gßv‘ aÜ`m` g‘h$mbrz qhxr ‘{hbm gm{hË¶h$ma am¡a...

$: gßV‘ AÜ`m` g‘H$mbrZ qhXr ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma Am¡a …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4043/13/13_chapter 7.pdf295 gm{hË¶ àVrV hmVmo h¡& H$îUm¥ gmo~Vr H$m g‘¥X²Y$
293

gßV‘ AÜ`m`g‘H$mbrZ qhXr ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma

Am¡a à^m IoVmZ

àñVmdZm :gmR>moÎma H$mb ‘| ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$s ~m‹T>-gr Am J¶r Wr & qhXr H$s ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam|

Zo Bg‘| ~‹T>-M‹T>H$a {hñgm {b¶m>& AZoH$mZoH$ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo AbJ-AbJ {df¶m|, g‘ñ¶mAm|

H$mo boH$a gm{hË¶ {bIZm ewé {H$¶m& Zmar Ho$ {bE ha joÌ Ho$ X²dma Iwb J¶o Wo& gm{hË¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| ¶h

H$mb à¶moJ H$m ¶wJ ‘mZm OmVm h¡& AbJ-AbJ à¶moJ Bg H$mbIÊ‹S> ‘| qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| {H$¶o

OmZo bJo Am¡a ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma Bggo {nN>o Zht aht & Bg{bE ¶h ¶WmW© H$m àdmh ZdrZVm go

AmYw{ZH$Vm H$s Amoa ~‹T>Vm ahm & H$B© ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma gm{hpË¶H$ ¶moJXmZ Ho$ {bE AJ«oga hþB©&

7.1 g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma …g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ à{V H$m’$s ¶moJXmZ ahm h¡& gmR>moÎmar H$mb

‘| bo{IH$mAmo§ Ho$ ~mao ‘| "‘{hbmAm| H$m boIZ' dmbm Cno{jV Ñ{ï>H$moU ~XbVm J¶m& AmO qhXr gm{hË¶

H$s CnÝ¶mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, ~mb gm{hË¶, g§ñ‘aU, ¶mÌm, g‘rjm, AZwdmX Am{X bJ^J g^r

{dYmAm| ‘| ‘{hbmAm| Zo AnZm ~hþV ~‹S>m ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡& g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| ‘ÝZy §S>mar,

{edmZr, ‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, ‘mbVr Omoer, Cfm {à¶§dXm, ‘§Owb ^JV, {Zéà^m godVr,

gy¶©~mbm, ‘¥Umb nm§S>o Am{X ‘hËdnyU© h¢& BZ g^r ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo {d{dY {df¶m| ‘| {d{dYm§Jr

boIZ H$a qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡& BZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$s gm{hË¶H$ ‘mÝ¶VmAm| H$m

n[aM¶ àmßV H$aZo Ho$ Cnam§V hr h‘ S>m°. à^m IoVmZ Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘yë¶ VWm gm{hpË¶H$ ¶moJXmZ {ZpíMV

H$a gH$Vo h¢& BZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$m ¶moJXmZ {ZåZàH$ma h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ qhXr gm{hË¶ ‘| H$B© ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| na H|${ÐV gm{hË¶

aMZm H$s h¡& BgHo$ gmW gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{‘©H$, amOZr{VH$, nm[adm[aH$ nhbwAm| H$mo Nw>Zo H$s H$mo{ee r H$s

h¡& BZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| H¥$îUm gmo~Vr EH$ g‘W© Am¡a à{V{ð>V bo{IH$m ‘mZr OmVr h¢& CZHo$ H$Wm

294

gm{hË¶ ‘| Zmar-MoVZm ‘wI[aV h¡& ñdmVÝÍ¶moËVa H$mbrZ nhbr ge³V ‘{hbm aMZmH$mam| H$s nr‹T>r ‘|

H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m Zm‘ AJ«Ur h¡& {h§Xr H$Wm OJV ‘| CÝhm|Zo AnZo boIZ Ho$ ~b na VhbH$m ‘Mm {X¶m&

CZ MwqZXm bo{IH$mAm| ‘| H¥$îUm Or H$m ñWmZ ‘hËdnyU© ‘mZZm hmoJm& do EH$ g§doXZerb Ed§ ge³V {h§Xr

‘{hbm aMZmH$ma h¢& AZoH$ {dY-{df¶m| VWm {dYmAm| ‘| boIZ H$a CÝhm|Zo AnZr ‘oYmdr à{V^m H$m

n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& H$hmZr, CnÝ¶mg, M[aÌ aMZm VWm g§ñ‘aU Am{X Ho$ gmW CÝhm|Zo ’w$Q>H$a boIZ r {H$¶m

h¡& ¶h boIZ H¥$îUm Or Ho$ ~hþAm¶m‘r g¥OZerbVm H$m n[aMm¶H$ h¡& CZH$s H$hmZr Am¡a CnÝ¶mgm| ‘|

^maVr¶ Zmar OrdZ H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU n[ab{jV hmoVm h¡& bo{IH$m H$mo ¶WmW© n[adoe H$m {deof én go

A{^OmË¶ dJ© H$s AmH$m§jmAm| H$m Am¡a H$‘Omo[a¶m| H$m {MÌZ H$aZo ‘| {deof g’$bVm {‘br h¡ ¶hr CZHo$

ì¶p³VËd H$m aMZmY{‘©Vm H$m ‘ybVËd h¡& "S>ma go {~Nw>‹S>r', "gwaO‘wIr A§Yoao Ho$' CZHo$ M{M©V CnÝ¶mg

h¢& "S>ma go {~Nw>‹S>r', naånamAm| Am¡a é‹T>r¶m| ‘| OH$‹S>r EH$ Zmar Ho$ {’$gbH$a ^Q>H$Zo H$s H$hmZr h¡&

"gwaO‘wIr A§Yoao Ho$' ‘| aMZmË‘H$ CX²dobZ, AmbmoMZmË‘H$ CggmhQ> Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ Z¡{VH$ ~hgo§ N>o‹S>r

h¢ & H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Zo AnZr H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$s ¶WmW© JwpËW¶m| H$mo gw§Xa ‹T>§J go gwbPm¶m

h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| Zmar ‘Z H$s {d{dY g§Kf©‘¶ AdñWm Ed§ CgH$s X{‘V BÀN>mAm| H$mo Iwbo én ‘|

gmhg Ho$ gmW A{^ì¶³V {H$¶m h¡& "{‘Ìmo ‘aOmZr' H$m gZ 1967 ‘| àH$m{eV CnÝ¶mg n§Om~ àm§V Ho$

Am±M{bH$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV h¡& àñVwV CnÝ¶mg ‘§o {‘Ìmo Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Zo AnZo Zmar nmÌm|

