h Åkb ét, xtvsuny.msu.ru/ru/070125_closer_rus.pdfrjy nb yty ns ep rbq ghj-kbd, ys yt yj cz obq tuj...

Åkb ét, xtv

yfv rf étn cz200 KTN LBG KJ VF NB XTC RBÖ JN YJ IT YBQ

VTÉ LE HJC CB TQ B CIF

Hfp lt kty yst dct uj

55 vb kz vb xt htp

Åt hby ujd ghj kbd,

Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns b

Hjc cbz dpf bvj ltqcn de ñn

gjx nb c cf vj uj yf xf kf

cnf yjd kt ybz fvt hb rfy-

crjq lt vjr hf nbb. Jl yf-

rj ut ju hf ab xtc rfz åkb-

pjcnm, rfr b cfv ghj kbd,

jn rhs df tn yt njkm rj

åjkm ibt djp vjé yjc nb,

yj gj hjq b jgfc yjc nb.

Änf ds cnfd rf gj cdz ot-

yf åj ktt xtv 200-ktn ytq

bc nj hbb lbg kj vf nb xtc-

rbö jn yj it ybq vté le

lde vz dt kb rb vb cnhf yf-

vb, d rj nj hjq ås kb hfp-

yst änf gs – pf ct kt ybt

Fkzc rb hec crb vb bc ckt-

lj df nt kz vb, hfc ib ht ybt

he åt étq, gj hjé lty yfz

ht dj kñ wb tq d Hjc cbb gj-

ljphb ntkm yjcnm, cj ñp-

yb xtc rbt cdz pb d uj ls

Dnj hjq vb hj djq djq ys,

yf ghz éty yjcnm b cj gth yb-

xt cn dj d gj cktl eñ oeñ

ägj öe öjkjl yjq djq ys,

hfp hzl rf b, yf rj ytw, dj-

pjåyjd kt ybt cj nhel yb xt-

cn df d yf ib lyb.

Dct änb uj ls, gj rf lbg-

kj vf ns hf åj nf kb gj

jab wb fkm ysv rf yf kfv,

hz lj dst uhfé lf yt jåt-

bö cnhfy jå of kbcm lheu

c lhe ujv, ghj zd kzz

öhfå hjcnm d åjñ, vb kj-

cth lbt d nhel yst dht vt-

yf, vfc nth cn dj d yf ert,

jå hf pj df ybb, cgjh nt b

bc rec cn dt.

Rfh nf ≤Ctdt hj -Pf gfl yfz Fvt hb rf c nth hb nj hb tq, gt ht lfy yjq Hjc cb tq Cj tlb yty ysv Inf nfv, 1867≥1 Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf.

07-0344 Closer_RUS_p01.indd 107-0344 Closer_RUS_p01.indd 1 1/25/07 1:20:34 PM1/25/07 1:20:34 PM

HEC CRFZ FVT HB RFJÅ OBT RJH YB

D 1725 uj le Gtnh

Dt kb rbq gj he xbk

lfn crj ve bc ckt lj-

df nt kñ Db ne ce Åt hby ue

jn rhsnm, ult pf rfy xb df-

tn cz Fpbz b yf xb yf tn cz

Ct dth yfz Fvt hb rf. Nhb

uj lf cgec nz Åt hbyu ghj-

itk xt htp hfp lt kzñ obq

rjy nb yty ns ep rbq ghj-

kbd, ys yt yj cz obq tuj

bvz.

Dcrj ht pf ybv gj cktl-

jdf kb njh ujd ws gei yb-

yjq, b yf Fkzc rt gj zdb-

kbcm hec crbt gj ct kt ybz.

Gj erf pf ybñ Trf nt hb ys

Dt kb rjq gj ct kty ws jåtc-

gt xb df kb jå hf pj df ybt b

ght gj lfdf kb öhbc nb fy-

cn dj vtcn ysv éb nt kzv

Fvt hb rb, dcnht xfd ibv-

cz yf bö ge nb.

D 1808 uj le gth dsq

ue åth yf njh ≤Hec crjq

Fvt hb rb≥ Fktr cfylh

Åf hf yjd ecnhjbk ghj wdt-

nfñ oeñ cnj kb we d jc-

nhjd yjv uj hj lt Cbn rt.

Jl yj dht vty yj eg hfd kzz

vj ue ot cn dty yjq Hec crj-

fvt hb rfy crjq rjv gf yb-

tq, Åf hf yjd gj jo hzk cj-

plf ybt hec crbö njh uj dsö

wty nhjd yf rf kb ajh ybq-

crjv gj åt ht émt, d bnj-

ut lj itl ibö yf ñut lj

Ajhn-Hjc cf åkbp Cfy-

Ahfy wbc rj. D uj ls Dnj-

hjq vb hj djq djq ys Cj-

tlb yty yst Inf ns lf kb d

tuj xtcnm jl yj ve bp cdj-

bö rj hfå ktq rkfc cf ≤Kb-

åth nb≥, lj cnfd kzd ibö gj

ktyl-kb pe uhe ps cj ñp yb-

rfv, bvz ≤Fktr cfylh Åf-

hf yjd≥.

Cghf df ddth öe: Trf nt hb yf Dt kb rfz. Ddth öe: hec crj-fvt hb rfy crfz rjv gf ybz d Yjh ajk rt, pf kbd Cbn rf yf Fkzc rt. Ds it ckt df: njh uj dtw gei yb yjq U.B. It kb öjd yf Fkzc rt, 1784. Ds it cghf df: lt nb bp vbc cbb ≤Cdz njq Rhtcn≥ yf ht rt Ñrjy yf Fkzc rt, jr. 1910. Cghf df dyb pe: bc nj hb xtc rbq gfhr Ajhn-Hjcc inf nf Rf kb ajh ybz.

2 Bc njx yb rb aj nju hf abq ckt df yf ghf dj hfp lt kz ñn cz njx rf vb c pf gz ns vb, cdth öe dybp – nb ht. © Äh vb nfé, Cfyrn-Gt nth åehu, Hjc cbz/Öe lj ét cn dty yfz åbå kbj nt rf Åhblévt yf; Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf; aj nj Léb vf Jn nf.


