
amage
Volkmann’s
contra
cture
Dupuytre
n’s co
ntractu
re
0% 0%0%0%
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Not due to nerve damage because no associated sensory loss
In Volkmann’s you would expect to see wrist involvement as well and would expect a preceding ischemic event, such as the improper wrapping of a tourniquet
In Dupuytren’s, also look for the presence of subcutaneous nodules
Dupuytren’s ContractureDupuytren’s Contracture
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EmbryologyEmbryologydon’t neglect; a significant portion of the testquestions are generally straightforward,
focusing on the precursors of adult structures as well as abnormalities
heart embryology is especially important for this exam
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In which of the following conditions does the In which of the following conditions does the body compensate by opening up a collateral body compensate by opening up a collateral pathway for blood flow?pathway for blood flow?
Tetralogy o
f F...
Patent D
uctus .
..
Patent F
oramen...
Coarctati
on of...
Aortic S
tenosi.
..
0% 0% 0%0%0%
101. Tetralogy of Fallot2. Patent Ductus Arteriosus3. Patent Foramen Ovale4. Coarctation of the Aorta5. Aortic Stenosis
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Coarctation of the AortaCoarctation of the Aorta Diminished femoral pulses
and rib notching due to increased blood flow = classic signs of coarctation
Collateral Circulation: Aorta Subclavian Internal Thoracic Anterior Intercostal Posterior Intercostal
Note: the Supreme Intercostal Arteries represent an additional pathway
Collateral circulations are HUGE; know these
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The chest radiograph of a cyanotic newborn is The chest radiograph of a cyanotic newborn is shown below. Immediately suspecting a shown below. Immediately suspecting a congenital abnormality, you anticipate four congenital abnormality, you anticipate four pathological conditions. Which of the following pathological conditions. Which of the following would you NOT expect to find:would you NOT expect to find:
Right V
entricu
lar Hyp
er...
Overri
ding of the Aorta
Pulmonary St
enosis
Mitr
al Stenosis
Ventricu
lar Septa
l Defect
0% 0% 0%0%0%
1. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
2. Overriding of the Aorta
3. Pulmonary Stenosis4. Mitral Stenosis5. Ventricular Septal
Defect
10
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Boot-Shaped Heart
Indicates right ventricular hypertrophy seen in Tetralogy of Fallot. (A similar radiograph is in the lab. Remember to review all of these.)
Pulmonary Artery StenosisRight Ventricular HypertrophyOverriding of the AortaVEntricular Septal Defect
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Which aortic arch gives rise to the Which aortic arch gives rise to the stapedial artery?stapedial artery?
First
Arch
Seco
nd Arch
Third A
rch
Fourth
Arch
Fifth Arch
Sixth
Arch
0% 0% 0%0%0%0%
10Seconds
Remaining
1. First Arch2. Second Arch3. Third Arch4. Fourth Arch 5. Fifth Arch6. Sixth Arch
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Aortic Arch DerivativesAortic Arch DerivativesRemember MSCARD
MaxillaryStapedialCommon Carotid (External Too)Arch of Aorta (and Right Subclavian)RegressesDuctus Arteriosus (and Pulmonary
Arteries)
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Which of the following vessels has Which of the following vessels has the highest oxygen saturation?the highest oxygen saturation?
Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Arte
ries
Ascending Aorta
Right C
oronary Arte
ry
0% 0%0%0%
101. Pulmonary Veins2. Pulmonary Arteries3. Ascending Aorta4. Right Coronary Artery
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An embryo successfully reaches the blastula An embryo successfully reaches the blastula stage but fails to implant itself in the stage but fails to implant itself in the endometrium. Which of the following events endometrium. Which of the following events may have failed to occur?may have failed to occur?
Cleavage
Disa
ppearance
of the Z.
..
Fusio
n of Male and Fe
ma..
Form
ation of Germ
Layers
0% 0%0%0%
101. Cleavage2. Disappearance of the Zona Pellucida3. Fusion of Male and Female Pronuclei4. Formation of Germ Layers
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The blastocyst must “hatch” by dissolving the zona pellucida before implantation
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A newborn suffers from excessive A newborn suffers from excessive accumulation of saliva and mucous in nose and accumulation of saliva and mucous in nose and mouth, gagging, cyanosis after swallowing mouth, gagging, cyanosis after swallowing milk, abdominal distension after crying, and milk, abdominal distension after crying, and reflux of gastric contents into lungs. Which reflux of gastric contents into lungs. Which congenital abnormality may be to blame?congenital abnormality may be to blame?
Pulmonary H
ypoplasia
Transpositi
on of the G
re..
Congenital D
iaphragmat.
.
Tracheoeso
phageal Fist
ula
0% 0%0%0%
101. Pulmonary Hypoplasia2. Transposition of the Great Vessels3. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia4. Tracheoesophageal Fistula
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Tracheoesophageal Tracheoesophageal FistulaFistula
In most common form (seen at left), esophagus ends in blind pouch
Trouble with feeding a prominent symptom at birth
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The patient with the herniated disc asks you The patient with the herniated disc asks you about the embryological precursor to the about the embryological precursor to the substance coming out of the disc (naturally, of substance coming out of the disc (naturally, of course). What should be your response?course). What should be your response?