H$mo Xmo {dbjU {d{eï>VmE± Xr h¢ - EH$, naånamJV é‹T> Z¡{VH$ ‘mÝ¶VmAm| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh Am¡a Xmo, gZmVZ

‘mZdr¶ ‘yë¶ Ho$ à{V AJmY AmñWm& H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m gm{hË¶ ¶mZo g‘H$mbrZ g‘mO OrdZ Ho$ n[aàoú¶

‘| Zmar OrdZ H$s g~bVmAm|, Xþ~©bVmAm| Ed§ à~bVmAm| go gmjmËH$ma hr ‘mZZm n‹S>oJm& H¥$îUm Or X²dmam

{bIo JE AÝ¶ gm{hË¶ ‘| H$hm{Z¶m±, g§ñ‘aU VWm H${dVmE± Am{X H$m g‘mdoe h¡& ¶h "gmo~Vr EH$

gmoh~V' ‘| g§H${bV én ‘| CnbãY h¡& ¶h EH$ Eogr H¥${V h¡ Omo Z {g’©$ EH$ boIH$ H$s ~hþAm¶m‘r

aMZmerbVm H$mo g‘PZo H$m Adga XoVr h¡, ~pëH$ g‘H$mbrZ aMZmË‘H$Vm go O‹wS>o AZoH$ gdmbm| H$mo r

h‘mar qMVmAm| ‘| em{‘b H$aVr h¡& àm¶… CnÝ¶mg {dYm ‘| hr CZH$s é{M A{YH$ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡&

H$hmZr H$s VwbZm ‘| CZHo$ CnÝ¶mgm| H$s g§»¶m Á¶mXm h¡& CÝhm|Zo gm{hpË¶H$ OrdZ ‘| g§ñ‘aU r n¶m©ßV

‘mÌm ‘| {bIo h¢& BgHo$ A{V[a³V AÝ¶ aMZmE± r {bIr h¢& AV… H¥$îUm gmo~Vr maVr¶ g‘mO OrdZ

VWm AnZr YaVr Ho$ gmW EH$mH$ma hþB© bo{IH$m h¢& do ñd¶§ Am¡a CZH$m AZw^d OJV hr CZH$m g‘J«

295

gm{hË¶ àVrV hmoVm h¡& H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m g‘¥X²Y ì¶p³VËd Am¡a ñdñW boIZ hr CZHo$ g’$b OrdZ H$m

n[aMm¶H$ h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma Ho$ én ‘| ‘¥Xþbm JJ© ~hþM{M©V bo{IH$m h¢& CZH$s Zm{¶H$mE±

¶m¡Z‘wp³V VWm ñdoÀN>mMma H$s njYa ahr h¢& CZHo$ A~VH$ àH$m{eV CnÝ¶mg h¢, "d§eO', "CgHo$ {hñgo

H$s Ywn', "{MVH$mo~am', "‘¢ Am¡a ‘¢' & BZHo$ "A{ZË¶' CnÝ¶mg ‘| gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ g§~§Y EH$

{dH${gV n[aÑí¶ ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘bVo h¢& BÝhm|Zo Zmar g‘ñ¶m Ho$ gmW-gmW H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ^r AnZr

gm{hpË¶H$ N>mn N>mo‹S> Xr h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ào‘ Am¡a H$m‘ g§~§Ym| H$m AË¶§V Iwbo én ‘| {MÌU hþAm

h¡& BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| [aíVm| H$m ImoIbmnZ, Zmar H$m ì¶p³VËd Ed§ CgH$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm, ào‘ {ddmh go

g§~§X²Y g‘ñ¶mE±, AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| Z¡{VH$ ‘yë¶m| H$m {dKQ>Z, CÀMdJu¶ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V¶m± Am{X

{df¶ aho h¢& "{H$VZr H¡$Xo', "Qw>H$‹S>m-Qw>H$‹S>m AmX‘r', "S>o’$mo{S>b Ob aho h¢' Am{X H$hmZr g§J«hm| ‘| {dXoem|

‘o§ ~go maVr¶m| H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& CZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| Zmar OrdZ H$m {MÌ h¡& {OZ‘|

J«m‘rÊm Zmar VWm ehar Zmar H$s g§doXZmAm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡&

ZmQ>H$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| ‘¥Xþbm JJ© nrN>o Zht ahr h¡ & BÝhm|Zo "EH$ Am¡a AOZ~r' ZmQ>H$ {bIm

h¡ {Ogo gZ 1979 ‘| AmH$medmUr H$m dm{f©H$ nwañH$ma r {‘bm h¡& CZHo$ Bg ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ~mao ‘| Za Zmam¶U

amd {bIVo h¢, ""OrdZ ‘| Omo àmH¥${VH$ ghO Am¡a Z¡g{J©H$ h¡ dh h‘mao X¡{ZH$ OrdZ ‘| ZmQ>H$s¶ jUm|

‘| AnZm n[aM¶ Imo ~¡R>Vm h¡& dh Zht hmo nmVm Omo dñVwV… h¡, AÀN>m-~wam, Iw~gwaV-~XgwaV, H$‘rZm-

XmZr Omo dh hmoVm Zht dh ~ZZo H$s H$mo[ee Zo AnZo Amn go Am¡a Am{X‘ [aíVm| go AOZ~r ~Z nmVo

‘¥Xþbm JJ© H$m ZmQ>H$ "EH$ Am¡a AO~Zr' Bgr H$s Vbme h¡&''1

‘¥Xþbm JJ© Or Zo "OmXÿ H$m H$mbrZ' Zm‘H$ Am¡a EH$ ZmQ>H$ {bIm h¡& CÝhm|Zo "^rVa-~mha' H$hmZr

g§J«h H$m g§nmXZ r {H$¶m h¡& Bg g§nmXZ ‘| amOñWmZ Ho$ BH$Vm{bg {ejH$ gm{hË¶H$mam| H$s H$hm{Z¶m±

g§H${bV h¢& ¶h H$hm{Z¶m± ‘mZd-OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY énm| Ho$ Xe©Z H$amVr h¢&

‘ohépÝZgm nadoP AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s EH$ ì¶p³VËd g§nÝZ àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam H$s ‘wpñb‘

bo{IH$m h¢& BÝhm|Zo ¶WmW©dmXr CnÝ¶mg {bIo h¢& BZH$s ‘m± ehOmXr ~oJ‘ ‘wJb KamZo H$s Wr& CZHo$

CnÝ¶mg Ho$ ~mao ‘| S>m°. nméH$mÝV XogmB© {bIVo h¢, ""Ohm± Am±Im| H$s XhOrOo ‘| ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO H$s Hw$N>

{dg§J{V¶m| H$m aoIm§{H$V {H$¶m J¶m h¡ dhm± "CgH$m Ka' ‘| B©gmB© g‘mO H$s Eogr hr Hw$N> {dg§J{V¶m| H$mo