CT VT YF LBG KJ VF NBB

≤DT KB RBQ B LJ ÅHSQ LHEU...≥

D 18-v dt rt yf jåt

cnhf ys jrf pf kf

djp ltqcn dbt Ägj-

öf Ghj cdt ot ybz c tt egj-

hjv yf hf pev dj dctö

cat hfö xt kj dt xtc rj uj

jgs nf b pf vt ye nb hf ybb

b nhf lb wb jy yjcnm cdj åj-

ljq b änb rjq.

Jyf cbkm yj gj dkbz kf yf

Fvt hb rfy creñ ht dj kñ-

wbñ, d ht pekm nf nt rj nj-

hjq djp ybr kb lt vjr hf-

nb xtc rjt ghf db ntkm cn dj,

Åbkkm j ghf dfö b hs yjx-

yfz ärj yj vb xtc rfz cbc nt-

vf. D Hjc cbb wfhm Fktr-

cfylh È yf xfk dyt lhznm

rjy cnb ne wb jy yjt ghfd kt-

ybt b kb åt hfkm yst ht-

ajh vs. Yt rj nj hjt dht-

vz wfhm dtk gt ht gbc re

b jå vt yb dfk cz ryb uf vb

c ght pb lty njv Nj vf cjv

Léta ath cj yjv, rj nj-

hsq d jl yjv bp gb ctv

yf pdfk tuj cdj bv ≤dt kb-

rbv b lj åhsv lhe ujv≥.

Änb ldf xt kj dt rf ec nf-

yj db kb d 1807 uj le jab-

wb fkm yst lbg kj vf nb xtc-

rbt jn yj it ybz vté le

cdjb vb cnhf yf vb. Pf ntv

Fktr cfylh È yf kf lbk

tot åj ktt ntc yeñ cdzpm

c gth dsv gj ckjv CIF d

Hjc cbb Léj yjv Re by cb

Flfv cjv, rj nj hsq ghb-

åsk d Cfyrn-Gt nth åehu

d 1809 uj le b jc nf dfk cz

nfv lj 1814 uj lf. Flfvc,

dgj cktl cn dbb cnfd ibq

itc nsv ght pb lty njv

CIF, bc gjkm pj dfk cdjt

lbg kj vf nb xtc rjt gj kj-

ét ybt lkz nj uj, xnj ås

ght dhf nbnm Fvt hb re d

ukfd yj uj njh uj dj uj gfh n-

yt hf Hjc cbb.

Ckt df ddth öe: plf ybt Rf gb nj kbz CIF, Df iby unjy, jr heu Rj kev åbz, 1800. Gj ct ht lb yt ddth öe: Nj vfc Léta ath cjy. Cghf df ddth öe: wfhm Fktr cfylh È. Gj ct ht lb yt ckt df: gbcm vj Nj vf cf Léta ath cj yf wf hñ Fktr cfy lhe È, 15 bñ yz 1804 u. Gj ct ht lb yt cghf df: gbcm vj wf hz Fktr cfyl-hf È Nj vf ce Léta ath cj ye, 20 fd uec nf 1805 u. Ckt df dyb pe: Léjy Re by cb Flfvc, 1795. Cghf df dyb pe: Cfyrn-Gt nth åehu, Hjc cbz, 1804.

3 Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf; Ymñ-qjhr crjt bc nj hb xtc rjt jå ot cn dj; © Bibl iothèque Publi que et Unive rs ita ire, Neuchâtel; Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf, Jn ltk he rj gb ctq; Léjy Cbyu knjy Rjg kb, Léjy Re by cb Flfvc, 1795, öjkcn, vfc kj, Ve ptq bpzo ysö bc rec cnd, Åjc njy, lfh gj pf dt of ybñ Xfhkm pf Ahty cb cf Flfv cf, 17.1077, Aj nju hf abz © 2007, Ve ptq bpzo ysö bc rec cnd, Åjc njy; © Cj daj nj.


ECGTÖB LBG KJ VF NBB GHTL YF XTH NF YBZ CELM ÅS

4

Gf yj hf vf Fkzc-

rb pf ödf ns df kf

leö, yj, bc nj-

obd gj uj kj dmt gei ysö

pdt htq d ht ubj yt, hec-

crbt ås kb uj nj ds gt ht-

qnb r lhe ubv yeé lfv

– nf rbv, rfr cj plf ybt

pf ob oty yj uj ntg kjdjl-

yj uj gjh nf.

Cj tlb yty yst Inf ns, d

cdjñ jxt htlm, öj nt kb

pf rht gbnm cj åcn dty yjt

ghtl yf xth nf ybt celm ås

– ghj cnb hfnm cz jn Fn-

kfy nb xtc rj uj lj Nb öj-

uj jrtf yf. D 1867 uj le

ås kj clt kf yj b ghb yz nj

ghtl kj ét ybt gj 600 000

rdfl hfn ysö vbkm ney-

lhs. Fvt hb rf pf gkf nb kf

pf Fkzc re 7,2 vky. lj k-

kf hjd. Vyj ubt d nj dht-

vz cxb nf kb, xnj CIF

gj cne gb kb uke gj, pf rkñ-

xbd äne cltk re.

Ntv dht vt ytv Hjc cbz

dj tdf kf c Zgj yb tq pf

dkbz ybt b gjh ns yf

Nb öjv jrtf yt. D pf nz-

yed ieñ cz hec crj-z gjy-

creñ djq ye dvt ifk cz

ght pb ltyn Ntj ljh Hep-

dtkmn, gj ke xbd ibq d

1906 uj le pf cdjb ecb-

kbz Yj åt ktd creñ ght-

vbñ vb hf. R 1917 uj le

ärj yj vb xtc rbt, cj wb fkm-

yst b gj kb nb xtc rbt ghj-

åkt vs Hjc cbb ghb dt kb

r ht dj kñ wbb, uhfé lfy-

crjq djq yt b jå hf pj df-

ybñ Cj dtn crj uj Cj ñpf.

