h rkfje tvkbh pzx{ ihtb ftqs ns/rkfjeh dk...

Research Link - An International Journal - 136 Vol - XIV (5) July - 2015 10

;{\h ;zrhs dh gozgok brGr 300 ;kb g[okDh j?. fi;gqeko ;{\h ;zrhsekoK ns/ rkfJeK B/ fJ; ftZu BthBsk dk Gkt

;zi'fJnk j?, T[j ;abkxk:'r j?.

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j;skyoK ftZu ftF/F f}eo:'r j? tvkbh pzX{nK dh i'Vh.

ihtB doFB L *tvkbh pzX{* Bkw Bkb ftfynks *gdwFqh*

T[;skd g{oB uzd tvkbh ns/ T[;skd fgnko/ bkb tvkbh ;{\h

;zsK d/ T[gd/FK ns/ ftukoK ~ rhs-;zrhs d/ wkfXnw d[nkok iB

;kXkoB sZe gj[zukT[D tkb/ ebkekoK dh shih ghVQh d/ tkfo;

jB. nkg d/ dkdk *Fqh Mzvk okw* fJZe e[Fb ;{\h rkfJe ;B

ns/ nkg ih d/ fgsk *Fqh mke[o dk;* ih nkgD/ ;w/_ d/ fBg[zB

eZtkbh rkfJe ;B.

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eoskok (eosko f;zx), ns/ fgnko'.

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j'fJnk. nkgDh ftok;s Bkb i[V rJ/ ns/ nkgD/ tZv/ Gok g{oB

uzd tvkbh Bkv ;{\h ebkw rkT[D bZr gJ/. nZr/ uZb e/ fJBK

dh i'Vh *tvkbh pzX{* d/ Bkw Bkb gqf;ZX j'Jh.

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ns/ ;kdrh s'_ Mbedk j?. \ehokBk fposh tkb/ d't/_ Gok ;[Gkn

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fJjBK B/ F'jos s/ fJzBh p[bzdh T[s/ g[Zi e/ th nkgDhnK

gotkfoe edoK ehwsK ~ ni/ sZe ;j/}e/ oZfynk j?.

;zrhs f;Zfynk L T[;skd g{oB uzd tvkbh ih ~ pugB

ftZu ;zrhs f;ZyD dk e'Jh yk;k F"e Bjh_ ;h. nkg dh o[uh

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gfjbtkB d/ Bkw Bkb gqf;ZX ;B, ~ r[o{XkoD ehsk ns/ e[Fsh

dh skbhw b?D bZr/, gozs{ nkg d/ fgsk ih ukj[zd/ ;B fe T[j

T[jBK dh ;zrhfse ftok;s ~ ;zGkb/ sK i' gfotko dh T[gihthek

th ubdh oj/. o'}kBk Fkw T[j nkg ~ jow'fBnw b? e/ fpmk

fdzd/ ns/ fonk}eotkT[_d/. fonk}eoB ftZu e[skjh tosB s/ nkg

~ fgsk gk;'_ eJh tko wko th ykDh gJh.

nkg dh ;zrhfse f;Zfynk dk nkozG okr *G{gkbh* d[nkok

eotkfJnk. nkg B/ gfjbh tkoh nzfwqs;o ftZu jh w'jewg[ok

Bkwe ;EkB s/ pkpk ;kfde Fkj, i' fe pkpk \ohd ih dh rZdh

ftZu'_ fuFsh gqzgok d/ tkfo; ;B, dh irQk s/ j'D tkb/ ;bkBk

T[o; s/ rkfJnk. fJ; ;EkB s/ ne;o jh Bkwh-frokwh eZtkb

ns/ Y'bh nkgDh jk}oh brtkT[D nkfJnk eod/ ;B. T[E/

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ek\h gqGkfts j'J/. nkg B/ T[; ;EkB s/ i' rhs rkfJnk T[;d/

p'b ;B @@fwZNh dhnK w{osK B/ fdb ;kvk w'j fbnk.¿ Fqh ;/tk

;{\h rkfJe *tvkbh pzX{* ihtB ftqs ns/ rkfJeh dk

ftFb /FD

gq'H r[ogqhs e"o*, FoBihs e"o**

*w[Zyh, ;zrhs ftGkr, r[o{BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o

**fo;ou ;ekbo, ;zrhs ftGkr, r[o{BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh, nzfwqs;o

Research Link - 136, Vol - XIV (5), July - 2015, Page No. 10-12

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Impact Factor - 2014 - 1.8007ISSN - 0973-1628 RNI - MPHIN-2002-7041

Gkt/_ fe ;{\h ;zrhs d/ ftek; ftZu tvkbh pzX{nK dk :'rdkB pj[s Fbkxk:'r j? gozs{nkg

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jB.

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fJZe okr ftZu rkT[_d/ ;w/_ pVh jh nk;kBh s/ ebkswesk

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j?.

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b'jk wBtk u[Ze/ jB. ftd/FK ftZu nwohek, e?B/vk, nk;No/bhnk,

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gq'rokwK ftZu nkgD/ \B dk w[}kjok ehsk j?. fiBQK ftZu'_ rhsk

wj's;t - e[o{eF/so, fsqt/Dh wj's;t - nbkjkpkd, fdZbh fJzNoB?FBb

nkoN c?;Nhtb - fdZbh, ;to rzrk wj's;t - johdtko, okik

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eotk u[Ze/ jB.

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ns/ 'Voice of Punjab 5' s'_ fJbktk ibzXo d{odoFB ns/ j'o

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r'FmhnK ftZu fFoes eo u[Ze/ jB.

;{\h ;zrhs ftZu nkg dhnK w[Zy n?bpw L *fJFe

w[;kfco* (2000), *g?rkw-J/-fJFe* (2004), *nk fwb :ko*

(2005),*\ohd* (2007), *:kd ghnk eh* (2008), *The Best of


Shah Hussain* (2009), Folk Music of Punjab* (2010), *nwB

eh nkFk* (2010)

tvkbh pzX{nK B/ pkbht[Zv ns/ gzikph fcbw irs ftZu th

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;BwkB ns/ T[gkXhnK L nkg ~ ftF/F ;BwkB ns/

T[gkXhnK fit/_ *;zrhs BkNe nekdwh* g[o;eko, 1991, *s[b;h*

ntkov, 1998, *gzikp ;zrhs nekdwh* g[o;eko, 2003, *gdw Fqh

ntkov*, 2005, bkJh\NkJhw nuhtw?_N ntkov, ghHNhH;hH gzikph,

2015 gqkgs j' u[Ze/ jB.

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fi;d/ bJh nkg fBozso :sBFhb jB. gzikph b'e ;zrhs dh fJ;

nwho ftok;s T[gZo nv'b gfjok d/ oj/ tvkbh pzX{nK dk nkgk-

nkg g{oB s"o s/ ;{\h ;zrhs ~ ;wofgs j?. jo tor d/ ;q'fsnK

ftZu ;{\h ;zrhs dk ;zuko nkg dh gqw[Zy gqkgsh j?, fi;d/ f;ZN/ ti'_

nkg ~ fJ; y/so ftZu fJe fBt/ebk ;EkB gqkgs j?. T[wo d/ fJ;

gVkt ftZu th nkg ;{\h ;zrhs dh nEZe ;/tk eo oj/ jB.

gqwkswk fJjBK ~ uzrh f;js ns/ bzph T[wo p]F/.

jtkb/ ns/ g[;se ;{uh L

(1) tvkbh pzX{nK Bkb ehsh rJh G/_N tkosk d[nkok fJeZso

ikDekoh.

(2) oki rkfJe jz; oki jz; Bkb ehsh rJh G/_N tkosk

d[nkok fJeZso ikDekoh.

(3) Fowk, gq'H :Fgkb, ;zrhs ftGkr, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk Bkb ehsh rJh G/_N tkosk d[nkok fJeZso ikDekoh.

(4) e;/b, vkH Bti's e"o, ;zrhs ftGkr, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,


(5) f;zx vkH r[oBkw, w[yh, r[owfs ;zrhs ftGkr, gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk Bkb ehsh rJh G/_N tkosk d[nkok fJeZso

ikDekoh.

(6) e"o vkH i;pho, w[yh gzikph GkFk ftek; ftGkr, gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk Bkb ehsh rJh G/_N tkosk d[nkok fJeZso

ikDekoh.

(7) f;zx gq'H fBt/fdsk, w[yh, ;zrhs ftGkr, gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,


(8) b'e rkfJe, fBzdo x[frnkDth, r[o{BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh,

nzfwqs;o, gzBk-89

(9) ;'jb, vkH jfozdo e"o, gzikph rkfJeh L ftfGzB gk;ko,

gzBk-233

(10) T[jh, gzBk-234


Tradition of 'Sabad Kirtan' subsists in the SikhDharam as a specific procedural Code, which, courteouslyescorts, through its inaccessible ambrosial system, humanbeings, living in the perpetuity of the Time, in conductingdiurnal activities vis-à-vis acceptable behavioral patterns.