296

CHo$aZo H$m, bo{IH$m H$m CnH«$‘ h¡&''2 ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO H$s {dg§J{V¶m|na CÝhm|Zo ¶WmW©dmXr CnÝ¶mg {bIo

h¢& "H$moaOm', "Am±Im| H$s XhbrO', "nËWadmbr' Am{X CZHo$ M{M©V CnÝ¶mg h¢& ‘Ü¶‘dJ© Ed§ ‘w»¶V…

{ZåZ dJ© Ho$ ApñVËdJV OrdZ-g§Kf© H$m {MÌU Am¡a Cg‘| Am±M{bH$Vm H$m nwQ> BZH$s {deofVm h¡&

‘ohépÝZgm nadoP H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| {ddmhmoËVa Zmar H$s Xþ{dYmJ«ñV pñW{V H$m dU©Z {‘bVm h¡&

BZH$s AmH$meZrb, ~m¡Zm ‘m¡Z, ’$mbJwZr, Amog ‘| Sw>~m Jwbm~, amdU, MwQ>H$s^a g‘n©Z, H$mZr~mQ> Am{X

M{M©V H$hm{Z¶m± h¢& CÝhm|Zo Mmamo§ Amoa H$s pñW{V¶m| H$mo Am¡a qOXJr Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>m| H$mo ghOVm go AnZr

H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| {namo¶m h¡& Zmar H$s ‘mZ{gH$ Am¡a m¡{VH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU CZH$s aMZmAm| ‘| {‘bVm

h¡& CÝhm|Zo ‘wpñb‘ n[adma H$s Zmar H$s X¶Zr¶ Xem H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& A§YlX²Ym, g‘mO ‘| pñWV

{df‘Vm, Am{W©H$ {dnÝZVm Am{X g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo CX²Km{Q>V H$aZo H$m à¶mg BÝhm|Zo {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ à{gX²Y

H$hmZr g§J«h h¢ "AmX‘ Am¡a hìdm', "Q>h{Z¶m| na Yyn', "JbV nwéf' Am{X&

H§$MZbVm gã~admb ~MnZ go hr {nVm Ho$ H$maU Am¶© g‘mO go à^m{dV aht Am¡a dht go CÝhm|Zo

AHo$br ahZo H$m {ZU©¶ {H$¶m& BÝhm|Zo H$B© gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWmAm| ‘| H$m‘ {H$¶m& BZHo$ A~ VH$ àH$m{eV

CnÝ¶mg h¢ - "‘yH$ àíZ', "^mobr yb', "g§H$ën', "AZMmhm', "{ÌdoUr', "^Q>H$Vr AmË‘m', "ñdV§ÌVm

H$s Amoa', "nwZéX²Yma', "‘yH$Vnñdr', "AZOmZr amh|', "Z¶m ‘mo‹S>', "ñZoh Ho$ XmdoXma', "doí¶m H$s ~oQ>r',

"{~Iar hþB© b‹S>H$s' Am{X&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| "‘mbVr Omoer' H$m Zm‘ ‘hËdnyU© ‘mZm OmVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo

gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ nm[adm[aH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| na gm{hË¶ {bIm h¡& BÝhm|Zo Zmar OrdZ na A{YH$ {bIm h¡& Zmar

go Ow‹S>r ha g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ CnÝ¶mg h¢ "ghMm[aUr', "nQ>mjon', "nmfmU ¶wJ',

"g‘n©U H$m gwI' Am{X & ‘mbVr Omoer H$m "ghMm[aUr' CnÝ¶mg, nwéf gËVmH$ g‘mO ‘| nwéf, Zmar

Ho$ gmW {H$VZr {Z‘©‘Vm, Hw«$aVm VWm A‘mZdr¶Vm H$m ì¶dhma H$aVm h¡, Bgo énm{¶V H$aVm h¡& "Zmar H$s

doXZm' CZH$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$m H$Wm~rO h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZr H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ n[admam| Ho$ gwI-Xþ:I,

‘mZ-An‘mZ, Amímm-AmH$m§jm H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$¶m h¡& gmW hr Kaobw Zmar Ed§ H$m‘H$mOr Zmar H$s ì¶Wm,

nr‹S>m, CZH$s Ìmg{X¶m| H$m {MÌU h¡& BZH$s "‹T>mB© AmIa ào‘ H$m', "X§^ Ho$ Koao', "‘Ü¶mÝVa' Am{X

H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| {XImB© XoVm h¢ & CZHo$ à{gX²Y H$hmZr g§J«h h¢ "‘mbVr Omoer H$s H$hm{Z¶m±', "EH$ Ka gnZm|

H$m', "‘Ü¶mÝVa' Am{X& "XmXr H$s K‹S>r', "OrZo H$s amh' Am{X ~mb H$hmZr g§J«h r CÝhm|Zo {bIo h¢ {OÝh|

297

nwañH$ma àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢&

‘mbVr Omoer qhXr gm{hË¶ H$s loð> bo{IH$m h¡& CÝhm|Zo qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE H$m’$s ¶moJXmZ {X¶m

h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hmZr g§J«h, CnÝ¶mg, ~mbH$Wm, JrV-g§J«h, ‘amR>r H$hmZr g§J«h Am{X H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m h¡&

CZH$s H$Wm gm{hË¶ H$m {df¶ maVr¶ n[admam| H$m OrdZ n[adoe h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo Ka-Am±JZ VWm nmg-

nS>mog Ho$ OZ-OrdZ go H$Wm-~rO CR>mH$a AnZo gm{hË¶ H$m g¥OZ {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$

‘mÜ¶‘ go XhoO-àWm H$m {damoY {H$¶m h¡& do Zmar ñdV§ÌVm H$s njYa h¢& CZHo$ ñd^md H$m ‘mYw¶© CZH$s

H${dVmAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ñnï> hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE CÝh| "‘mbd H$s ‘ram' H$hm OmVm h¡& H$mì¶ boIZ go ¶mÌm

ewé H$aZodmbr ‘mbVr Omoer A§VV… EH$ H$WmH$ma Ho$ én ‘| hr COmJa hþB© h¢ & "‘m±' CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr

h¡& CZHo$ H$hmZr g§J«h h¡-"‘Ü¶§Va', "namO¶', "‘Z Zm E Xg-~rg', "EH$ Ka gnZm| H$m', "~mobar

H$R>nwVbr', "em{nV e¡ed' VWm AÝ¶ H$hm{Z¶m± Am{X H$hmZr g§J«h à{gX²Y h¡& "F$UmZw~§Y', "Mm±X

A‘mdg H$m', "Ádmbm‘wIr Ho$ J © ‘|', "em{nV e¡ed', "nmfmU ¶wJ', "g‘n©U H$m gwI', "{dídmg