Gj crjkm re lj åbd ibt cz

ec gt öf åjkm it db rb yf-

cnfb df kb yf cdth ét ybb

yt rjv ve ybc nb xtc rbö

ghf db ntkm cnd dj dctv

vb ht, Cj tlb yty yst Inf-

ns lj 1933 uj lf jn rf ps-

df kbcm ghb pyfnm CCCH.

Gj ct ht lb yt ddth öe: Cmñfhl, Fkzc rf, 1915. Ckt df ddth öe: xtr Vb ybc nth cn df ab yfy cjd CIF yf cev ve 7,2 vky. lj kkf hjd pf ghb jå ht nt-ybt Fkzc rb. Cghf df ddth öe: hf nb ab rf wbz wf htv Lj uj dj hf j ghb jå ht nt ybb Fkzc rb, 1867. Gj ct ht lb yt ckt df: ght pb ltyn Ntj ljh Hep dtkmn (d wtyn ht) c hjc cbq crb vb b zgjy crb vb exfcn ybrf vb gt ht uj dj hjd, 1905. Cghf df dyb pe: cj dtn crbq gj cjk d CIF Vfr cbv Kbn db yjd (cghf-df) jåüzd kz tn j ghb pyf ybb CCCH Cj tlb yty ys vb Inf nf vb, 1933.

Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf – Yf wbj yfkm yjt eg hfd kt ybt fh öb djd b pf gb ctq (2) – Fh öbd – Cvbn cj yjd crbq by cnb nen, Yf wbj yfkm ysq ve ptq fvt hb rfy crjq bc nj hbb – Lbf yf Ej rth/Nfqv kfqa gbr xthp/Utn nb bvb lébp; © Åtn nvfyy/RJH ÅBC.


CJ ÑP YB RB

UJ LS DNJ HJQ VB HJ DJQ DJQ YS

Jn yj it ybz vté-

le lde vz cnhf-

yf vb bcgjh nbk

nj nf kb nfh ysq öf hfr nth

cj dtn crj uj ht éb vf ghb

Bjcb at Cnf kb yt d cj xt-

nf ybb c ds öj ljv Hjc cbb

bp fkmzy cf, ckj ébd it uj-

cz dj dht vz Gth djq vb-

hj djq djq ys. Jl yf rj bö

gjx nb chf pe ét clt kf-

kj cj ñp yb rf vb dnjh ét-

ybt d Hjc cbñ yf wbcn crjq

Uth vf ybb d 1941 uj le.

Yf Dj cnjx yjv ahjy nt,

ult Hjc cbz jn hf éf kf yf-

gf lt ybz yf wbc njd, ikb

cf vst jétc nj xty yst b

rhj djg hj kbn yst åjb Dt-

kb rjq Jnt xt cn dty yjq

djq ys (Dnj hjq vb hj djq

djq ys).

Gj ghj uhfv vt ktyl-kb-

pf Fvt hb rf lj cnf db kf d

CCCH gj djp le öe b rj-

hfå kz vb ≤Kb åth nb≥ gj-

vjom yf cev ve jrj kj

11 vkhl. lj kkf hjd, d

njv xbc kt åj tg hb gf cs,

gj tp lf, uhe pj dst fd nj vj-

åb kb, cf vj kt ns, cnfkm,

cnfy rb, vt lb rf vty ns, uj-

hñ xtt b ghj ljdjkm cn dbt.

Lj gjk yb ntkm yj gj cne gf-

kb vbk kbj ys lj kkf hjd

jn xfc nysö jh uf yb pf wbq,

ghb yb vfd ibö ghz vst gj-

éth ndj df ybz uhfé lfy

CIF.

Öj nz Cnf kby crhs dfk jn

cj åcn dty yj uj yf hj lf vfc-

inf ås fvt hb rfy crjq gj-

vj ob, d 1945 uj le yf Zk-

nby crjq rjy at hty wbb gj

gjc kt dj ty ysv utj gj kb nb-

xtc rbv dj ghj cfv jy ghb-

pyfk pyf xt ybt ktyl-kb pf

rfr ≤jl yj uj bp cf vsö pf-

vt xf ntkm ysö b ébp yty-

yj dfé ysö lj cnb ét ybq

Ahfy rkb yf Hep dtkm nf≥.

5

Ckt df ddth öe: hjc cbq crbt b fvt hb rfy crbt ktn xb rb nfy we ñn yf dt xt ht d rke åt jab wt hjd d Yje vt (Fkzc rf), jr. 1943. Cghf df ddth öe: gkf-rfn ≤Ä njn xt kj dtr ndjq lheu – hec crbq. Jy åj htn cz pf cdj åj le≥, jr. 1944. Gj ct ht lb yt ckt df (ldt aj nju hf abb): vzc yst rjy cth ds c änb rtn rf vb yf hec crjv zps rt gf re ñn cz d Juf qj, 1943. Gj ct ht lb yt d wty nht: gj cnfd kzt vst gj ktyl-kb pe léb gs élen jn ghfd rb d CCCH, 1944. Gj ct ht lb yt cghf df: cj dtn crbq ärb gfé cj cdj bv bp uj njd kty ysv d CIF åjv åfh lb hjd ob rjv ≤Åjc njy ötq djr≥, 1943. Ckt df dyb pe: fvt hb rfy crbq ktn xbr b cj dtn crbq cjk lfn gj éb vf ñn lheu lhe ue he rb, 1944. Cghf df dyb pe: ght vmth-vb ybcnh Dt kb rj åhb nf ybb Eby cnjy Xth xbkkm, ght pb ltyn CIF Ahfy rkby Hep dtkmn b cj dtn crbq ght vmth Bj cba Cnf kby d Zk nt, 1945.

Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf; Åbå kbj nt rf uhf ab rb, Yf wbj yfkm ysq ve ptq fvt hb rfy crjq bc nj hbb, Cvbn cj yjd crbq by cnb nen – Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf (2); © Cj daj nj (2) – © Cj daj nj; © FG bvb lébp.