This tradition-the harmonious confluence of 'Naad' &'Shabad' incorporating the universal implications of thesetwo facetsbrings the entire populace face to face with thatspecial ambrosial system which is the nucleus of perceptibilityand evanescence/ transience / perishable ness of world'sproliferation.

While Naad with its smoothness, softness andharmony- running under the expansion and wide spread ofAudibility, Sound as well as Raag - integrates & synchronizeshuman heart with some imperceptible sound (word), Shabad,making these integrated hearts aware of physical and meta-physical existence of the universe, permeates it with its lightof divine Knowledge.

It has been the tragedy of the entire mankind that manhad throughout been using 'Naad' and 'Shabad'in the singledirection of appeasing its psychological, intellectual andspiritual desires as also achieving eternal pleasure.Resultantly, he falls upon only 'Naad' to pacify his disturbedmind then, due to the lack of specific knowledge achievablewithin time through the medium of 'Shabad', possibility ofconversion of good feelings such as faith, compassion andnon-violence into blind faith, weakness and cowardlinessremains strong. Similarly, with the deficiency of softness ofheart, the external and central knowledge acquired through'Shabad' becomes dry which becomesmanifest as egotism inman. In this way, Man entangled in the harmful social


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problems of caste-system, classification, high-low, delusions,rituals etc in society & failing to identify the mutual harmonyin Man, Worldand God, becomes victimofstarvation,violence as well as diseases.

To take out of such a situation, to pacify the turbulenthearts of the human beings, to build strong, healthy society-God's celestial city- which, in Gurbani, is called as BaygumPura(1) (the City of no suffering)where under the commandofraj (worldly Desires), tam (Inertness), Sat (Tranquility), noworries or sorrows burn human hearts, torture anyone andwhere position of Sat (virtue, chastity), Chit (consciousness),Anand (bliss) stays put eternally and to make peopleresidents of such a place only, Guru Nanak Dev Ji foundedthe religious code of Sabad Kirtan encompassingconvergence of 'Naad' and 'Shabad'.

To inscribe the tradition of Shabad Kirtan and itssignificance or importance in Sikh consciousness Guru Nanakdev ji made it a part of His daily practice. A reference can bequoted from the janam sakhi of Bhai Meharbaan that onceGuru Nanak came back home late night after doing dailyaccounts of Modikhana, the cook told him to have food as itis getting cold. Guru ji replied that I haven't done kirtan yetand without doing it, eating food is unthinkable and also Ican't sleep without doing kirtan.(2)

Similarly, once Jhaajoo, Mukand and Kidara went toGuru Arjan Dev Ji and asked, 'Guru Ji! how will our future besecured?' Satguru Ji then said, 'You know how to recite theSabad (Sound, Raga) and in Kaliyug, no Tapp (penance) isparallel to Kirtan. So, you should recite kirtan.'(3) It is exclusivepeace giving In Gurbani also this doctrain is confirmed byGuru Arjun Dev ji :

JRF Guru Nanak Dev Centre for Sikh Music, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab)

'Sabad Kirtan' - The Divine Bless

KULWINDER SINGH

It has been the tragedy of the entire mankind that man had throughout beenusing 'Naad' and 'Shabad'in the single direction of appeasing its psychological,intellectual and spiritual desires as also achieving eternal pleasure. Resultantly, hefalls upon only 'Naad' to pacify his disturbed mind then, due to the lack of specificknowledge achievable within time through the medium of 'Shabad', possibility ofconversion of good feelings such as faith, compassion and non-violence into blindfaith, weakness and cowardliness remains strong.


�kljug mih kIrqnu prDwnw ]

gurmuiK jpIAY lwie iDAwnw ]� (4)

(in the age of knowledge kaljug, singing of His praiseis the dominating method. O! Gurmukh let us remember Him,with full attention )strengthened this canon and thus, for thewelfare of entire humanity, established the place of worshipknown as Gurdwara where entire populace get together&enshrining the incomprehensible Bani of the Almighty intheir consciousness, endeavor to comprehend its meaning -with the grace of Guru - through the medium of Kirtan .

In fact, apparently, there is no such University /Institution in the world which extracts mankind from thedisgraceful filth of carnal desires & post cleansing &purification, makes the people realize that this universe isthe creation of the Almighty and inspires men to performcertain acts for its upkeep & goodness. This is why Guru Jiemphasized the significance of Sabad Kirtan. He knew thatwithout purifying the human heart, information about godcannot be stored in the mind of man and without thisknowledge; all-inclusive moral values cannot be strengthenedin the human society.

Under the rhythmic adoration of Sabad Kirtan, 'Shabad',while making Man aware of ground reality of system of theTime, familiarizing him with itself, brings to fore the presenceof God throughout the Universe. Consequently, Man, havinggot alerted from the worldly entanglements, launches to doworks for the goodness of entire populace by strengtheningthe meanings of :

�AYsI klw n KyfIAY ijqu drgh gieAw hwrIAY ]�(5)

(So do not play such a game,which will bring you toruin at the Court of the Lord.)

eyku ipqw eyks ky hm bwirk qU myrw gur hweI ](6)

(The One God is our father; we are the children of theOne God. You are our Guru.)

�Avil Alh nUru aupwieAw kudriq ky sB bMdy ]

eyk nUr qy sBu jgu aupijAw kaun Bly ko mMdy]�(7)

(First, Allah created the Light; then, by His CreativePower, He made all mortal beings.)

(The whole world is product of the same light, so whoare good and who are bad ?)

�sBu ko mIqu hm Awpn kInw hm sBnw ky swjn ]� (8)

(I am a friend to all; I am everyone's friend.)Man shares his hard earned money with all the people

and his earnings, thus, naturally get multiplied. Guru's adviceis,

�Kwvih Krcih ril imil BweI]

qoit n AwvY vDdo jweI]�(9)

(Let my brother together eat and spend, it will neverfall short, instead, will ever increase)

In this way, Shabad-- steering the Man all the times--causes the end of all his sorrows & sufferings. It makes, theotherwise directionless people, the followers of the singlepath & unites the departed ones. It also, inducting theuniversal brotherhood, endows spiritual cheerfulnessthrough which all universe starts eulogizing the creator after

having realized the sweet touch of the imperceptiblewordsounds. It is the Guru's blessing that it is present in theshape of 'Sabad Kirtan' on the earth for the welfare of humanbeings in the Kaljug.

In the present times of Globalization, while the entiremankind is assembling together materialistically but ecstaticmelodious stream of Sabad Kirtan bequeathed by theGurdwara, can significantly contribute in establishingemotional relation & convergence among them, Therefore,we need to empirically & philosophically swap opinions onits total expansion containing sundry offshoots vizmelodious, social, political, economic, scientific etc. to knowits impact.

References :

(1) Sri Guru Granth Sahib, 345.(2) Kirpal Singh (ed.): Janam Sakhi Parampara Itihasik

Dristikon (Punjabi), Meharvaan Vali Sakh, p. 92, Publication BureauPunjabi University Patiala. 2009.

(3) Santokh Singh, Gur-partap Sooraj Granth, Raasi 3 Ansu54, Bhasha Vibhag Punjab, 2011.

(4) Sri Guru Granth Sahib, 1075.(5) Ibid, 469.(6) Ibid, 611.(7) Ibid, 1349.(8) Ibid, 671.(9) Ibid, 186.


The impact of advertising on the society is a fiercelydebated topic, and has been ever since the conception ofadvertising in its most basic form. There are negative andpositive social impacts upon society from advertising in itsvarious forms. No doubt it enlightens the mass of the countryand also across the world but some draw backs are there.�Marquis� while you were talking I looked around this table

and saw that (nearly) everyone here wins subsistencethrough the activity called advertising�(1) - these openinglines of Herman Wouk's essay �A Talk on Advertising�

criticize the act of advertising. What he says is not far fromthe reality that people in advertising business never doanything useful to win their bread. They cheat, deceive andmislead customers with attractive lies. In his article �Illusion

are Forever� Jay Chait talks about �real lies� and he means

to say advertising is not real lie but what makes it real lies is�presentation of situation, values, beliefs, and cultural norms

that form a backdrop of the selling message�(2). They inducepeople to buy unnecessary things and they are paid by thosewho produced undesired things. They distort and misuselanguage to serve their evil designs. And language is fleshand blood and can say O2 in social change and social control.Language is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologistsrefer to this as a mediated culture- a culture created by theproducer and advertiser.

The force of advertising reaches out and toucheseveryone living and working in the modern world today.Advertising is claimed by its practitioners to be largelyresponsible for the good things in life and is criticized by itsopponents as the cause of unpleasant things. It makespossible the concept of celebrity without the abilities of


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movies, magazines and news media to reach across thousandsof miles, people would not become famous. In fact, onlypolitical and business leaders, as well as the few notoriouslaws, were famous in the past. It can be admitted that in thepast we had limited resources like only a few broadcastingchannels, lack of digitalization, and a few medium. But nowthe time has come where the scenario is quite different fromthe past one. Now we have multiple resources. Today onecan find a television, may say LED in the poorest of homesand multiple sources in most middle class homes as one canchoose a Television, Plasma T.V., LCD, LED, and now CurvedT.V. in its emergence, according to the weight of one's coins.Not only has availability increased, but programming isincreasingly diverse with shows aimed to please all ages,incomes, backgrounds and attitudes (related to insurance,loan, prohibition of smoking etc). This widespread availabilityand exposure makes telecaster the primary focus of thisdiscussion.