JmWm', "{dñ’$moQ>', "JmonZr¶', "{ZîH$mgZ', "emo^m¶mÌm', "amJ-{damJ', "ghMm[aUr' Am{X BZHo$

à{gX²Y CnÝ¶mg h¡& BÝhm|Zo "XmXr H$s K‹S>r', "OrZo H$s amh', "narjm Am¡a nwañH$ma', "ñZoh Ho$ ñda',

"gÀMm qgJma' Am{X ~mbH$WmE± {bIr h¢& ‘oam N>moQ>m-gm An‘mZ ¶h CZH$m JrV-g§J«h h¡& "nmfmU',

"n[any{V©' ‘amR>r H$hmZr-g§J«h h¡& "nmfmU' erf©H$ ‘amR>r H$hmZr g§J«h H$mo ‘hmamîQ> gaH$ma X²dmam nwañH$ma

XoH$a gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m h¡&

Zm{gam e‘m© àJ{Verb {dMmamo§ H$s bo{IH$m h¢ Omo ‘Zwî¶Vm H$mo Y‘©, gåàXm¶ ¶m {dMmaYmam go

D$na ‘mZVr h¢& Zm{gam e‘m© Zo "gmV Z{X¶m± … EH$ g‘wÝXa' CnÝ¶mg ‘| AmYw{ZH$ B©amZ H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ na

A¶mVwëbm Iw‘¡Zr H$s a³Va§{OV Bñbm‘r H«$mpÝV H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& B©amZ H§$Xmo XeH$ nyd© Ho$ amOZr{VH$

gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§H$Q> H$mo BÝhm|Zo EH$ ‘mZdr¶ g§H$Q> Ho$ én ‘| XoIm h¡& Zm{gam e‘m© Ho$ "R>rH$ao H$s ‘±JZr' H$m

H$Wmg§gma ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡& ¶h CnÝ¶mg ‘wpñb‘ g‘mO ‘| ñÌr H$s pñW{V Am¡a é{‹T>¶m| go

^ao ‘mhm¡b H$s KwQ>Z go {ZH$bH$a AnZr nhMmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ CZHo$ g§H$ën go g§~§X²Y h¡&

{MÌm ‘wX²Jb ~hþM{M©V ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma h¢& CÝhm|Zo Zmar {Z¶{V Ho$ à{V AgÝVmof àH$Q> {H$¶m

h¡& ZmardmXr gmhgr pñÌ¶m| H$m A§H$Z {H$¶m h¡& Omo naånamJV Zmar g§{hVm H$mo O‹S> go Rw>H$amVo hþE ñdVÝÌ

{OÝXJr OrVr h¢& "EH$ O‘rZ AnZr', "Am±dm' Am{X CZHo$ M{M©V CnÝ¶mg h¢& AmR>d| XeH$ H$s ~hþM{M©V

298

H$WmH$mam| ‘| "{MÌm ‘wXJb' Or H$m ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& "Bg h‘m‘ ‘|', "½¶mah bå~r H$hm{Z¶m±', "AnZo

dmngr' Am{X BZH$s à{gX²Y H$hmZr g§J«h h¢& CÝh| g§nmXZ ‘| r H$m’$s g’$bVm {‘br h¡ "Ag’$b XmånË¶

H$s H$hm{Z¶m±', "g~H$', "Vh ImZm| Ho$ ~§X AmB©Zm| Ho$ A³g' Am{X BZH$s à{gX²Y g§nm{XV aMZmE± h¢&

CZH$m "O§Jb H$m amOm' ~mb H$Wm g§J«h h¡&

‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm bo{IH$m h¢& ¶h CnÝ¶mgH$ma go Á¶mXm H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ én ‘|

‘ehÿa h¢& gmR>moÎma H$mb H$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo A{^ì¶³V H$aVo hþE dh {bIVr h¢, ""gZ

1960 Ho$ ~mX H$s H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| Z¶r H$hmZr H$s Anojm Á¶mXm àm‘m{UH$ ¶WmW© Am¡a dV©‘mZ pñW{V¶m| H$m

{díbofU nm¶m J¶m& Bgr àd¥[Îm H$s H$hmZr H$mo gmR>moÎmar H$hmZr H$s g§km Xr JB© &''3

‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m Or Zo H$B© g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo COmJa H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo n[adma,

XmånË¶OrdZ, gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m Am{X {d{dY Am¶m‘m| H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡& "~oKa', "ZaH$ Xa ZaH$',

"ào‘ H$hmZr' Am{X CZHo$ à{gX²>Y CnÝ¶mg h¢& "Nw>Q>H$mam', "EH$ AXX Am¡aV', "grQ> Z§. 69', "H$mbr

gm‹S>r' Am{X CZHo$ à{gX²Y H$hmZr g§J«h h¡& CÝhm|Zo ì¶§J Am¡a H$éUm Ho$ ghmao ¶wJrZ AÝV{d©amoYm| H$mo g‘W©

Am¡a MwQ>H$sbr mfm X²dmam A{^ì¶³V {H$¶m h¡& "Amn Z ~Xb§oJo' Zm‘ ~mb H$hmZr g§J«h r CÝhm|Zo {bIm

h¡, Omo {Xëbr XÿaXe©Z X²dmam àgm[aV hmo J¶m h¡&

‘ÝZy §S>mar Or H$m Zm‘ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| M{M©V h¡& BÝhm|Zo H$hmZr H$mo ZE Ñ{ï>H$moU go XoIm,

AZw d {H$¶m Am¡a ZE ‹T>§J go àñVwV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m& BZH$s H$hmZr H$s H$B© {deofVm± h¢, na§Vw OrdZ

gË¶ Ho$ ñdmZw d H$m {MÌU hr CZH$s H|${Ð¶ {deofVm h¡& ‘ÝZyOr H$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$m à‘wI {df¶ h¡ Zmar&

CZHo$ N>… H$hmZrg§J«h, nm±M CnÝ¶mg Am¡a Xmo ZmQ>H$ àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢ & CZHo$ "‘hm^moO' Am¡a "AmnH$m

~§Q>r' CnÝ¶mg {deof CëboIZr¶ h¡& CÝhm|Zo {e{jV Am¡a CÀM {e{jV Zm[a¶m| Ho$ gmW l‘Ordr Zm[a¶m|

H$mo ^r AnZo boIZ H$m {df¶ ~Zm¶m h¡& ‘{hbm H$WmH$mam| Zo qOXJr H$s {dÐþnVmAm|, {df‘VmAm|,

{dH¥${V¶m| H$mo H$bmË‘H$ A{^ì¶p³V Xr CZ‘| ‘ÝZyOr H$m Zm‘ gdm©{YH$ M{M©V h¡& ghO mfm ‘| {ZpíMV,