ÖJ KJL YFZ DJQ YF

ÅF KFY CB HJ DF YBT YF UHF YB

Cj tlb yty yst Inf-

ns ght rhf nb kb

åjq yñ Dnj hjq vb-

hj djq djq ys, ghb vt ybd

yj djt cvth nj yjc yjt jhe-

ébt – fnjv yeñ åjv åe

– ghj nbd Zgj ybb, ghj ljk-

éfd itq dj tdfnm jn bvt yb

≤J cb≥. Änf lt vjy cnhf wbz

åtc ght wt ltyn yjq fvt hb-

rfy crjq vj ob, yf hz le c

fu htc cbd ysv pf ödf njv

Dj cnjx yjq Td hj gs, rj nj-

hsq dtk Cnf kby gjc kt

djq ys, gj kj éb kf rj ytw

cj nhel yb xt cn de b lf kf

yf xf kj öjkjl yjq djq yt.

Dcrj ht Cj dtn crbq Cj ñp

cj plfk cj åcn dty yjt cdthö-

vjo yjt jhe ébt, b ldt

cnhf ys gj uhe pb kbcm d lt-

cz nb kt nbz dhfé ltå yjq

gj ljphb ntkm yjc nb, jn vt-

xty yst igbj yf étv, åjhm-

åjq pf cat hs dkbz ybz

b ujy rjq zlth ysö dj jhe-

ét ybq. Gj cktl ybq afr-

njh jåec kj dbk yt jå öj lb-

vjcnm cj plf ybz ghz vjq

nt kt ajy yjq kb ybb vté-

le Rhtv ktv b Åt ksv

lj vjv dj bp åt éf ybt

cke xfqysö elf hjd c dpf-

bv ysv eybx nj ét yb tv.

Ifn rjcnm ljr nhb ys uf-

hfy nb hj dfy yj uj dpfb vyj-

uj eybx nj ét ybz, gjl xthr-

ye nfz d ekm nb vf ne vt,

ghtl üzd kty yjv d 1961

uj le ght pb lty njv Léj-

yjv Rty yt lb c wt kmñ jc-

nf yj dbnm hfp vt ot ybt cj-

dtn crbö zlth ysö hf rtn

yf Re åt, d 90 vb kzö jn

fvt hb rfy crbö åt ht ujd, d

rj ytx yjv cxt nt, ghb dt kf

ldt cnhf ys pf cnjk gt ht-

uj dj hjd, ds kbd ibö cz d

hzl dfé ysö lj uj dj hjd j

cj rhf ot ybb zlth ysö dj-

jhe ét ybq.

Ckt df ddth öe: ht lfr wb jy yfz rf hb rf ne hf ≤NBR-NFR, NBR-NFR≥, 1949. Gj ct ht lb yt ckt df: irjkm yst ext ybz gj uj njd yjc nb r zlth yjq djq yt, 1951. Cghf df ddth öe: lt kt uf wbz CIF d JJY ghtl üzd kz tn lj rf pf ntkm cn df yf kb xbz cj dtn crbö hf rtn yf Re åt, 1962. Gj ct ht lb yt cghf df: cj dtn crbq ght vmth Yb rb nf Öhe otd gj rf ps df tn rhtv ktd crbv cj nhel yb rfv aj nju hf abb cåb nj uj fvt hb rfy crj uj hfp dt ls df ntkm yj uj cf vj kt nf, 1960. Cghf df dyb pe: ≤Uj hz xfz kb ybz≥ Åt ksq ljv – Rhtvkm, 1963. Dyb pe d wty nht: ght pb ltyn Hb xfhl Ybr cjy b kb lth Rjv ve ybc-nb xtc rjq gfh nbb Ktj ybl Åhté ytd gjl gb cs df ñn d Vjc rdt Dht vty yjt cj ukf it ybt jå ju hf yb xt ybb cnhf nt ub xtc rbö dj jhe ét ybq, 1972.

6 ≤NBR-NFR, NBR-NFR≥, rf hb rf ne hf Uth åkj rf 1949 uj lf, © Ajyl ≤Uthå Åkjr≥, ght lj cnfd kt yj Åbå kbj nt rjq Rjy uhtc cf; Ybk Åty wb, ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥/Ht lfrc gbr xthp – © Åtn nvfyy/RJH ÅBC; © Cj daj nj – © FG bvb lébp – © Åtn nvfyy/RJH ÅBC.


YF KF ÉB DF YBT CDZ PTQ

VBH YJT CJ CE OT CN DJDF YBT

Yt cvjn hz yf ckjé-

yeñ gj kb nb xtc-

reñ jå cnf yjd re,

gj hjé lty yeñ cj gth yb xt-

cn djv d uj ls öjkjl yjq

djq ys, ldt cdth ölth éf-

ds gjl lth éb df kb rjy-

nfr ns gj hfp kbx ysv

rf yf kfv – rfr jab wb fkm-

ysv, nfr b cj plfy ysv

gj xfc nyjq byb wbf nb dt

≤uhfé lfy-lbg kj vf njd≥.

D 1955 uj le éeh yf kbcn

bp Fqj ds yf gb cfk ht-

lfr wb jy yeñ cnf nmñ, d

rj nj hjq cj dtn crbv he-

rj dj lb nt kzv ghtl kf uf-

kjcm gj ås dfnm yf fvt hb-

rfy crjq ath vt, xnj ås

≤ljgj lkby yj ep yfnm≥,

rfr fvt hb rfy ws jåtc gt-

xb df ñn ds cj rjt rf xt cn-

dj d éb djn yj djl cn dt,

– b ght vmth Yb rb nf Öhe-

otd ghb töfk. D 1958 uj-

le yf Vté le yfhjl yjv

rjy reh ct bvt yb Xfq rjd-

crj uj cht lb gbf ybc njd

vj kj ljq fvt hb rfy crbq

ve ps rfyn Dfy Rkfq åthy

pf djt dfk yt njkm rj ukfd-

ysq ghbp, yj b cth lwf

cdj bö cke if nt ktq. F nf-

rbt ib hj rj bp dtcn yst

bc gjk yb nt kb, rfr Lñr

Äk kby unjy, gj pyf rj vb kb

hjc cbq creñ felb nj hbñ

c léf pjv. Ntv dht vt-

ytv cf vbö fvt hb rfy wtd

jxf hj ds df kb ghb tp éfd-

ibt yf ufc nhj kb åf ktn-

yst nheg gs Åjkm ij uj

b Rb hjd crj uj nt fn hjd b

Kt yby uhfl crbq cbv aj yb-

xtc rbq jh rtcnh.