Now a day, there is availability of channels- for peoplegenerally to choose to watch or listen what they alreadybelieve or wish. As it is a business oriented and due topolitical interference media has ability to manipulate whatpeople can see or hear. For example, sometimes broadcaster,may say owner, can easily hypnotize the spectators for someimages or products which s/he desire to fulfill. According toJacques Lacan, a prominent French psychiatrist andpsychologist, we feel an unavoidable chain of 'lack', when inthis modern era we have a look of something which we havenot. This lack turns into desire and desire seeks to fulfill thelack, but can never do so. This is so because desire is thedesire of the final meaning, a filling up the lack of true signified.

How Language Constructs A New World

KIRAN KUMAR

Assistant Professor (Department of English), Bhag Singh Khalsa College for Women, Kala-Tibba, Abohar (Punjab)

Advertising is becoming more prevalent and more personal. The personalizedmarketing can be seen on social networking sites and mobile applications like Facebook,Twitter, Gmail, Yahoo, Whats app, We chat, and name a few. Companies are able todirect their marketing to people needs interests. And it could be possible only afterinternet, a ground breaking invention in the 1960s which has increased its roleexponentially as more business and households. According to the statistics till 2014around 40% population of the world were penetrated by the use of internet and inIndia it was 20% of its population.(4) And the internet has become the first gradedmedium to spread out the information in every field.


Lacan says:-�Language, therefore, is always connected with the

loss of the object and the desire. Language itself about lack,since signifiers do not lead to a final meaning but moresignifiers.�(3)

Lacan's concept, in reference to language, can beapplied in media. To attain the attention some amusingadvertisements have been broadcasting over television, someare in the following row:-

It means the younger product of this company isfighting with the older one to seek popularity and profit.Media has used its best way in molding the language tocreate the lack. Advertising robs us of the most intimatemoments in our lives because it substitutes an advertiser'sidea of what ought to be -What should a romantic momentbe like? Some examples in this reference are:-

This type of advertising, telecasted over the television,prepares us to realize a stigma on his masculinity if the maleperson is deprived of this product.

From standardized company, which tries to boost thesale, to non standardized company, which struggles to comein the limelight, pay a million of dollars to Television networks.To grab this millions of dollars these companies try to cutthe pocket of all type of class by using of all means and byarousing the lack and desire. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari,however they condemn Lacan's idea about lack that lack isthe loss of object, argue that this lack is created and plannedthrough social production. It is a function of market economy.It organizes wants and needs and then instills the fears that

our wants may not be fulfilled. It decodes our archaic, folkloricor residual function. This decoded state is associated withcapitalism and it can fit into any culture and socialconfiguration. Communities even that individuals arebombarded constantly with messages from a multitude ofsources including T.V., magazines, journals, mobile phones,newspaper, pamphlet, recently invented Tablet, Phablet andto name a few. These messages not only give a promotion tothe products but moods, attitudes, and a sense also to whatis and what is not important. The power of these messageslies in their unrelenting pervasiveness, the 24-hour-a-daydrumbeat that leaves no room for an alternative view. Webecome acculturated to the way advertisers and other media-makers look at things, so much so that we have trouble seeingthings in our own natural way.

Advertising is becoming more prevalent and morepersonal. The personalized marketing can be seen on socialnetworking sites and mobile applications like Facebook,Twitter, Gmail, Yahoo, Whats app, We chat, and name a few.Companies are able to direct their marketing to people needsinterests. And it could be possible only after internet, aground breaking invention in the 1960s which has increasedits role exponentially as more business and households.According to the statistics till 2014 around 40% populationof the world were penetrated by the use of internet and inIndia it was 20% of its population.(4) And the internet hasbecome the first graded medium to spread out the informationin every field.

The act of advertising reminds us one of the famousessays of George Bernard Shaw �Freedom�, in which he

gives his words as �What is perfectly freedom? Evidently a

person who can do what he likes and where he likes, or donothing at all he prefers it�.(5) And this freedom is as one iscrying for moon when one finds oneself in the fairy worldconstructed by advertising that works on the class dominanttheory. It is true that it creates employment and sends sometrustworthy, encouraging, fecund information to enlightenbut the way of presentation is pernicious which should beamended.

References :

(1) Wouk, Herman : �A Talk on Advertising.�

(2) http://www.forbes.com/asap/2000/1002/138_print.html.(3) Nayar, P.K. : Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory,

page 77.(4) http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/(5) Shaw, G.B. : �Freedom.�

Fair & Lovely ne Fair & Lovely ko hara diya

(Fair & Lovely has thrashed Fair & Lovely)

�Introducing Denver Deo-----Take control�

Surf Excel�Dag Ache Hain

Aadami ek or kapade gyarh

Bahut na insafi

Dixcy Scott � Bas Ek hi kafi hai


Introduction :The paper is critical analysis of British colonialism on

which India can be studied as a classical case of Britishimperialism. The paper aims at a multi-dimensional impact ofcolonialm on India's socio-cultural aspects. It enlighten thesociety about the real face and character of British imperialism.It focuses about the Administration organization whichplayed a pivotal and proactive role for the benefit of BritishEmpire which further enhanced to established British control.Indian nationalism responded starting with peasant and tribalrevolts, depressed class movement, mutiny of 1857,emergence of Indian, National Congress, militant movementand Feminists movements. The paper aims to understandand study the multiple pattern of British Policy toward thesocio-cultural strands and the various Facets of Britishparamountry in colonial period of 1757-1857.Administrative Organization and social and Cultural Policy:

In the beginning the condition of East India companywas like a stray dog. She rose and struggled in the traditionmanner, resulting in major tribal and peasant uprisingthroughout the country, which culminated in the revolt of1857, though peasant and tribals uprisings continued evenafter. An effort has been made to juxtapose various strandsof protest against British rule in the subcontinent. BritishAdministrative Framework plays proactive role for the indepthestablishment of British imperialism. British Administrationwas the main agents for the establishment is Britishimperialism which are as follows:Civil Service :

After the victory of Battle of Placey and Buxser

British realised that the people of India governed only bycivil service. Cornwalli's aim was to "establish a constitutionfor the country that will protect private property and with itthe internal prosperity of the state.�(1) British officialsconstructed new institutions new courts and revenue offices-to govern existing social institutions.

The civil service was brought into existence by LordCornwallis. He was consider as the Father of civil services inIndia. The East Indian Company had from the beginningcarried out its Trade in the East through servants who werepaid low wages but who were permitted to trade privately.After sometime, the company became a territorial power, thesame servant assumed administrative Functions. They nowbecome extremely demoralize and they were enjoying withcorruption and Nepotism. By oppressing local weavers andartisans, merchants and zamidars, by extorting bribes andgifts from rajas and Nawabs. Although Clive and WarrenHestings made attempts to put an end to their corruption butonly partially successful. Al of the native states were affectedby the wrong doing of these type of administrative set-up.Cornwallis, who came to India as Governor General in 1786,was determined to purity the Administration but he realizedthat the company's servant would not give honest andefficient service so long as they were not given adequatesalaries. After due consideration he raised the salaries of thecompay's servant. For example the collector of a district wasto be paid Rs.1500 a month and one percent commission onthe revenue collection of his district. In fact, the company'scivil service became the highest paid service in the world. In1800, Lord Wellesley established the college of Fort William


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Administrative Organization and Social and CulturalPolices of The British Empire in India (1757-1857)

HARISH KUMAR

Assistant Professor (PG Department History), Bhag Singh Khalsa College for Women, Kala Tibba Abohar (Punjab)

British Empire established a great administrative structure not for the benefits ofIndian but for the promotion of the policy of drain of wealth. We see different change inthe polices of British Empire from placey to partition. It proves that Britishers want to useIndia as a colony and they had no sympathy about the socio-cultural and economic life ofIndian Society. Around the 18th century a number of significant events took place in theworld. One such event was Industrial Revolution which took place in England. In thispaper the focus is about the coming of British to India and the impact it had on the socialand cultural spheres as well. Key words : Colonialism, Imperialism, Technological change,Western Education, Stability and Continuity, Industrial Revolution, French Revolution.


at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the civilservices. The director of the company disapproved of hisaction and in 1806 replaced it by their own East Indian collegeat Haileybury in England. Till 1853 all appointment to thecivil service were made by the director of the East Indiacompany who placated the members of the Board of Controlby letting them make some of the nominations. The exclusionof Indian from higher grades of the services was a deliberatepolicy. The Indian civil service has often been called thesteel Fame which reared and sustained British rule in India.In course of time it became the chief opponent of all that wasprogressive and advanced in Indian life and one of the maintargets of attacks by the rising Indian nationalism.Army :