Neuro
ectoderm
Noto
chord
Inte
rmediate
Meso
derm
Late
ral Plate
Meso
derm
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Neuroectoderm2. Notochord3. Intermediate
Mesoderm4. Lateral Plate
Mesoderm
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Nucleus Pulposus is the only remnant of the notochord in the adult human
Remember your germ layers
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Which of the following is not derived from Which of the following is not derived from neural crest cells?neural crest cells?
Dorsa
l Root G
anglia
Ente
ric G
anglia
Moto
r Neuro
ns
Melanocy
tes
0% 0%0%0%
10
1. Dorsal Root Ganglia2. Enteric Ganglia3. Motor Neurons4. Melanocytes
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Neural Crest CellsNeural Crest Cells“the fourth germ layer”know the derivatives and
consequences of failed migration
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Surface AnatomySurface AnatomyGenerally come in the form, “A
stab wound to the _______ will lacerate which of the following structures:”
Be able to associate surface structures with the viscera underneath
Don’t forget the posterior thorax
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A stab wound through the manubrium A stab wound through the manubrium damages a vessel coursing almost damages a vessel coursing almost horizontally. Which of the following was horizontally. Which of the following was most likely lacerated?most likely lacerated?
Left Brach
iocephalic
Vein
Right B
rachioce
phalic Vein SV
C
Left Common Caro
tid
0% 0%0%0%
:10
1. Left Brachiocephalic Vein
2. Right Brachiocephalic Vein
3. SVC4. Left Common
Carotid
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MAL MCL PS Median PS MCL MAL
1st ICS
Posterior Segment
of Superior
Anterior Segmentof Superior
Axillary Vessels
Anterior Segment
of Superior
SVC
Aortic Arch,Left
Brachiocephalic
V.
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorAortic Knob
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorAxillary Vessels
AP Segment of
Superior
1st
ICS
2nd ICS
Posterior Segment
of Superior
Anterior Segmentof Superior
Anterior Segment
of Superior
SVC
Ascend-ing
Aorta
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorPulmonary
Trunk
Anterior Segmentof Superior
AP Segment of
Superior
2nd
ICS
3rd ICS
PS of S
LS ofMiddle
MS ofMiddle
Anterior Segment
of Superior
RA
RV
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorConus
Arteriosus
Superior Lingular of
Superior
Superior Lingular of
Superior
3rd
ICSLateral
Segment of Middle
4th ICS
LS of Middle LS of
Middle
*Nipple
MS of Middle
Medial Segment of Middle
RA
RV RV
Inferior Lingular of
SuperiorLV
*Nipple
Superior Lingular of
Superior
4th
ICSAnterior Basal of Inferior
5th ICS
Anterior Basal of Inferior
LS ofMiddle
MS of Middle
Medial Segment of MiddleRA/IVC
RVRV
*No pleura
IL of SLV (apex)
Antero- medial
Basal of Inferior
5th
ICSAMB of Inferior
6th ICS
Anterior Basal ofInferior
DIAPHRAGM AMB of I
LB of I
6th
ICS
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Which heart chamber is at greatest Which heart chamber is at greatest risk from a thoracic stab wound?risk from a thoracic stab wound?
Left Atri
um
Left Ventri
cle
Right A
trium
Right V
entricle
0% 0%0%0%
1. Left Atrium2. Left Ventricle3. Right Atrium4. Right Ventricle
:10
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MAL MCL PS Median PS MCL MAL
1st ICS
Posterior Segment
of Superior
Anterior Segmentof Superior
Axillary Vessels
Anterior Segment
of Superior
SVC
Aortic Arch,Left
Brachiocephalic
V.
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorAortic Knob
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorAxillary Vessels
AP Segment of
Superior
1st
ICS
2nd ICS
Posterior Segment
of Superior
Anterior Segmentof Superior
Anterior Segment
of Superior
SVC
Ascend-ing
Aorta
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorPulmonary
Trunk
Anterior Segmentof Superior
AP Segment of
Superior
2nd
ICS
3rd ICS
PS of S
LS ofMiddle
MS ofMiddle
Anterior Segment
of Superior
RA
RV
Anterior Segment
of SuperiorConus
Arteriosus
Superior Lingular of
Superior
Superior Lingular of
Superior
3rd
ICSLateral
Segment of Middle
4th ICS
LS of Middle LS of
Middle
*Nipple
MS of Middle
Medial Segment of Middle
RA
RV RV
Inferior Lingular of
SuperiorLV
*Nipple
Superior Lingular of
Superior
4th
ICSAnterior Basal of Inferior
5th ICS
Anterior Basal of Inferior
LS ofMiddle
MS of Middle
Medial Segment of MiddleRA/IVC
RVRV
*No pleura
IL of SLV (apex)
Antero- medial
Basal of Inferior
5th
ICSAMB of Inferior
6th ICS
Anterior Basal ofInferior
DIAPHRAGM AMB of I
LB of I
6th
ICS
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Which rib does the horizontal Which rib does the horizontal fissure approximate most closely?fissure approximate most closely?
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
0% 0% 0%0%0%
101. Third2. Fourth3. Fifth4. Sixth5. Seventh
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Study TipsStudy TipsStudy the TBL’s! Use them to
guide your review.Learn the Blue Boxes, especially
the Chapter 1 ones (summary online)
Don’t forget lymph and embryo!Review as many bodies as
possible
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Mock PracticalMock PracticalSaturday morning: 10 am – 4 pmThere will be bodies tagged in the lab, as
well as radiographsComplete on your own, giving yourself a
minute for the A and B questionsTags will be left on until Saturday
afternoonAnswers will be posted in the lab