Vté le yf hjl yst ds cnfd-

rb lt vjyc nhb hj df kb gj-

cktl ybt lj cnb ét ybz

ärj yj vb xtc rbö rjy re-

hty njd. D 1959 uj le yf

ds cnfd rt d Vjc rdt d öj-

lt nfr yf ps dft vsö ≤re-

öjy ysö lt åf njd≥ nju-

lfi ybq db wt-ght pb ltyn

Hb xfhl Ybr cjy gj rf pfk

fvt hb rfy creñ ås nj deñ

ntö yb re, d njv xbc kt gj-

ce lj vj tx yst vf ib ys

b wdtn yst nt kt db pj hs,

yf xnj Öhe otd jn dt nbk,

xnj dct änj e ybö tcnm,

njkm rj kex it.

Ddth öe: Dfy Rkfq åthy ghb yb vf tn bp her Lvbn hbz Ijc nf rj db xf pj kj neñ vt lfkm yf gth djv Vté le yfhjl yjv ajh nt gb fy yjv rjy reh ct Xfq rjd crj uj, 1958. Gj ct ht lb yt ckt df: ght vmth Yb rb nf Öhe otd c fvt hb rfy crbv ath vt hjv H. Ufh cnjv d Fqj dt, 1959. Ckt df dyb pe: db-wt-ght pb ltyn Hb xfhl Ybr cjy hfp ht pf tn kty njx re yf jn rhs nbb gth djq fvt hb rfy crjq ds cnfd rb d gfh rt ≤Cj rjkm yb rb≥, Vjc rdf, 1959. Gj ct ht lb yt dyb pe: dt kb rbq léf pj dsq ve ps rfyn Lñr Äk kby unjy bu hf tn yf åf kf kfq rt d Kt yby uhf lt, 1971. Cghf df dyb pe: éeh yfk ≤Kfqa≥ cj jå of tn jå jn rhs nbb ht ue kzh yj uj rjv vth xtc rj uj djp lei yj uj cj jå ot ybz vté le Vjc rdjq b Ymñ-Qjh rjv, 1968.

7© NFCC/Cjd aj nj – © NFCC/Cjd aj nj; Fh neh Ifw/Nfqv Kfqa gbr xthp/Utn nb bvb lébp – © Cj daj nj; © NFCC/Cjd aj nj.


RJC VB XTC RFZ UJY RF

Rjc vb xtc rfz ujy-

rf, yf xfd ifz cz

c pf gec rf gth dj-

uj cj dtn crj uj cgen yb rf

d 1957 uj le, jrf pf kfcm

yt ghj cnj jxt htl ysv cj-

gth yb xt cn djv – jyf gj-

hj lb kf dphs dj jå hfp ysq

by nt htc r jrj kj ptv yj-

ve ghj cnhf ycn de b ntv

cvtkm xf rfv, rj nj hst

ne lf jn ghfd kz ñn cz. Gj-

dcñ le kñ lb dyb vf ntkm-

yj ckt lb kb pf cnfh njv b

djp dhf ot yb tv rjc vb xtc-

rbö rj hfå ktq, ds gjk yzd-

ibö dct åj ktt ckjé yst

gj kt ns. Ghj ckfd kz kbcm

lj cnb ét ybz rjc vjyfd njd

b fc nhjyfd njd – Ñhbz

Uf uf hb yf, Léj yf Ukty yf

b lhe ubö.

Ujy rf afr nb xtc rb pf rjy-

xb kfcm d 1969 uj le, rju-

lf fc nhj yfd ns ≤Fgjk kj-

yf-11≥ ds cf lb kbcm yf

Ke ye, cj dth ibd änjn gjl-

dbu jn bvt yb dct uj xt kj-

dt xt cn df. D lfkm ytq itv

cj gth yb xt cn dj ght dhf nb-

kjcm d cj nhel yb xt cn dj.

Åkf uj lf hz ghj uhfv vt

≤Cj ñp≥ yf jh åb nt gj zdb-

kbcm cj dtn crbt rjc vb xtc-

rbt cnfy wbb. D 1975 uj le,

rju lf ås kf ghj bp dt lt yf

cns rjd rf rjc vb xtc rbö

rj hfå ktq ≤Fgjk kjy≥ b

≤Cj ñp≥, cj cnjz kjcm gth-

djt ≤he rj gj éf nbt d rjc-

vj ct≥.

Dcktl pf cj dvtcn ys vb

ghj tr nf vb c bc gjkm pj df-

yb tv fvt hb rfy crbö rj-

hfå ktq vyj uj hf pj dj uj

bc gjkm pj df ybz b hjc cbq-

crjq rjc vb xtc rjq cnfy-

wbb ≤Vbh≥ jåf uj ce lfh-

cn df jåüt lb yb kb ecb kbz

tot c 14 cnhf yf vb, xnj-

ås cvjy nb hj dfnm Vté le-

yf hjl yeñ rjc vb xtc reñ

cnfy wbñ, yf åjh ne rj nj-

hjq c 2000 uj lf gj cnj zy-

yj yf öj lbn cz yt vt ytt

ldeö xt kj dtr.