The second major pillar of British regime in India wasthe army. It fulfilled four important functions. It was theinstrument through which the Indian powers were conquered.It defended the British supremacy from the ever-presentthreat of internal revolt and foreign rival. The bulk ofcompany's army consisted of Indian soldiers, recruited chieflyfrom the area at present included in U.P. and Bihar. Forinstance, in 1857, the strength of the army in India was 311,400of whom 265,900 were Indian. Its officers were however,exclusively British, at least since the days of Cornwallis, onlythree Indians in the army received a salary of Rs. 300 permonth and the highest India officer was a subedar. Manyappeals were advocated by Indian such appeals were Futile,and the basic ration within the political services stablised at70 percent officer from the Indian army and 90 percent civilianofficer from the ICS.(2) Copland has argued persuasively thatthe Bombay Govt. preferred military men because they werecheaper. Moreover British Officials alleged that men withmilitary bearing, good character and athletic ability wereneeded to impress and influence the princes under theircontrol.(3) British Govt. applied the policy of dived and Rulein Army Regimentation system was adopted and give theidentity to the separate community. And identity is the mainsource of communalism.Police :

The third pillar of British rule was the police whosecreator was once again Cornwallis. He relieved the Zamidarsfor their police functions and established a regular police forceto maintain law and order. He modernized, the old Indiansystem of than as. Cornwallis established a system of circlesor than as headed by a daroga, who was an Indian. Later thepost of the Distt. Superintendent of police was created tohead the police organization. In a district, once again, Indianswere excluded from all superior posts. In the village, the dutiesof the police continued to be performed by village watchmen.The police gradually succeeded in reducing major crimes suchas dacoity. During the dealing with Indian society, the Indianpolice adopted an unsympathetic attitude. William Bentinck,the Governor-General wrote in 1832. As for the police, so farfrom being a protection to the people, I cannot better illustratethe public feeling regarding it, than by the following fact, that

nothing can exceed the popularity of a recent regulation bywhich if a robbery has been committed, the police are preventedfrom making any enquiry into it, except upon the requisition ofthe person robbed : that is to say, the shephered is moreravenous beast of prey than the wolf.Judicial Organization :

The British laid the foundations of a new system ofdispensing justice through a hierachy of civil and criminalcourts. Though given a start by warren Hostings the systemwas stablised by cornwallis 1793. In each district wasestablished a Diwani Adalat, or civil court. Appeal from thedistrict court lay first to four provincial courts of Civil Appealand, then finally, to the Sadar Diwani Adalat. Below theDistrict court were Registrars Courts, headed by European,and a number of subordinates courts headed by IndianJudges known as munsifs and amins. In 1865, High Courtswere established at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay (NowKolkata, Chennai and Mumbai) to replace the Sadar Courtsof Diwani and Nizamat. The British also established a newsystem of laws through the processes of enactment andcodification of Old Laws. The traditional system of justice inIndia had been largely based on customary law which arosefrom long tradition and practice, though many laws werebased on the shastras and shariat as well as on imperialauthority British gradually evolved a new system of laws.The charter act of 1833 conferred all law making power onthe Governor General in council. All this meant that Indianwere now to live increasingly under man-made laws. In 1833the Govt. appointed a Law commission headed by LordMacaulay to codify Indian laws. Its labour eventually resultedin the Indian Penal code, the western derived codes of civiland criminal procedure and other codes of laws. Thus it maybe said that India was judicially unified.The Rule of Law :

The British introduced the modern concept of the ruleof law. This meant that their administration was to be carriedout, at least in theory, in obedience to laws, which clearlydefined the rights privileges and obligations of the subjects,and not according to the caprice and personal description ofthe rules. The rule of law was to some extent a guarantee of thepersonal liberties of the people. The Indian rulers and chiefssometimes exercised this power to do as they wanted. UnderBritish rule, on the other hand, administration was largelycarried on according to laws as interpreted by the courts thelaws themselves were of often defection and corrupt. But thatwas perhaps inevitable in a foreign regime that could not in avery nature of things be democratic or libertarian.Equality before Law :

The Indian legal system under that British was basedon the concept of equality before law. This meant that ineyes of the law all men were equal. The same law applied toall person irrespective of their caste, colour, religion, or class.There was, however one exception to this excellent principleof equality before law. The European and their descendentshad separate court and even laws. Actually it was frequent


miscarriage of justice. In practice, there emerged another typeof legal inequality. Justice become quite expensive as courtfees has to be paid. Courts were often situated in distanttowns, Lawsuits dragged on For years. The complicated lawswere beyond the grasp of the illiterate and ignorant peasants.Officials often Favoured the rich. The zamindars oppressedthe ryots without fear of govt. action. Thus while the newjudicial system marked a great step forward insofar as it wasbased on the laudable principles of the rule of law and equalitybefore the law and on national and humane man made laws itwas a retrograde step in some other aspect like it was socostlier and delayed.Social and Cultural Policy :

Till 1813 Britishers Followed a policy of non-interference in the religious, social and cultural aspects ofthe country, but after 1813 they took active steps to transformIndian Society and culture. The industrial revolution, whichhad begin in the middle of the eighteenth century and theconsequent growth of industrial capitalism were fast changingall aspect of British Society. So it was the demand of hourand the change is law of nature. History and geographyrepeats always, Science and technology also open new vistasof human progress. All over Europe "new attitudes of mind,manners, and morals were appearing." The great FrenchRevolution of 1789 with its message of Liberty, equality andFraternity generated powerful democratic sentiments andunleashed the force of modern nationalism. The Scientificprogress of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies and the tremendous powers of production releasedby application of science to industry were visible proofs ofthe power of human reason. The humanistic outlook gavebirth to the doctrines of individualism, liberalism andsocialism. The Indian Renaissance also responsible for thesocial and cultural policy of British officials. Ram MohanRoy interpreted the concept of dharma through this politicalplane of immanence. An admirer of French Revolution(Metternich's Revolutionary Virus) he drew on the historicalenergies that emerged from this formative experience.(4)

The Policy of modernizing Indian society and culturewas also encouraged by Christian missionaries and religiousminded persons such as William Wilberforce and charts grant,the chairman of the court of Directors of the East Indiacompany, who wanted to spread Christianity in India.Spread of Modern Education :

The British were more successful the introduction ofmodern education beside this, the Christian missionaries anda large number of enlightened Indian also played an importantpart. For the First 60 years of its dominion in India the EastIndia company- a trading, profit making concern- took littleinterest in the education growth. In 1781, Warren Hastingsset up the Calcutta Madrassa for the study and teaching ofMuslim Law. In 1719, Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskritcollege at Banaras, where he was the Resident, for the studyof Hindu law and philosophy. A humble beginning was madein 1813, when the charter act incorporated the principle of

encouraging learned Indians and promoting the knowledgeof modern sciences in the country. The sum of one Lakh ofrupees allotted for the purpose. After 10 year a greatcontroversy raged in the country on the question of thedirection that this expenditure should take. While one sectionof opinion wanted it to be spent exclusively for the promotionof modern western studies and the other section Favouredfor traditional Indian learning. The controversies were settledin 1835 when the govt. of India decided to devote the limitedresources it was willing to spare to teaching of westernsciences and literature through the medium of EnglishLanguage alone. Lord Macaulay said, "Oriental learning wascompletely inferior to European learning." The wood'sdispatch of 1854 was another important step in thedevelopment of education in India. There Universities wereset up in 1857 at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (Now Kolkata,Mumbai and Chennai). Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, becamein 1858 one of the First two graduates of Calcutta university.But the purpose of western education was different.Macaulay, For example, laid down. "We must at present doour best to form a class who may be interpreters between isand the million when we govern, a class of person, Indian inblood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals,and in intellect." In similar fashion the value of educationremained unquestioned despite the trauma of the Mutiny. Inpart, of course this was because the western educationsremain loyal during the uprising. As the youth Indian anofficial George Compbell had appreciated as early as 1853,'The classes most advanced in English education, and whotake like newspaper, are not yet those who have gainedeverything by our rule and whom neither interest notinclination leads to deeds of daring involving and personalrisk?(5) The challenge which the educated would pose to theRaj still lay in the future.Conclusion :

The stability and continuity of the Indian villages wereshaken. In fact the entire structure of rural society began tobreakup due to the colonial polices. Industrial Revolutionand the great French Revolt Insisted British to doimprovement in the cultural policy India.

References :

(1) Cornwallis, "Minute on the administration of Justice". 11Feb. 1793, Bengal Revenue Proceedings, IOR P/52/55 p. 201.(2) W. Murray Hogben, 'An imperial Dilemma: The ReluctantIndianization of the Indian Political Service', MAS 15 (1981), p-752. (3) Copland, British Raj, P.P.- 70-5. (4) Breuing, The age ofRevolution, 181. (5) Compbell, George, India as it May be (London,1853), p- 410.