~o~mH$ A{^ì¶p³V go g‘mO gmnoj {df¶m| Ho$ emídV g§X^m} ‘| àñVw[VH$aU Am¡a Zmar ‘Z H$s nr‹S>m Ho$

A§H$Z go do qhXr nmR>H$m| ‘| AË¶{YH$ à^m{dV hþB© h¢& ‘ÝZy Or Zo AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$

g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m ¶WmW© A§H$Z {H$¶m h¡& "loð> H$hm{Z¶m±', "‘oar {à¶ H$hm{Z¶m±', "EH$ ßb¡Q> g¡bm~' Am{X

BZHo$ M{M©V H$hmZr g§J«h h¢ & "{~Zm Xrdmam| Ho$ Ka' Am¡a "‘hm^moO' BZ Xmo ZmQ>H$m| H$s r BÝhm|Zo aMZm

299

H$s h¡& ""AmO Ho$ ¶o AÝ¶m¶r emofH$, AË¶mMmar Am¡a ‘wë¶hÝVm «ï> ZoVm OZ gm‘mÝ¶ H$s BÀN>m, Anojm,

^mdZm Am¡a {Z¶{V Ho$ gmW hr Zhr ~pëH$ eãX Am¡a mfm Ho$ gmW r {H$VZm Am¡a {H$gàH$ma H$m ì¶{^Mma

H$aVo h¢, BZH$m àË¶j Ed§ à^mdembr à‘mU "‘hm^moO' ‘| XoIZo H$mo {‘bVm h¡&''4 CÝhm|Zo "Am±Imo XoIm

PyR>' Am¡a "gßVnUu' Zm‘H$ ~mb gm{hË¶ H$s aMZm H$s h¡&

{edmZr qhXr gm{hË¶ H$s M{M©V bo{IH$m h¢ {OÝhm|Zo gm{hË¶H$mam| Ho$ ~rM AnZm ñWmZ A{O©V

{H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo J§^ra gm{hpË¶H$ boIZ r ghO Am¡a amoMH$ ‹T>§J go {bIH$a bmoH${à¶Vm àmßV H$s h¡&

CÝhm|Zo CnÝ¶mg H$hmZr g§J«h, g§ñ‘aU aoIm{MÌ Am{X {bIo h¢& {OZ‘| nm[adm[aH$, gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a

gm§ñH¥${VH$ nhby {M{ÌV h¢ & "Hw$‘mD±$ A§Mb Ho$ ar{V-[admO', "na§namE±', "{ddmh' Am{X ge³V {MÌU

CZH$s H$hmZr¶m| H$s {deofVmE± h¢& "‘m¶mnwar', "Mm¡Xh ’o$ao' CZHo$ à{gX²Y CnÝ¶mg h¢& "H¡$Om', "aW¶m',

"‘m{UH$', "{dfH$Ý¶m' Am{X Mm¡Xh H$hmZr g§J«h {bIo h¡& ~mbgm{hË¶ H$s "Ab{dXm', "ha ha J§Jo',

"ñdm‘r ^³V Myhm' Am{X {H$Vm~| {bIr h¢& "Anam{YZr' ¶h CZH$m [anmoVmO© gm{hË¶ h¡& "dmVm¶Z',

"Jdmj', "PamoIm', "Pwbm' Am{X {Z~§Y g§J«h {edmZr Ho$ à{gX²Y h¢& AWm©V {edmZr H$m ~hþAm¶m‘r

H¥${VËd qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE EH$ XoZ h¡&

AmYw{ZH$ qhXr bo{IH$mAm| ‘| eerà^m emñÌr H$m ^r AnZm EH$ AbJ ñWmZ h¡& ZmJar¶

n[adoe, Cg‘| OwPVm-{ngVm ‘Ü¶dJ©, ‘Ü¶‘dJu¶ Zmar H$s ì¶Wm Ho$ {d{dY én Am{X BZHo$ boIZ Ho$

Am¶m‘ h¢& ñdmV§Í¶moÎma H$mb H$s bo{IH$mAm| ‘| AnZm AbJ ñWmZ aIZodmbr eerà^m Or Zo gmR>moÎma

H$mb ‘| r AnZm AbJ ‘hËd ~ZmE aIm h¡ & "eerà^m emñÌr' Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ Ho$ X²dmam Zm¡H$ar-

noem Zmar H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& CZH$m "gr{‹T>¶m±' CnÝ¶mg ‘hËdnyU© ‘mZm OmVm h¡& Bg

CnÝ¶mg Ho$ ~mao ‘| {XZoe {X²ddoXr {bIVo h¢, ""gr{‹T>¶m± ‘Zmo{dkmZ H$s O‘rZna bo{IH$m Ho$ qMVZ go CnOr

hþB© dh ge³V H¥${V h¡, {OgH$m AnZm Img A§XmO Am¡a H$Ï¶ H$s bmoH$ go hR>r hþB© ‘wÐm Cgo AZwR>m ~Zm

XoVr h¢&''5

eerà^m emñÌr H$s à‘wI aMZmE± h¢, "dramZm', "amñVo Am¡a PaZm', "A§‘bVmg', "Zmd|',

"gr{‹T>¶m±', "H$H©$aoIm' Am{X& CÝhm|Zo AnZr H$hm[Z¶m| Ho$ X²dmam g§doXmË‘H$ ñVa H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡& "Ywbr

hþB© em‘' Am¡a "AZwÎm[aV', "Xmo H$hm{Z¶m| Ho$ ~rM', "Omo‹S> ~mH$s' Am{X CZHo$ à{gX²Y H$hmZr g§J«h h¢&

amOr goR> Zo ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| EH$ gw{ZpñWV nhMmZ Am¡a ‘hËd ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡& amOr goR>

300

Zo g‘mO Am¡a n[adoe H$s {d{^ÝZ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo

ì¶mdgm{¶H$ ì¶ñVVm, CÀMdJu¶ IwbmnZ, {ZX²©XdVm Am{X na AnZo CnÝ¶mg {bIo h¢& CZHo$ "VËg‘'

CnÝ¶mg ‘| BZH$m à{Vq~~ {XImB© XoVm h¢& "A§Yo ‘mo‹S> go AmJo', "¶mÌm-‘w³V', "Vrgar hWobr' Am{X

CZHo$ H$hmZr g§J«h h¡& CÝhm|Zo Zmar H$s A§VamË‘m H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡& Zmar OrdZ {df¶H$ {d{^ÝZ nhbyAm|

H$mo BÝhm|Zo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¢&

AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ H$s H$Wm bo{IH$mAm| ‘| Cfm {à¶d§Xm H$s H$m Zm‘ AJ«Ur h¡& Cfm {à¶d§Xm H$s

Am{YH$m§e H$hm{Z¶m| H$m {df¶ AmYw{ZH$ n[adoe ‘| C{XV ZB© Zmar h¡& BÝhm|Zo àm¶… ñHy$b-H$m°boO H$s