Ckt df ddth öe: ntö ybr uj nj dbn gth dsq cgen ybr r pf gec re, 1957. Gj ct ht lb yt ckt df ldt aj nju hf abb: fvt hb rfy crbt b cj dtn crbt hf lbj kñ-åb nt kb cke if ñn cbu yf ks cj gth dj uj cgen yb rf, 1957. Ckt df dyb pe ldt aj nju hf abb: rjc vj yfdn Df kty nb yf Nt hti rj df, gth dfz éty ob yf d rjc vj ct, 1963; ght pb ltyn Léjy Rty yt lb b fc nhj yfdn Léjy Uktyy jc vfn hb df ñn rjc vb xtc rbq rj hfåkm ≤Ahty libg-7≥, 1962. Cghf df ddth öe: fc nhj yfdn Nj vfc Cnäa ajhl b rjc vj yfdn Fktr ctq Ktj yjd dcnht xf ñn cz d rjc vj ct, 1975. Gj ct ht lb yt cghf df: xkt ys ärb gf éf Vté le yfhjl yjq rjc vb xtc rjq cnfy wbb bp Uth vf ybb, Hjc cbb b CIF, 2005. Cghf df dyb pe: vté le yf hjl yfz rjc vb xtc rfz cnfy wbz, 2006.

8

JN CJ GTH YB XT CN DF R GFH NYTH CN DE

Cj daj nj; Jåüt lb yty ysq rjc vb xtc rbq wtynh YF CF – © Ahty cbc Vbk kth/Nfqv Kfqa gbr xthp/Utn nb bvb lébp; © Cj daj nj – © Cj daj nj; Ght pb ltyn crfz åbå kbj nt rf b ve ptq Léj yf Rty yt lb, Åjc njy – YF CF (2).


GT HT VT YS

YF XF KJ YJ DJQ ÄGJ ÖB

Jxt htl yjq gj dj hjn

d jn yj it yb zö ghj-

bpj itk d 1985 uj-

le, rju lf r dkfc nb ghb itk

Vb öf bk Ujh åf xtd, yf xfd-

ibq ht ajh vs c wt kmñ

gj ds cbnm ehj dtym ébp yb

cj dtn crbö uhfé lfy. Tuj

ghfu vf nbpv gj hj lbk gth-

dsq lj uj djh j cj rhf ot-

ybb zlth ysö dj jhe ét ybq

b ghb ytc tve d 1990 uj le

Yj åt ktd creñ ght vbñ vb-

hf pf ght jlj kt ybt yf ghz-

éty yjc nb, djp ybr itq dj

dht vz öjkjl yjq djq ys.

Fvt hb rfy crfz jå ot cn-

dty yjcnm, yf hz le c ght pb-

lty njv Hj yfkm ljv Htq uf-

yjv, ntg kj htf ub hj df kf

yf Ujh åf xt df, cnht vzcm

gj éfnm tve he re dj dht-

vz yt pfg kf yb hj dfy yj uj

ds öj lf yf ekb we d Df-

iby unj yt. Ec nhj ty ysq

ghj nbd yt uj d 1991 uj le

rjv ve ybc nb xtc rbq genx

åsk gj lfdkty, rju lf ght-

pb ltyn Hjc cbb Åj hbc Tkm-

wby gjl yzk cz yf ddt lty-

ysq d Vjc rde cj dtn crbq

nfyr, xnj ås cgkj nbnm ht-

ajh vf nj hjd. D gj cktl eñ-

obt vt cz ws hfp kbx yst

htc geå kb rb, döj lbd ibt

d CCCH, ghj uj kj cj df kb

pf hjc gecr Cj dtn crj uj

Cj ñpf. Yf xf kbcm lt vjr-

hf nb xtc rbt ht ajh vs, f

nfr ét hf lb rfkm yst ärj-

yj vb xtc rbt vt hs.

Gf kf ghj cnj zd ifz 28 ktn

Åth kby crfz cnt yf, cbv dj-

kb xtc rb yt gj pdj kzd ifz

dctv éb nt kzv Dj cnjx-

yjq Td hj gs, yf öj lbd ibv-

cz gjl cj dtn crbv rjy nhj-

ktv, öj nz ås gj ct ofnm

lt vjr hf nb xtc rbq Pf gfl.

Dj cnjx yj td hj gtq crbt uj-

ce lfh cn df gj ke xb kb djp-

vjé yjcnm jght ltkbnm

cj åcn dty yeñ celm åe – b

yf xf kjcm dpf bv yjt eybx-

nj ét ybt zlth ysö dj jhe-

ét ybq, cj plfy ysö d uj ls

öjkjl yjq djq ys.

9

Ckt df ddth öe: dbj kjy xt kbcn Vcnbc kfd Hjc nhj gj dbx ds cne gf tn d xtcnm gf lt ybz Åth kby crjq cnt ys, 1989. Cghf df ddth öe: lt vjy nfé Åth kby crjq cnt ys, 1989. Gj cht lb yt ckt df: ght pb ltyn Hj yfkml Htq ufy ghb dtn cn detn vj kj lj uj xt kj dt rf, rj nj hj uj jå yb vf tn cj dtn-crbq ght pb ltyn Ujh åf xtd yf Rhfc yjq gkj of lb, 1988. Gj cht lb yt cghf df: ght pb lty nf Ujh åf xt df ghb dtn cn deñn yf ekb wfö Df iby unj yf, 1987. Ckt df dyb pe: Åj hbc Tkm wby ghj bp yj cbn htxm c nfy rf d Vjc rdt, 1991. Gj ct ht lb yt dyb pe: eybx nj ét ybt cj dtn crjq hf rt ns d cj jn-dtn cn dbb c lj uj dj hjv j rjy nhj kt yfl dj jhe ét ybz vb, 1989. Cghf df dyb pe: cj dtn crbt b fvt hb rfy crbt hf rt ns d gj cnj zy yjq är cgj pb-wbb Yf wbj yfkm yj uj ve ptz fdbf wbb b rjc vj yfd nb rb, Df iby unjy, jr heu Rj kev åbz, 2006.

© FG bvb lébp (2) – FG bvb lébp; © NFCC/Cjd aj nj – © FG bvb lébp (2); aj nj Nb vf Åhfe yf.