Websites :

(1) www.nios.ac.in (2) www.excellcareeronline.com(3) www.hindubooks.org (4) www.express.co.uk


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ifjgkj] izoapuk] naMor~] }s"k] O;xz] rYyhu] foo`Ùk] iwokZHkkl]

czkg~e.k] lkfRod] izk.k] nq"V {kqC/k] mf}Xu] futZu] 'keu] ddZ'k]

izfrdkj] vkØks'k] {kksHk] fu'ps"V] ijks{k] =kl] pk.Mky] mUeknh]

lkSE; dk"B] la'k;] fu"Bk] vuqu;] nq/kZ"kZ] <jsZ] mTToy] vufHkK]

mnzsd] vUR;sf"V] fHk{kq.kh] vkg~oku vkfnA

Qkjlh@vjch ds 'kCn % ik;tkek] psgjk] fcLrj]

ckotwn] cqtqxZ] #[k] tkxhj] fta+nxh] t+cju] [kq'kcw eghu] e'kky]

fdLer] rwQku] ft+Ø] rdyhQ] eqykdkr] QSlyk] gktr] flyflyk]

vgkrk] feUur] rklhj] equknh] ejge vkfnA

vaxzsth 'kCn % VSDlh] feuV] lksMk] xzkeksQksu] cSywu]

fjcu] E;qfufliSfyVh] Ýse] Lis'ky] osVj] gkjeksfu;e] lhu] ikVZ]

daMDVj] ;sl] QS'ku] VkpZ] izSfDVl vkfnA

LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ds 'kCn % dks'kachj] vxzgkj] f'koeksXxk]

LekrZ] ek/o] cl:j] jle~] Üak`xsjh vkfnA

eqgkojs % jpukdkj viuh vfHkO;fDr dks l'kDr cukus ds

fy, Hkk"kk esa eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA eqgkojs esa dgh xbZ ckr

lk/kkj.k :i ls lkS xq.kk vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA Þeqgkojk fdlh

fof'k"V Hkk"kk esa izpfyr og okD; [k.M ;k in gksrk gS] ftldk

vFkZ y{k.kk ;k O;atuk ls fudyrk gS] og vFkZ tks 'kCnksa ds izR;{k

;k 'kkfCnd vFkZ ls fHkUu vkSj foy{k.k gksrk gSAß¼4½ *laLdkj*

miU;kl esa fofHkUu eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx dj jpukdkj us viuh Hkk"kk

dks izHkko'kkyh cuk;k gSA

¼1½ Þx#M+kpk;Z lUu jg x;kAß¼5½ ¼2½ ßizk.ks'kkpk;Z dh

iRuh dh e`R;q dk lekpkj lqu os gDds&cDds gks x;sAß¼6½

¼3½ ßmudk g`n; mudh f[kYyh mM+kus yxkAß¼7½

¼4½ ßpUnzh dh

ftg~ok dks tSls dkB ekj x;kAß¼8½ ¼5½ ßmUgksaus 'kksj epkdj mUgs

Hkxkuk pkgk] rkfy;ka ctk;ha] ysfdu os Vl&ls& el ugha gq,Aß¼9½

lwfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx % lwfDr dk vFkZ gS & ßmÙke ;k lqanj

mfDrAß¼10½

lwfDr;ka thou ds xgu vuqHkoksa dk xgjk fupksM+

gksrh gSA jpukdkj vius vuqHkoksa dkss bu lwfDr;ksa ds ek/;e ls

O;Dr djrk gSA lkFk gh fo}kuksa] euhf"k;ksa ds vuqHko] n'kZu vkSj

ifjiDo fopkjksa ls gekjk thouiFk iz'kLr djrh gSA *laLdkj

miU;kl esa Hkh lwfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

¼1½ Qy dh bPNk u j[krs gq, deZ djksA ¼2½ Qy ckaV

men-ØeeOÙeehekeâ, peer.�er.yeer.Keeuemee keâe@uespe heâe@j Jetcewve, ometne (hebpeeye)

DeceveØeerle keâewj

Ùet.Deej. Deveblecetefle& kesâ GhevÙeeme �mebmkeâej� keâe Yee<ee efMeuhe


H indi LiteratureAn International,Registered & ReferredMonthly Journal :

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arch

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Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW Ùet.Deej.Deveblecetefle& kesâ GhevÙeeme �mebmkeâej� kesâ Yee<ee-efMeuhe keâer efJeMes<eleeDeeW

keâes Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ Deveblecetefle& Éeje �mebmkeâej� cetue ®he mes keâVeÌ[ Yee<ee ceW efueKee ieÙee nw~ Fmekeâe

efnvoer DevegJeeo Ûebõkeâeble kegâmevetj kesâ Éeje efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~ DevegJeeokeâ ves Deveblecetefle& keâer Yeeef<ekeâ DeefYeJÙeefòeâ

keâes yeveeÙes jKeves kesâ efueS me�erkeâ Yeeef<ekeâ ØeÙeesie efkeâÙee nw~ �mebmkeâej� GhevÙeeme keâer Yee<eeiele efJeMes<eleeDeeW

keâes Fme MeesOehe$e ceW Øemlegle efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~


dj [kkvks] Qwy nsdj iguksA ¼3½ _.ka ÑR;k ?k`ra fiosrA

¼4½ ijekRek ls Lusg Hkh vius izfr gh Lusg gSA

vyadkj ;kstuk % vyadkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSs&vkHkw"k.kA

dkO; esa vyadkjksa ds iz;ksx ls dkO; dk lkSan;Z c<+rk gS] Hkkjrh;

vkpk;ksaZ us dkO; esa vyadkjksa ds iz;ksx dks vfuok;Z ekuk gSA

vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx dkO; rd gh lhfer ugha jgk x| esa Hkh budk

iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSAß vyadkj dF; u gksdj dFku 'kSyh ds

fof'k"V izdkj ek= gSAß¼11½

ys[kd Hkk"kk dks izHkko'kkyh] vkd"kZd

cukus ds fy, vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA *laLdkj* miU;kl esa

vf/kdrj miek vyadkj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

miek vyadkj %

¼1½ ßmu czkge.kksa esa cyjke dh xk; dh Hkkafr] nqcys 'kjhj

ds nklkpk;Z us dgkAß¼12½

¼2½ ß[kqys ia[kksa okys eksj dh rjg v{k;

u{k=ksa ls Hkjh jkr FkhAß¼13½

¼3½ ßmUgksaus vius eqnksZa tSls ihyss psgjksa

dks Åij mBk;kAß¼14½

mRisz{kk vyadkj %

¼1½ ßvxzgkj ekukssa ,d futZu] taxy] lk cu x;k FkkAß¼15½

izrhd ;kstuk %

izrhd vaxzsth ds *flEcy* 'kCn dk i;kZ; gSA ftldk

lkekU; vFkZ gS & fpg~u] ladsr] vkÑfr vkfnA yksdHkkjrh

izkekf.kd fganh dks'k ds vuqlkj] ßfdlh Hkh 'kCn dss izpfyr

vfHk/ks; vFkZ dks xzg.k djrs gq, Hkh tc mlds }kjk fdlh vU;

vFkZ dh lwpuk nh tk;] rks mls izrhd dgrs gSaAß¼16½

izrhd ,d

oLrq ds fy, fdlh vU; oLrq dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA izrhd

:id vkSj miek vyadkj ds fudV gksrk gSA *laLdkj* miU;kl

dk 'kh"kZd Hkh izrhdkRed gSA tks euq"; ds laLdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk

vkRe'kks/ku ls tqM+k gqvk gSA miU;kldkj us uohu izrhdksa dk

iz;ksx miU;kl esa fd;k gSA ßeka ds isV ls fpiddj ,d 'kk[k

ls nwljh 'kk[k ij Nykax yxkrs le; tSls fdlh canj ds f'k'kq

dh idM+ NwV tk,] oSlh gh fLFkfr viuss laLdkjksa vkSj deZdk.Mksa

ls ,dk,d dV tkus ij izk.ks'kkpk;Z dh gks jgh FkhAß¼17½

fcEc ;kstuk %

fcEc 'kCn vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds *best^ 'kCn dk i;kZ; gSA

lkfgR;dkj vius Hkkoksa] vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, Hkk"kk

ds iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vius Hkkoksa] izkÑfrd oLrqvkass dks og 'kCn

fp= ds :i esa izLrqr djrs gSaA fcEc jpuk eas �;rk vkSj JO;rk

dh vuqHkwfr nsrs gSaA ßlkfgR; esa fcEc 'kCn dk iz;ksx nks vFkksaZ esa

gksrk gSA ,d ml mfDr ds fy, tks eu esa fdlh ,sfUnz; izHkko

dh l`f"V djus okyh izfrek dk fuekZ.k djs vkSj nwljs Lo;a ml

izfrek ds fy,A fganh esa fcEc dk ekul izfrek ds :i esa gh iz;ksx

dk vf/kd izpyu gSAß¼18½

*laLdkj* miU;kl esa Hkh miU;kldkj

ds fcEc lkdkj gks mBs gSaA miU;kldkj us LefrtU; vkSj dfYir

nksuksa fcEcksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA mnkgj.k &

ßjkr ds va/ksjs essa fdUgha dnekas dh vkgV] cSyxkM+h ds ifg;ksa

dh vkokt+] y{ehnsoEek ds dqRrksa ds #nu ds leku xqgkjs vkSj

Mdkj ekuksa fdlh nwljh nqfu;k ls vkrh lquk;h ns jgh FkhAß¼19½

ßvkdk'k rkjksa ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA ,d dksus esa f}rh; ds pk¡n