AÜ¶m{nH$mAm| H$mo AnZr H$hmZr H$m H|$Ð ~Zm¶m h¡& AnZr amo‘m§{Q>H$ H$hm{Z¶m| ‘| Zmar Ho$ O{Q>b ñd^md

H$mo {díbofU H$aVo hþE CgHo$ AHo$bonZ H$s à{V{H«$¶m H$mo A{^ì¶p³V Xr h¡& CZHo$ OrdZH$mb ‘| {dnwb

nR>Z, nmR>Z Am¡a AZw d qMVZ H$m à{Vq~~ CZHo$ gm{hË¶ ‘| à{Vq~{~V hmoVm h¡& S>m°. B§ÐZmW ‘XmZ BZHo$

~mao ‘| {dMma ì¶³V H$aVo hþE {bIVo h¢ - ""Cfm {à¶d§Xm H$s H$hmZr H$bm go é{T>¶m| ‘¥V na§namAmo§ O‹S>

‘mÝ¶VmAm| na ‘rR>r-‘rR>r MmoQ>m| H$s Üd{Z {ZH$bVr h¡, {Kao hþE OrdZ H$s D$~mgr Ed§ CXmgr C^aVr h¡,

AmË‘r¶Vm Am¡a H$éUm Ho$ ñda ’y$Q>Vo h¢& gyú‘ ì¶§½¶ H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ~m¡pX²YH$ {dH$mg Am¡a H$bmË‘H$ g§¶‘

H$m n[aM¶ XoVm h¡ Omo VQ>ñW Ñ{ï> Am¡a JhZ qMVZ H$m n[aUm‘ h¡&''6

Cfm Or Zo CnÝ¶mg joÌ ‘| r AnZr AZwR>r N>mn N>mo‹S>r h¡& CÝhm|Zo "nMnZ I±~o bmb Xrdma§o',

"éH$moJr Zht am{YH$m', "eof¶mÌm' Am{X M{M©V CnÝ¶mg {bIo h¢ & "nMnZ I§~o bmb {Xdma§o' ‘| maVr¶

Zmar H$s gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {ddeVmAm| H$m, ‘mZ{gH$ ¶§ÌUmAm| H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& "éH$moJr Zht

am{YH$m' ‘| maVr¶ é{‹T> Am¡a nmíMmË¶ gä¶Vm Ho$ {damoYm^mg go CËnÞ Zm{¶H$m Ho$ ‘mZ{gH$ g§Kf© H$mo

{M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& Cfm {à¶d§Xm Or Zo Zmar ‘Z Ho$ X²d§X²d VWm CgHo$ OrdZ H$s {dg§J{V¶m| H$m g’$b {MÌU

{H$¶m h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm bo{IH$mAm| ‘| {Zén‘ godVr Or AmYw{ZH$ bo{IH$m Ho$ én ‘| à{gX²Y h¡&

{Zén‘m Or EH$ g‘ñ¶m àYmZ gm‘m{OH$ CnÝ¶mgH$ma VWm H$hmZrH$ma h¢ & gm{hË¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| CÝhm|Zo AnZm

EH$ {d{eï> ñWmZ ~Zm¶m h¡& Zmar emofU, ‘Ü¶dJu¶ g§Kf©, {ZåZdJu¶ OrdZ H$s ZmQ>H$s¶Vm, CÀMdJ©

H$s Cn^mo³Vm ‘Zmod¥{Îm, Am¡a BZ g~ Ho$ ~rM Zmar MoVZm, Zmar Apñ‘Vm Am¡a CgHo$ Jm¡ad Ho$ {bE {Za§Va

g§Kf©erbVm CZHo$ boIZ Ho$ ZwH$sbo Am¶m‘m| H$mo BZH$s H$hm{Z¶m± àñVwV H$aVr h¢ & "‘oam ZaH$ AnZm h¡',

301

"XhH$Z Ho$ nma', "~m±Q>Vm hþAm AmX‘r', "nVP‹S> H$s AmdmOo' BZ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| BÝhm|Zo Zmar emofU,

{ZåZdJu¶ OrdZ H$s ZmaH$s¶Vm, ‘Ü¶‘Ju¶ g§Kf©, CÀMdJ© H$s Cn^mo³Vm ‘Zmod¥{Îm Am{X H$mo {M{ÌV

{H$¶m h¡& "Im‘moer H$mo nrVo hþE', "AmV§H$ ~rO', "H$mbo IaJmoe', "H$ÀMm ‘H$mZ', Am{X CZHo$ H$hmZr

g§J«h h¢& CZH$s H$hmZr¶m| ‘| ApñVËd H$s Vbme {XImB© XoVr h¡&

Zmar g‘ñ¶m H$mo COmJa H$aZodmbr bo{IH$m h¡ H$mÝVm maVr& BÝhm|Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go

¶h ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$, Am‘ Vm¡a na pñÌ¶m| H$mo ’±$gmZodmbo nwéf hr hmoVo h¡& {OZ AmYw{ZH$ ‘{hbm bo{IH$mAm|

Zo Am‘ Vm¡a na Zmar H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡ CZ‘| H$mÝVm maVr H$m Zm‘ CëboI{Z¶ h¡&

"gy¶©~mbm' qhXr gm{hË¶ H$s AmYw{ZH$ bo{IH$mAm| ‘| Zmar OrdZ H$s X¶Zr¶Vm H$m ¶WmW© {MÌ

A§H$Z H$aZodmbr bo{IH$m h¢& "‘oao g§{YnÌ', "gw~h Ho$ B§VOma VH$', "Xrjm§V', "Ap½Zn§Ir' Am{X CZHo$

à{gX²Y CnÝ¶mg h¢& CÝhm|Zo {ZamemJ«ñV bmoJm§o H$mo gwI‘¶ OrdZ OrZo H$s àoaUm Xr h¡& "EH$ B§ÐYZwf Ow~oXm

Ho$ Zm‘', "{XemhrZ', "Wmbr^a Mm±X' Am{X CZHo$ à{gX²Y H$hmZr g§J«h h¢& BÝhm|Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘oo§ g‘mO

Ho$ {VZm| dJm] H$m {MÌU H$a ¶wdH$m| H$mo àoaUm XoZo H$m H$m‘ {H$¶m h¡&

‘§Owbm JwßVm Zo ZmQ>H$ {dYm ‘| ‘hËdnyU© ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡& "Xþî¶§V-{à¶m' ¶h CZH$m H$mì¶ ZmQ>H$

h¡& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| nm¡am{UH$ H$WmZH$ H$mo boH$a Am¡a H$mì¶ Ho$ ghmao ZmQ>H$ {bIZodmbr ‘§Owbm JwßVm

EH$ AbJ hr ZmQ>H$H$ma h¢& Cfm ~mbm r EH$ Eogr bo{IH$m h¢ {OÝhm|Zo Zmar g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo AnZo gm{hË¶