GF HFK KT KB

JÅ OFZ REKM NE HF B BC NJ HBZ

Eyb rfkm yjcnm Fvt-

hb rb b Hjc cbb

rfr ju hjv ysö,

hfp yj jå hfp ysö gj cj cnf-

de, pf gfl ysö cnhfy, ntc-

yj cdz pfy ysö c Td hj gjq,

yj yt ghb yfl kt éf obö r

ytq yt gjc htl cn dty yj, gj-

éf keq, jåüzc yz tn bö ntc-

yeñ b yt jéb lfy yeñ cdz-

pm.

D bc nj hbb jåt bö cnhfy

ktu rj jå yf he ébnm gf-

hfk ktkm yst cj ås nbz

b dpukz ls. Rfé lfz bp

ybö, r ghb vt he, åey nj df-

kf ghj nbd vj yfh öf, gjl-

dth uf kfcm hfp he ib ntkm-

yjq uhfé lfy crjq djq yt,

cnhf lf kf jn dnjh ét ybz

ghj nbd yb rf d 1812 uj le

b db lt kf, rfr uj hbn tt

cnj kb wf.

Hj vfy nb xtc rbt xth ns

cöjl cn df vté le fvt hb-

rfy crb vb rjd åjz vb b

hec crb vb rf pf rf vb – åtc-

cnhf iys vb, dth ys vb, yt-

pf db cb vs vb éb nt kz vb

gj uhf ybx ysö nth hb nj hbq

b ght djc öjl ys vb yf tp l-

yb rf vb – ås kb pf gt xfn-

kt ys yf pyf vt yb njq ds-

cnfd rt Åfa af kj Åbk kf

≤Ve ét cn dty yst dcfl yb-

rb vb hf≥. Jcjp yf dfz,

xnj hfå cn dj yt cghf dtl-

kb dj b njh vj pbn yf wbj-

yfkm ysq ghj uhtcc, wfhm

Fktr cfylh ÈÈ d 1861 uj le

jc dj åj lbk rhtgjcn ysö

rhtc nmzy, f ght pb ltyn Fd-

hf fv Kby rjkmy d 1863

uj le ght lj cnf dbk ghf df

xth yj rj ébv hf åfv. Jcj-

åsv edf ét yb tv d jåt bö

cnhf yfö gjkm pe ñn cz Ktd

Njk cnjq b Vfhr Ndty –

cf vst zh rbt gb cf nt kb,

hfc crfp xb rb b cj wb fkm-

yst rjv vty nf nj hs Hjc-

cbb b Fvt hb rb.

10

Ckt df ddth öe: htr kfv ysq gkf rfn ije Åfa af kj Åbk kf ≤Lb rbq Pf gfl≥ c exfc nb tv ≤öhfå hsö rfd rfp crbö rf pf rjd≥, jr. 1899. Gj ct ht lb yt ddth öe: hec crbq gt ht djl ≤Ghbr kñ xt ybq Nj vf Cjq thf≥ Vfh rf Ndt yf, 1999. Cghf df ddth öe: fy ukbq crbq gt ht djl ≤Djq ys b vb hf≥ Kmdf Njk-cnj uj, 2006. Gj ct ht lb yt cghf df ds it: Fd hf fv Kby rjkmy ghtl cnfd kz tn cdjt ve rf åb yt ne ≤Ghjr kf vf wbñ jå jc dj åjé lt ybb≥, 1863. Jåüzd kz tn cz erfp wf hz Fktr cfy lhf ÈÈ jå jn vt yt rhtgjcn yj uj ghf df, 1861. Ckt df dyb pe: uhe ps jn Fvt hb rfy crjq fl vb yb cnhf wbb gj vj-ob (FHF) lj cnfd kz ñn cz yf dth åkñ lt d lf kt rbq Cf hf njd, Hjc cbz, 1922. Gj ct ht lb yt dyb pe: gkf rfn FHF, jr. 1922. Cghf df dyb pe: lj cnfd-rf ue vf yb nfh ysö uhe pjd, gj lfhty ysö Hjc cb tq éth ndfv ehf uf yf ≤Rfn hb yf≥, 2005.

Åbå kbj nt rf Rjy uhtc cf; HJC VTY, 1999; Db rbyu älfkn, 2006; – Ymñ-qjhr crfz geå kbx yfz åbå kbj nt rf – © Cj daj nj – © Åtn nvfyy/RJH ÅBC; Lj ycrfz uj ce lfh cn dty yfz geå kbx yfz åbå kbj nt rf, Hjc njd-yf-Lj ye (drkfl rf); © FG bvb lébp.


YT JÉB LFY YST HT PEKM NF NS

JÅÜT LB YT YBT REKM NEH

Ldev yf hj lfv,

bvtñ obv jå obt

bc nj hb xtc rbt rjh-

yb, öj nz b ble obv hfp ys-

vb ge nz vb, cdjq cn dty ys

vyj ubt cöj ébt xth ns. D

1920-t uj ls, rju lf d Cj-

dtn crjq Hjc cbb hfp hf pbk-

cz uj kjl, Fvt hb rfy crfz

fl vb yb cnhf wbz gj vj ob

tétl ytd yj lj cnfd kz kf

gj yt ghj öj lb vjq vtcn-

yjc nb ghj ljdjkm cn dbt b

kt rfh cn df lkz 10 vbk-

kbj yjd hec crbö. Dj dht-

vz rhb pb cf, ds pdfy yj uj

d 2005 uj le ehf uf yjv

≤Rfn hb yf≥, Hjc cbz ghb-

ckf kf d fvt hb rfy creñ

pj ye åtl cn dbz njy ys ue-

vf yb nfh ysö uhe pjd.