dk VqdM+kA ,d rjQ lIrf"kZ&e.My% vpkud dgha ls <kssy ctus

dh vkokt+ vk;hA tgka&rgka e'kkyksa dh jks'kuhA igkM+h ij xkM++h

[khaprs cSyksa ds lkal & mlkal dh Å¡¡ph vkokt+A muds xys esa

ca/kh ?kafV;ksa dh #u>quAß¼20½

'kSyh %

izR;sd ys[kd ds ys[ku dk <ax gksrk gSA mls ys[kd dh

'kSyh dgk tkrk gSA ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd 'kSyh dykRed

vfHkO;fDr esa O;fDrRo dh iz/kkurk gSA yksdHkkjrh izkekf.kd fganh

dkss'k ds vuqlkj ] Þ'kSyh & ¼1½ pky] <ax ¼2½ iz.kkyh] rtZ

¼3½ jhfr] izFkk] fjokt ¼4½ okD; jpuk dk og fof'k"V izdkj tks

ys[kd dh Hkk"kk laca/kh futh fo'ks"krkvksa dk lwpd gksrk gSAß¼21½

*laLdkj* miU;kl esa miU;kldkj us dF; ds vuq:i

'kSfy;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA miU;kl esa o.kZukRed] fooj.kkRed]

iz'uksRrj] O;Xa;kRed] mins'kkRed] laLej.kkRed rFkk euksoSKkfud

'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

miU;kl ds izeq[k ik= izk.ks'kkpk;Z vkSj pUnzh ds euksHkkoksa

dks izLrqr djus eas euksfo'ys"k.kkRed 'kSyh dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k

gSA izk.ks'kkpk;Z ds vUr}ZU} dks bl 'kSyh ds ek/;e ls c[kwch

O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA Þbldk vFkZ gqvk fd mlls laHkksx djus dk

nkf;Ro eq> ij drbZ ugha vkrk] eSa ml ?kM+h ds fy, ftEesnkj

ugha gw¡A bl ifjofrZr O;fDr ds fy, eSa viuh ftEesokjh le>rk

gw¡ vkSj ;gh esjs fy, d"Vdkjd gSA og ?kM+h ek= ,d Le`fr tSls

gh mHkjrh gS eSa fQj ls mldh dkeuk djus yxrk gw¡AÞ¼22½

miU;kldkj us f'kYi ds fofHkUu :iksa dk iz;ksx dj ikBdksa

ds lEeq[k miU;kl dks lqUnj vkSj vkd"kZd :i esa is'k fd;k gSA

fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx miU;kl dks izHkko'kkyh cukrk

gSA ik=ksa ds eu esa pyus okys] }a}] Hkkoksa dk eukfo'ys"k.kkRed

'kSyh ds }kjk c[kwch mn~?kkfVr fd;k x;k gSA Hkk"kk f'kYi dh nf"V

ls *laLdkj* miU;kl lQy ,oa egRoiw.kZ gSA

lanHkZ %

¼1½ frokjh] HkksykukFk % Hkk"kk foKku] bykgkckn % fdrkc egy

,tsUlht+] 2010] i"B 5- ¼2½ tchu] tkfgnk % ukfljk 'kekZ ds dFkk lkfgR;

esa laosnuk ,oa f'kYi] fnYyh % fueZy ifCyds'kUl 2007] i"B 17- ¼3½ flag]

yky lkgc % MkW- jkaxs; jk?ko vkSj muds miU;kl] cEcbZ % vuqiek izdk'ku]

1972] i"B 325- ¼4½ oekZ] jkepUnz ¼laik-½ % yksdHkkjrh izkekf.kd fgUnh dks'k]

bykgckn % yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] rrh; laLdj.k 1996] i- 677- ¼5½ vuarewfrZ]

;w-vkj- % laLdkj] ubZ fnYyh % jk/kkd".k izdk'ku] 2009] i- 13- ¼6½ ogh] i-

128- ¼7½ ogh] i- 142- ¼8½ ogh] i- 62- ¼9½ ogh] i- 90- ¼10½ oekZ] jkepUnz

¼laik-½ % yksdHkkjrh izkekf.kd fganh dks'k] bykgkckn % ykssdHkkjrh izdk'ku]

rrh; laLdj.k] 1996] i- 876- ¼11½ xqIr] x.kifrpUnz % Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;

dkO; fl)kar] bykgkckn % yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] 2007] i- 116- ¼12½ vuarewfrZ]

;w- vkj- % laLdkj] ubZ fnYyh % jk/kkd".k izdk'ku] 2009] i-14- ¼13½ ogh] i-

81- ¼14½ ogh] i- 93- ¼15½ ogh] i- 89- ¼16½ oekZ] jkepUnz ¼laik-½ %

yksdHkkjrh izkekf.kd fganh dks'k] bykgkckn % yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] r-laLdj.k]

1996] i- 539&40- ¼17½ vuarewfrZ] ;w- vkj % laLdkj] ubZ fnYyh % jk/kkd".k

izdk'ku] 2009] i- 90- ¼18½ Hkkj}kt] eSfFkyhizlkn % ik'pkR; dkO;'kkL= ds

fl)kar] p.Mhx<+ % gfj;k.kk lkfgR; vdkneh] 1994] i- 196- ¼19½ vuarewfrZ

;w- vkj- % laLdkj] ubZ fnYyh % jk/kkd".k izdk'ku] 2009] i-89- ¼20½ ogha] i-

170&71- ¼21½ oekZ] jkepUnz ¼laik-½ % yksdHkkjrh izkekf.kd fganh dks'k]

bykgkckn % yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] rrh; laLdj.k] 1996] i-796- ¼22½ vuarewfrZ]

;w- vkj- % laLdkj] ubZ fnYyh % jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] 2009] i- 117-


Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksx leLr fo'o esa QSys gq, gSaaA mUgksaus

fofo/k dkj.kksa ls fons'kh /kjrh dks viuk deZHkwfe cuk;k gSA bl

lUnHkZ dks ysdj ;fn orZeku ;qx esa pfpZr izoklh lkfgR; dk

voyksdu fd;k tk, rks fuf'pr :i ls izoklh lkfgR; u;k ugh]

vfirq cgqr iqjkuk gSA Hkkjrh; ewy ds izokl esa jgusokyksa ds

ltukRed ys[ku dks izoklh lkfgR;* dgk tk ldrk gS rFkk ftu

jpukdkjksa us fgUnh Hkk"kk dks ek/;e cukdj lkfgR;d vfHkO;fDr

dh mUgsa *izoklh fgUnh lkfgR;dkj*A izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; ds

vUrxZr dfork] miU;kl] dgkuh] ukVd] ,dkadh] egkdkO;]

[k.MdkO;] vuwfnr lkfgR;] ;k=k o.kZu] vkRedFkk] fuca/k]

vkykspukfn dk l`tu gqvk gSA izoklh lkfgR;dkjksa us viuh

jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls uhfrewY;] feFkd] bfrgkl] lH;rkfn vFkkZr

Hkkjrh;rk dks lqjf{kr j[kk gS& fgUnh dks izokfgr j[kk gSA bl

lUnHkZ esa lu~ 1966&1976 rd osLV bf.Mt+ esa Hkkjr ds mPpk;qDr

jgs izks- gfj'kadj vkns'k dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA mudh vHkh rd

rhu lkS ls Hkh vf/kd jpukvksa dk izdk'ku gks ;qdk gSA ftuesa

egkdkO;] [k.MdkO;] Hkxor~ xhrk dk fgUnh esa in~;kuqokn]

ukVd] ,dkadh] thouha vkfn gSaA laxhr vkSj lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls

mUgksaus ogk¡ Hkkjrh;rk* dks thfor j[kk gSA os vusd iqjLdkjksa ls

lEekfur Hkh fd;s x;s gSa ;Fkk *fo'o dfo*] *egkdfo* lEekukfnA

Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa izoklh Hkkjrh; lkfgR;dkj* lEeku ls Hkh

uoktk gSA blh izdkj izoklh fgUnh lkfgR;dkj fczVsu] vesfjdk]

ekWjh'kl] f=fuMkM] lwjhuke] dukMk] xq;kuk vkfn ns'kksa esa jgrs gq,

lkfgR; ltu djrs vk, gSaA ßolq/kSo dqVqEc dh Hkkjrh; ijEijkuqlkj

izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa us fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa esa NksVs Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k

dj j[kk gSA izoklh ekuksa Hkkjr ds jktnwr cudj bl ns'k ds ewY;

ijd lans'k dk czãk.M esa forj.k dj jgs gSaAß

ßvkt izoklh Hkkjrh; fo'o ds 48 ns'kksa esa QSys gSaA yk[kksa dh

la[;k esa fons'kksa esa cls izoklh Hkkjrh; ogka dh vkSlr tula[;k

dk izfrfuf/kRo Hkh djrs gSa vkSj mu ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd&jktuSfrd

uhfr;ksa dks n'kk vkSj fn'kk nsus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Hkh fuHkk jgs

gSaA ------izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dh fgUnh dgkuh lkfgR; ds izfr izfrc)rk

muds ladyu] ns'k vkSj usV dh fHkUu if=dk,¡ vkSj CykWd Li"V

djrs gSaAß

oLrqr% fdlh Hkh lkfgR; dks ,d lqn`<+ eqdke ij igq¡pkus

esa i=&if=dkvksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgrk gS vkSj bl n`f"V ls

izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; Hkh viokn ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA vkt

ftl lkfgR; dh ppkZ brus t+ksj&'kksj ls gks jgh gS fd mudks

muds ikBdksa ls tksM+us esa cs'kqekj izoklh fgUnh if=dkvksa us lfØ;

Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA bysDVªksfud ehfM;k dk Hkjiwj lg;ksx izkIr

djrs gq, dFkk ;w-ds-] vuqHkwfe] vfHkO;fDr] laxe] iqjobZ] foosd

niZ.k] vU;Fkk fgUnh psruk vkfn us fgUnh lkfgR; dks ns'k&lhek

dks yka?kdj djksM+ksa ikBd oxZ ls tksM+k gS] fons'kh egd dks muds

vius ns'k esa igq¡pk;k gS] mudh laosnuk dks vfHkO;fDr dk ekxZ

iz'kLr fd;k gSA bl izdkj izoklh lkfgR;dkjksa us bu i=&if=dkvksa]

CykWXl] izdkf'kr jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls vius ifjos'k vkSj Hkkjrh;

xa/k dks :ikfpr fd;k gSA vkt izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; dk ,d

Hkjk&iwjk lalkj gS] vius vki esa ,d lEiw.kZ nqfu;k¡ viuh igpku

[kqn cukrh gqbZ vkSj viuh eafty viuh jQrkj ls r; djrh

gqbZA

fgUnh Hkkjrh;ksa dh vfLerk] lkaLdfrd psruk dh vfHkO;fDr

,oa lajf{krk gSA oSls rks fgUnh dk fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk] pkgs ns'kh gks ;k

fons'kh ls fojks/k o Li/kkZ ugha gS D;kasafd gj Hkk"kk dh viuh laLdfr

gksrh gS] mudh igpku gksrh gSA ysfdu blessa dksbZ lansg ugha fd

ØeJeemeer efnvoer meeefnlÙe : oMee Deewj efoMee


H indi LiteratureAn International,Registered & ReferredMonthly Journal :

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arch

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MeesOeeLeea, hebpeeye efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙe, ÛeC[erieÌ{, heer-SÛe.[er.MeesOe kesâvõ - Sme.meer.[er.jepekeâerÙe ceneefJeÅeeueÙe, uegefOeÙeevee (hebpeeye)

meewjYe kegâceej

Øemlegle MeesOehe$e ceW ØeJeemeer efnvoer meeefnlÙe keâer oMee Deewj efoMee hej efJemleej mes efJeÛeej efkeâÙee ieÙee nw~

ØeJeemeer efnvoer meeefnlÙe kesâ mecyebOe ceW G"ves Jeeues leceece efJeJeeoeW kesâ yeeJepeto Deepe efmLeefle Ùen nw efkeâ ØeJeemeer

efnvoer meeefnlÙe keâe mJeeiele nes jne nw Deewj Gvekesâ Ùeesieoeve keâes efJeefYeVe lejerkesâ mes mejene Yeer pee jne nw~ Deepe

Gvekeâer jÛeveeDeeW keâes Yeejle ceW ve efmehe&â heÌ{e pee jne nw, yeefukeâ efJeÕeefJeÅeeueÙeeW ceW mveelekeâesòej mlej hej heÌ{eÙee

Yeer pee jne nw~ ØeJeemeer meeefnlÙe Deewj meeefnlÙekeâej hej Deepekeâue MeesOe Yeer keâjJeeS pee jns nQ, efpeveceW cee@jerMeme

ceW jn jns ØeJeemeer efnvoer uesKekeâ DeefYecevÙeg Devele ves efJeMes<e KÙeeefle Deefpe&le keâer nw~ Deepe efJeefYeVe mLeeefhele

Øeefleef�le heef$ekeâeDeeW Éeje ØeJeemeer efnvoer meeefnlÙe hej efJeMes<eebkeâ SJeb ceneefJeMes<eebkeâ ØekeâeefMele nes jns nQ~


fdlh fons'kh Hkk"kk esa ,d Hkkjrh; dh vkRek dh vfHkO;fDr ugha

gks ldrhA fgUnh Hkkjrh;ksa ds ikjLifjd lEidZ dk es:n.M gS

vkSj bldh vfLerk dks cpk;s j[kus ds fy, izokfl;ksa us dBksj

o vFkd iz;kl fd;s gSa ftl dk ifj.kke vkt dk izoklh fgUnh

lkfgR; gSA bl lUnHkZ esa ekWjh'kl ds lqizfl) fgUnh ys[kd

vfHkeU;w vur dk fgUnh ds izfr vkLFkk dk mYys[k djuk

vko';d gSA e/kq vjksM+k tc ekWjh'kl dh ;k=k ij xbZa rks mUgksaus

vfHkeU;w vur ls eqykdkr dhA bl eqykdkr dks ;kn djrs gq,

os fy[krh gSa] **vfHkeU;q th us cgqr Lusg ls gels ckr dh vkSj

crk;k fd ekWjh'kl esa fgUnh dks izpfyr djus esa mUgksaus cgqr

ikiM+ csys gSaAß blh izdkj tc dfo&dFkkdkj iqf"irk voLFkh tc

lwjhuke dh ;k=k ij xbZa rc oks crkrh gSa fd fdl izdkj vkt

Hkh ogk¡ ij jgus okys Hkkjroaf'k;ksa esa fgUnqLrkfu;r vkt Hkh

cjdjkj gSA os fy[krh gSa fd ßlwjhuke ds izoklh Hkkjroaf'k;ksa dh

ekr`Hkwfe lwjhuke vo'; gks ldrh gS ysfdu mudh vkRek dk

Lons'k vkt Hkh Hkkjr gSA Hkkjr ns'k ds fuoklh vktdy Hkkjrh;

dgykrs gSaA ysfdu lwjhuke ds Hkkjroa'kh vkt Hkh [kqn dks

fgUnqLrkuh dgykuk ilan djrs gSaAß izoklh Hkkjrh; dh bl izdkj

dh vkLFkk us gh rks mUgsa vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk vkSj laLfr ds lkFk

tksM+s j[kk gS vkSj blesa fgUnh us egÙoiw.kZ dM+h dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ

gSA ßlwjhuke ds fgUnqLrku Hkk"kk ds vkSj Hkkjr ls lh/ks vkusokys v/

;kid eaq'kh jgeku [kka gSa] ftUgksaus dchj ds rtZ ij nksgs fy[ks

vkSj bUgha dh ijEijk ds egknso [kqu[kqu gq, ftUgksaus Hkko vkSj

Hkk"kk ds Lrj ij dchj dh ok.kh dk vuqxeu fd;kA vk/kqfud

le; esa lkfgR; dk fodkl dfork vkSj ukVd ds :i esa gqvkAß

lwjhuke esa O;ofLFkr fgUnh f'k{k.k dh 'kq:vkr dk Js; ckcw

egkre flag dks fn;k tkrk gSA eqa'kh jgeku [kku dks lwjhuke dk

vkfn dfo dgk tkrk gSA if.Mr y{eh izlkn nso Jh eaxy izlkn]

ckcw pUnzeksgu j.kthr flag] egknso [kq[kqu] vej flag jet] MkW-

thr ujkgu lqjtu ijksgh] if.Mr gfjnso lgrw] jkeukjk;.k >ko]

jkenso j?kqohj] tulqjtujkbu] flag lqHkkx] iszekuUn HkksUnw ds :i

esa vkxs c<+dj NksVh unh dk :i ysus yxkA lwjhuke esa fgUnh ds

fodkl esa izeq[k if=dkvksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA lwjhuke

lkfgR; fe= laLFkk ds rRoko/kku esa izks- iqf"irk voLFkh }kjk

LFkkfir if=dk 'kCn 'kfDr] lwjhuke fgUnh ifj"kn dh *lwjhuke

niZ.k* vkSj *fgUnh Ukkek* vk;Z fnokdj dh */keZ izdk'k* vkSj *oSfnd

lUns'k*] ckcw egkre flag dh *'kkafUr nwr* izeq[k gSA

vkt ogka¡ fgUnh esa izlkfjr gksus okyh ßvufxur fgUnqLrkuh

jsfM;ks pSuy gSa rks pkj Vh-oh- LVs'ku gSa] tgk¡ ls pkSchl ?kaVs

ckWyhoqM fQYesa vkSj xkus fn[kk;s tkrs gSaAß bl izdkj izokl esa

jgus okys Hkkjrh; viuh Hkk"kk] viuh laLfr ls tqM+s jgrs gSa vkSj

vius laLdkjksa ds egÙo ls ubZ ih<+h dks voxr djkrs gSaA Hkk"kk]