H$m {df¶ ~Zm¶m h¡& erbm amohoH$a Zo "XrZm§V' CnÝ¶mg Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go AHo$br ì¶mdgm{¶H$ Zmar H$m OrdZ

{H$VZm Zrag hmoVm h¡ Bg ~mV H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& Hw$gy‘ A§gb EH$ Eogr CnÝ¶mgH$ma ahr h¡ {OÝhm|Zo AnZo

CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| A{YH$Va ‘Ü¶dJu¶ Zmar H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡ & AmYw{ZH$ ‘{hbm CnÝ¶mgH$mam| ‘| gw{ZVm O¡Z

EH$ CXr¶‘mZ bo{IH$m h¢& CÝhm|Zo AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| Ho$ X²dmam Zmar-nwéf g§~§Y H$s g‘ñ¶m na àH$me S>mbm

h¡&

‘¥Umb nm§S>o Zo "‘wp³VH$Wm' Zm‘H$ ì¶§½¶ ZmQ>H$ H$s aMZm H$s h¡& Bg ZmQ>H$ ‘| CÝhm|Zo g§nmXH$m|,

nÌH$mam| na ‘m{bH$m| X²dmam bJm¶o JE A§Hw$e Am¡a CZna {H$E OmZodmbo A‘mZdr¶ AË¶mMmam| H$m {KZm¡Zm

én {bIm h¡& ‘§Owbm JV r EH$ gm‘m{OH$ CnÝ¶mg {bIZodmbr gmR>moÎmar ‘{hbm CnÝ¶mgmH$ma h¢& CZHo$

CnÝ¶mg gm‘m{OH$, ‘hmZJar¶ VWm CÀMdJ© na àH$me ‹S>mbVo h¢& H§$MZbVm gã~admb Or Zo "Am±Yr

Am¡a Vw’$mZ', "‘m± H$s bme' BZ gm‘m{OH$ ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ gmW Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$ r {bI| h¢& H$hmZrH$ma amdr,

302

H$d{¶Ìr B§Xÿ O¡Z Am{X Zo {Z~§Y {bIo h¢& CZH$m "Pwa‘wa' {Z~§Ymo H$m g§J«h à{gX²Y h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| H$s{V© Mm¡Yar, ‘mZdVm VWm Amñ¶mdmXr H$d{¶Ìr h¢ & CZH$m

H$mì¶ g§J«h "n§I ’¡$bm ~agVo h¢ ‘oK', "PaPa', "V¥îUm', "gr‘maoIm', "EH$ gm±P' Am{X H$mì¶g§J«h

à{gX²Y h¢ & gmR>moÎma H$mb Ho$ AÝ¶ ‘{hbm H$d{¶{Ì¶m| ‘| Eogr H$B© H$d{¶[Ì¶m± h¢ {OÝhm|Zo H${dVmAm| H$m

g¥OZ H$a qhXr gm{hË¶ na ~hþAm¶m‘r N>mn N>mo‹S> Xr h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| AÝ¶ bo{IH$m h¢ {OZH$s Am¡nÝ¶m{gH$ H¥${V¶m± à{gX²Y hmo MwH$s

h¢ {OZ‘| S>m°. à{V^m d‘m© H$s "gw~h hmoVr h¡ em‘ hmoVr h¡', S>m°. {‘{Wboe Hw$‘mar {‘l H$s "‘wPo ‘m’$

H$aZm', M§ÐH$mÝVm H$s "~mH$s g~ I¡[a¶V h¡', "EobmZdmbr qOXm h¡' ‘m{UH$ ‘mo{hZr H$s "nmé Zo H$hm Wm'

b{bVm amO H$s "CbPr amh§o' Am{X H¥${V¶m± àH$m{eV hmo MwH$s h¢&

{ZîH$f©V… g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo qhXr gm{hË¶ ‘| {d{dY {dYmAm| H$m g¥OZ H$a AnZr

¶mo½¶Vm H$mo {gX²Y H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& BZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo bJ^J g^r {dYmAm| ‘| gm{hË¶

boIZ H$a H$B© g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡& BÝhm|Zo CnÝ¶mg Am¡a H$hmZr gm{hË¶ boIZ {dYmAm| Ho$

boIZ ‘| Á¶mXmVa Zmar H|${ÐV gm{hË¶ {bIm h¡ {Og‘| Zmar go g§~§X²Y {d{^ÝZ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU h¡&

Zmar H$m emofU, CgH$s nr‹S>m, KwQ>Z, ÌmgXr Am{X H$m ¶WmW© én ‘| {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&

7.2 g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma Am¡a à^m IoVmZ …g‘H$mbrZ qhXr gm{hË¶ ‘| Cn¶w©³V {ddo{MV ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo AZoH$mZoH$ {dYmAm| ‘|

gm{hË¶-g¥OZ {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$B© Z¶o à¶moJ {H$E h¢ Vmo Hw$N> ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo nwamZr narnmQ>rna

MbVo hþE gm{hË¶ H¥${V¶m| H$m {Z‘m©U {H$¶m h¡ & BZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$s gm{hË¶ H¥${V¶m| Ho$ gmW à^m

IoVmZ Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s VwbZmË‘H$ {ddoMZm go à^m IoVmZ Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| à{Vq~q~V Zmar OrdZ CgH$s

g‘ñ¶m Am¡a à^m Or Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s ‘m¡{bH$Vm Am{X Ho$ ~mao ‘| {ddoMZ {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Ho$ gm{hpË¶H$ n[aM¶ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ Zmar CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘w»¶

{df¶ h¡& à^m IoVmZ H$m gm{hË¶ r àm¶… Zmar H|${ÐV h¡& CZHo$ g‘J« gm{hË¶ ‘| Zmar XmgVm H$m {MÌ

A§{H$V h¡& BgHo$ gmW nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ ‘| Zmar Ho$ g§~§Ym| H$mo àñVwV {H$¶m h¡& CZHo$ g^r CnÝ¶mgm| ‘|

g§¶w³V n[adma H$s Pm{H$¶m± {XImB© XoVr h¢& na§Vw CZHo$ gm{hË¶ ‘| gwIX XmånË¶ g§~§Y H$‘ ‘mÌm ‘| nm¶o

OmVo h¢& gm{hË¶ g¥OZ Ho$ à{V CZH$m à‘wI bú¶ h¡ Zmar H$s X¶Zr¶Vm Am¡a CgHo$ à{V nwéf H$s àVm§‹S>Um

303

H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZm& à^m Or IwX nwéfdmXr ‘yë¶m| go AmH«$m§V Wr& CZHo$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| H$mì¶ ‘| ào‘ H$s Xþ…IX

n[aU{V H$s H$WmE± h¢ & na§namdmXr ñÌr H$mo nwéf XmgVm H$m {eH$ma ~ZZm ng§X h¡& nwéf go {dÐmoh H$aZo