Pf éb uf ntkm yjt djp ltqcn-

dbt d jåt bö cnhf yfö jrf-

pfk tc nt cn dty ysq cgkfd

rkfc cb xtc rj uj jå hf pj df-

ybz, gj ke xty yj uj hjc cbq-

crb vb bc gjk yb nt kz vb, b

cdjåjl yj uj ds hf ét ybz,

ghb ce ot uj fvt hb rfy crj-

ve bc rec cn de. Vb öf bk

Åf hsi yb rjd flfg nb he-

tn åf ktn r léf pe, fvt-

hb rfy crbt bc gjk yb nt kb

nfy we ñn gjl ve ps re

Xfq rjd crj uj, f hjc cbq-

crfz vj kj ltém jn rhs df-

tn lkz ct åz hjr-y-hjkk,

hjc cbq crbt b fvt hb rfy-

crbt öe ljé yb rb cj plf ñn

jå oeñ ufv ve rhf cjr, f

dpf bv yjt dj cöb ot ybt ds-

lfñ ob vb cz gb cf nt kz vb,

ext ys vb b cgjh ncvt yf vb

– yf ghb vth, Vf hb tq If-

hf gj djq (nty ybc) b Fktr-

cfy lhjv Jdtx rb ysv

(öjr rtq) – cdb lt ntkm cn-

detn j hfp lt kzt vsö cj-

dht vty ysö wty yjc nzö.

Jöjn yjt, gjx nb cnhf cn-

yjt, ghb pyf ybt b gj yb-

vf ybt rekm ne hs lheu

lhe uf lj rf ps df tn cb ke

jå vt yjd b yf kf éb df ybz

ntc ysö kbx ysö cdz ptq.

11

Ckt df ddth öe: åjc njy crbq nt fnh åf kt nf bc gjk yz tn ≤Otk rey xb rf≥ Xfq rjd crj uj, 2003. Cghf df ddth öe: Vb öf bk Åf hsi yb rjd, 2002. Gj-ct ht lb yt ckt df: ght pb ltyn Hjc cbb Dkf lb vbh Ge nby (ckt df) yf åjkm ijq öe lj ét cn dty yjq ds cnfd rt ≤Hjc cbz^≥ d ymñ-qjhr crjv ve ptt Cj kj vj yf Ueu uty öfq vf, 2005. Gj ct ht lb yt cghf df: fvt hb rfy crfz hjr-uheg gf ≤Bukp≥ lf tn rjy wthn yf Jkbv gbq crjv cnf lbj yt d Vjc rdt, 2001. Ckt df dyb pe: Hjc cbz yby Fktrc Jdtx rby d åt kjq ae afq rt – pdtp lf öjr rtq yjq rj vfy ls ≤Df iby unjy rä gb nfkp≥, 2006. Cghf df dyb pe: Vf hbz If hf gj df ds bu hs df tn nty ybc ysq xtv gbj yfn “U.S. Open”, 2006.

© FG bvb lébp (6).


GFH NYT HS D LT KT VB HFLBG KJ VF NBZ D 21-UJ DT RT

Dcne gfz d 21-q dtr,

ldt cnhf ys vj uen

gj ghf de ujh lbnm-

cz cdjb vb jn yj it ybz vb,

ghb rj nj hsö jåf ght pb-

lty nf, Léjhlé Åei b

Dkf lb vbh Ge nby, yf ps-

df ñn lheu lhe uf ≤cbkm-

ys vb cj ñp yb rf vb≥.

Jåt cnhf ys, gj cnhf lfd

jn cnhf iysö nt hfr njd,

ghbcne gb kb r ntc yj ve

cj nhel yb xt cn de d åjhm-

åt c ärcnht vbcn crbv yf-

cb kb tv.

Yt ght hsd yst cdz pb, rjy-

nfr ns vté le kñlm vb

d ajh vt jå vt yf cne lty-

nf vb, bc ckt lj df nt kz-

vb, ext ys vb, cgt wbf kbc-

nf vb, cgjh ncvt yf vb b

rekm neh ys vb ds cnfd rf-

vb, ghb dt kb r nj ve, xnj

ds gecr yb rf vb jab wb fkm-

ysö ghj uhfvv cnf kb ghb-

vth yj 50 000 xt kj dtr,

f vyj ubt lhe ubt kex it

ep yf kb lheu lhe uf åkf uj-

lf hz ne hbc nb xtc rbv gj-

tp lrfv b lt kj dj ve dpf-

bvj ltqcn dbñ.

D yf xf kt 19-uj dt rf

rfyw kth Yb rj kfq He vzy-

wtd crf pfk gj cke Léj-

ye Reby cb Flfv ce, xnj

ghb dz pfy yjcnm Hjc cbb r

Cj tlb yty ysv Inf nfv

≤åj ktt cnjq rfz≥, xtv

ghb yz nj cxb nfnm. Vfhr

Ndty gb cfk, xnj ≤Fvt hb-

rf vyj ubv jåz pf yf Hjc-

cbb≥, b vj kbk cz pf ghj-

ljk ét ybt bö lheé ås.

Dpf bv yfz ghb nz uf ntkm-

yjcnm b ghb dz pfy yjcnm

ltqcn db ntkm yj cj öhf yz-

tn cz – nfr xnj Hjc cbz b

Fvt hb rf gj bc nb yt ≤åkb-

ét, xtv yfv rf étn cz≥.

U.S. Department of State / Bureau of International Information ProgramsExecutive Editor: George Clack; Managing Editor: Rebecca Ford Mitchell; Designer: Tim Brown; Researcher: Martin Manning; Photo Editor: Maggie Johnson Sliker

12

Ckt df ddth öe: yj dj ujl ybq cf kñn yfl Rhfc yjq gkj of lmñ d Vjc rdt, 2001. Cghf df ddth öe: at qth dthr 4 bñ kz yfl Df iby unj yjv, jr heu Rj kev åbz, 2004. Dyb pe: ght pb lty ns Dkf lb vbh Ge nby b Léjhlé Åei d Fy lht td crjv pf kt Rhtv kz.

© FG bvb lébp (3).


h Åkb ét, xtvsuny.msu.ru/ru/070125_closer_rus.pdfrjy nb yty ns ep rbq ghj-kbd, ys yt yj cz obq tuj...

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