laLfr vkSj /keZ ,d f=dks.k gS vkSj ges'kk gh tqM+s jgrs gSa vkSj bl

izdkj ls izR;{k ;k vizR;{k ek/;e ls izokfl;ksa us fgUnh dks

izksRlkfgr fd;k] bldk lao)Zu fd;k] bls vkxs c<+k;kA fo'oHkj

ls fgUnh dks fey jgs ÅtkZ us vkt fgUnh dks fo'oHkk"kk ds in ij

fcBk fn;k gSA

blh izdkj fo'o Hkj esa QSys izoklh fgUnh efgyk dFkkdkjksa

dk uke mYysf[kr djuk loZFkk mfpr tku iM+rk gS ftUgksaus

i=&if=dkvksa] CykWXl vkfn ds ek/;e ls izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; dh

vkt rd dh ;k=k esa ;ksxnku fn;kA ßizoklh efgyk dgkuhdkjksa

esa izFke uke Å"kk fiz;aonk dk gh vkrk gSA ----mudh dgkuh ,d

dksbZ nwljk* dks izoklh efgyk dgkuhdkjksa esa izFke dgkuh dk Js;

tkrk gSA ----vesfjdk ls Å"kk fiza;onk ds vfrfjDr lq"ke csnh] byk

izlkn] nsoh ukxjkuh] galk nhi] baXySaM ls Å"kk jkts lHlsuk] fnO;k

ekFkqj] dknacjh esgjk] Å"kk oekZ] 'kSy vxzoky] dukMk ls lq/kk vkse

<haxjk] 'kSystk lHlsuk] dqcsr ls nhfidk tks'kh] la;qDr vjc

vehjkr ls iwf.kZek ceZu] txeksgu dkSj] MsuekdZ ls vpZuk

isUpqyh] ukosZ vkfn ls dfork okpDuoh] ;qxkaMk ,oa flMuh ls

Hkkouk dq¡oj vkfn fujarj xkEHkh;ZAß ys[ku ls izoklh fgUnh lkfgR;

dh lsok dj jgh gSaA ;fn la{ksi esa ns[kk tk;s rks ,sls iz;klksa ls

gh vkt dh izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; ppkZ ds dsUnz esa gSA ;fn izoklh

jpukdkjksa dk ,slk leqg blds lkFk u gksrk rks ;g dguk

eqf'dy gS fd 21oha lnh esa vkdj izoklh fgUnh lEesyu* uked

dk;ZØe lQy gks tkrkA ,sls jpukdkjksa ds lkfgR;deZ dkgh ;g

'kqHk ifj.kke gS fd vkt izoklh fgUnh lEesyuksa dh ,d J`a[kyk

py iM+h gS vkSj bu lEesyuksa ls fgUnh lkfgR; :i xaxk ds

fuca/k izokg ij ppkZ gks jgh gS rFkk izokfl;ksa }kjk bldh izokg

esa fdl izdkj Jho`f) gks ldrh gS] bl ij eaFku gks jgk gSA

fgUnh dks fo'oHkk"kk cukus esa izoklh fgUnh ys[kdksa dk vge~

;ksxnku gS] ftUgksaus fons'k esa jgrs gq, vius ân; ds mn~xkj ,oa

ihM+k dks ,d lkFk vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, fgUnh Hkk"kk dks ek/;e

cuk;kA vkt fgUnh fnol ds volj ij fdl izdkj ,d izoklh

fgUnh ys[kd fgUnh lkfgR; ds izpkj&izlkj vkSj blds vis{kkr

vkSj vf/kd yksdfiz; cukus dh odkyr djrk gS og izks- gfj'kadj

vkns'k ds izoklh Hkkjrh; vksj fgUnh % dqN lq>ko* uked lkfgR;d

fuca/k ls Li"V gSA bl fuca/k esa os fy[krs gSa fd ßizR;sd ns'k esa

fgUnh Hkk"kk&Hkkf"k;ksa] dfo ,oa ys[kdksa dh lehfr;k¡ vFkok laLFkk,¡

cukdj lkfgR;dkjksa dks l`tu dh izsj.kk nsdj dfork&dgkuh&

fuca/k vkfn dh xksf"B;ksa] izfr;ksfxrkvksa rFkk jk"Vªh; ,oa

lqfo/kkuqlkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu djuk pkfg, vkSj

bUgha laLFkkuksa dks futh :i esa fgUnh ds iBu&ikBu dh O;oLFkk

dj] fgUnh i=&if=dkvksa dk izdk'ku Hkh djuk pkfg,Aß ijUrq ;g

tkudj ihM+k gksrh gS fd ,d vksj tgk¡ Hkkjrh; turk vius ns'k

esa jgrs gq, viuh ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj jk"VªHkk"kk ¼fgUnh½ dks x¡okjksa dh

Hkk"kk dgdj nqRdkjrs gSa] ogha nwljh vkSj dqN Hkkjrh; fgUnh fo}ku

,d lkft'k ds rgr izoklh fgUnh ys[ku dk fojks/k djrs gSaA bl

lUnHkZ esa rks ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd fgUnh Hkk"kk vius

lg&dfeZ;ksa ds chp gh lkft'k dk f'kdkj gqbZ gS tgk¡ igys ls

izfrf"Br fo}ku bl {ks= esa c<+rs u;s fodYi dks [kkfjt+ dj jgk

gSA fgUnh ds izfrf"Br fo}kuksa esa dey fd'kksj xks;udk dk uke

fy;k tkrk gS] ftUgksaus vius ln~iz;kl ls izoklh fgUnh dks lgh

izfr"Brk fnykus esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA izoklh fgUnh lkfgR;

ds lEcU/k esa mB jgs fookn dk ftØ djrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk gS

fd fons'kksa esa fy[kk tkus okyk ;g lkfgR; ßvk/kqfudrk ls 'kwU;

gS vkSj Hkkjr tSls lkfgR; eqgkojs dk iw.kZr% vHkko gSA [ksntud


gS fd ;s ekdZloknh izoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ds bfrgkl dks ugha tkurs

vkSj ;fn tkurs gSa rks mldk mYys[k ugha djrsAß

izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; laca/kh ;g fookn ;gha lekIr ugha gksrk

cfYd ;g fgUnh dh eq[;/kkjk ds vUrxZr ekuk tkuk pkfg, fd

ugha\ bl fn'kk esa Hkh eqM+ tkrk gSA bl laca/k Hkh dbZ rdZ fn,

x, vkSj [kkfjt+ fd, x,A bl leL;k dk var ;ghsssssa ugha gksrk]

cfYd bl nkSj esa dqN pqfuUnk voljoknh izoklh jpukdkj

mHkjdj lkeus vk, ftudh reke dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr ds lkfgR;d

xfy;kjksa esa dqN igpku cu xbZ] os vius jpukvksa dks izoklh u

?kksf"kr dj rFkkdfFkd Hkkjr dh eq[;/kkjk ls tqM+k gqvk ekuuk

pkgrs gSaA ,sls izoklh jpukdkj] Hkkjr esa ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa ls

;g fourh djrs gq, Hkh lqus x, gSa fd os mudh jpukvksa dks Hkh

ikB~;Øe esa LFkku nsaA ;fn ;g va'kr% Hkh lp gks rc dgk¡ rd

lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkj ds fopkjksa dks ifjyf{kr djrk gS] ;g

le>uk dfBu ugha gSA ,slh jpukvksa dk dFkkdfFkd eq[;/kkjk

esa gksuk vkSj u gksuk ,d leku gSA

izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; ds lEcU/k esa mBus okys reke fooknksa

ds ckotwn vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; dk Lokxr

gks jgk gS vkSj muds ;ksxnku dks fofHkUu rjhds ls ljkgk Hkh tk

jgk gSA vkt mudh jpukvksa dks Hkkjr esa u flQZ i<+k tk jgk gS]

cfYd fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij i<+k;k Hkh tk jgk

gSA izoklh lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;dkj ij vkt dy 'kks/k Hkh djok,

tk jgs gSa] ftuesa ekWjh'kl esa jg jgs izoklh fgUnh ys[kd vfHkeU;q

vur us fo'ks"k [;kfr ikbZ gSA vkt fofHkUu LFkkfir izfrf"Br

if=dkvksa }kjk izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; ij fo'ks"kkad ,oa egkfo'ks"kkad

izdkf'kr gks jgs gSaA izfrf"Br fo'ofo|ky;ksa }kjk buls lEcfU/kr

O;k[;kuksa rFkk laxksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu djok;k tk jgk gSA vkSj

rks vkSj vkt fgUnh Hkk"kk ls lacfU/kr izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa Hkh izoklh

fgUnh ys[ku ls lacfU/kr iz'u iwNs tk jgs gSaA bl izdkj vklkuh

ls ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd izoklh fgUnh lkfgR; viuh tM+sa tek

jgk gS vkSj ;fn rFkkdfFkr fgUnh dh eq[;/kkjk esa bls 'kkfey

djus dk iz'u mBrk gS rc ;g lkfgR; vo'; gh eq[;/kkjk esa

Hkh lekfgr gksxhA

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