H$m gm‘Ï¶© Cg‘| Zht h¡ AmO ^r dh ^¶J«ñV h¡& n{V EH${Zð>Vm ‘| AÝ¶m¶ ghZ H$aZo ‘| dh AnZm

H$V©ì¶ g‘PVr h¡& AmO r CgHo$ ‘Z ‘| gm‘m{OH$ Z¡{VH$Vm H$m ¶ ~gm hþAm h¡& Zmar H$s Bg KwQ>Z

H$mo à^m IoVmZ Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| ì¶³V [H$¶m h¡& Zmar H$s ñdVÝÌVm, Zmar ‘wp³V H$m dh g§Xoe XoZm

MmhVr h¢&

à^m IoVmZ EH$ Eogr ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma h¢ {OÝhm|Zo {dXoer ‘{hbm H$s ¶mZH$ gÀMmB© H$mo AnZo

CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& {dXoer Zmar H$s ha EH$ pñW{V H$mo COmJa H$a {dXoer ¶WmW© Am¡a ñÌr-

nwéf g§~§Ymo H$mo {M{ÌV H$a Zmar H$s X¶Zr¶ pñW{V H$mo àñVwV {H$¶m h¡& g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam|

H$s VwbZm ‘| à^m IoVmZ, Zmar OrdZ, {dXoer n¥ð> y‘r, g§¶w³V n[adma Am{X Ho$ {d{^Þ H$moZm| H$mo ì¶³V

H$aZo ‘| H$hm±VH$ g’$b hmo MwH$s h¢ ¶h XoIZm ~ohVa hmoJm&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| Zmar H$s {d{dY g‘ñ¶mE± CgHo$ {d{dY én

CgH$s AmYw{ZH$Vm H$m {MÌm§H$Z {H$¶m h¡& à^m IoVmZ Ho$ gm{hË¶ na BZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$m à^md

h¡& AV… CZHo$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ^r Zmar go g§~{YV {d{dY {df¶m| H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU nm¶m OmVm h¢&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| H$ht Z H$ht ào‘ H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& Bg‘|

‘¥Xþbm JJ©, ‘mbVr Omoer, {Zén‘m godVr, H§$MZbVm gã~admb, gw{ZVm O¡Z, {MÌm ‘wXJb Am{X

bo{IH$mAm| Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ào‘ H$m {d{dY énm| ‘| {MÌU nm¶m OmVm h¡& gw{ZVm O¡Z Zo {ddmh Ho$ ~mX r

{ddmh ~mø g§~§Y aIZodmbo nwéfm| H$m {MÌU A{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {H$¶m h¡& à^m Or Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| ñÌr

Am¡a nwéf H$s ào‘ Ho$ à{V ‘mZ{gH$Vm H$mo A{^ì¶³V {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw nwéfm| go Á¶mXm ñÌr H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm

H$m {MÌU H$aZm hr CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$m ‘w»¶ à{VnmX²¶ h¡& à^m Or Ho$ CnÝ¶mg Am¡a H$mì¶ gm{hË¶ ‘| ào‘

‘o§ YmoIm Im¶r, g§ÌñW, ¶mVZm‘¶r, nr{‹S>V Zmar H$m Á¶mXm {MÌU {‘bVm h¡& BgH$m H$maU ¶h h¡ {H$

bo{IH$m AmYw{ZH$ Zmar H$mo gMoV H$aZm MmhVr h¡ Vm{H$ dh ào‘ Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| {H$gr go YmoIm Z Im gHo$&

à^m Or Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| dmgZm a{hV ào‘ H$m dU©Z nm¶m OmVm h¡& q~Xþ {gÝhm Ho$ CnÝ¶mg "Vw‘

gw§Xa hmo' Ho$ H¡$ßQ>Zqgh Zg© go dmgZm a{hV ào‘ H$aVo h¢ Vmo à^m Or Ho$ "nrbr Am±Yr' CnÝ¶mg ‘| nX²‘mdVr

Am¡a gwamUm H$s A‘a ào‘ JmWm h¡& CZ‘| dmgZm a{hV ào‘ {MÌU h¡& à^m IoVmZ Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| {ddmhmoËVa

304

ào‘ g§~§Ymo H$m A{YH$ {MÌU {‘bVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo {dXoer ñdÀN>§X Zmar Ho$ ào‘ H$mo ¶WmW© én go àñVwV {H$¶m

h¡& à^m Or Zo ào‘ H$mo gH$mamË‘H$ VWm ZH$mamË‘H$ XmoZm| énm| H$mo ¶WmW© én ‘| A§{H$V {H$¶m h¡& bo{IH$m

Zo nwéf H$s Zmar H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s Ñ{ï> {M{ÌV H$s h¡& CZHo$ gm{hË¶ Ho$ nwéf Zmar H$mo mo½¶ dñVw ‘mZVo

h¢& ào‘ H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s nwéf H$s Ñ{ï> nma§nm[aH$ h¡§&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm bo{IH$mAm| Zo Zmar Ho$ {dÐmohr én H$mo àH$Q> {H$¶m h¡& Bg‘| {dÐmohr nËZr,

{dÐmohr ào{‘H$m, {dÐmohr nwÌr {dÐmohr ~hZ Am{X H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& "{XßVr I§S>obdmb H$m CnÝ¶mg

à{VÜd{Z¶m±', H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| {dÐmohr nËZr H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& à^m IoVmZ Ho$ CnÝ¶mg

"{N>ÝZ‘ñVm' H$s {à¶m "AnZo AnZo Mohao' H$s arVy, "AmAmo nono Ka Mb|' H$s hoëJm, "nrbr Am±Yr' H$s

gmo‘m, "Ap½Zg§ dm' H$s AmBdr ¶o g^r Zm{¶H$mE± AnZo n{V go {dÐmoh H$aVr h¢& CZ‘| go g^r Zm{¶H$mE±

n{V H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ‘wp³V H$m ‘mJ© AnZmVr ZOa AmVr h¡§& n{V Ho$ gmW ahH$a KyQ>Z ‘hgyg H$aZodmbr BZ

Zm[a¶m| Ho$ X²dmam à^m Or ¶hr H$hZm MmhVr h¢, {H$ ~agm| go na§namJV {ddeVm go nwéf H$s Xmgr ~ZH$a

AÝ¶m¶ ghZ H$aZo H$s Anojm ñdVÝÌVm H$m ‘mJ© AnZmH$a ‘wp³V H$s gm±g boZm C{MV h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo Zmar Ho$ H$m‘H$mOr énm| H$mo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| AË¶§V g’$bVm

Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& ‘¥Xþb JJ© Ho$ "CgHo$ {hñgo H$s Yyn' nVP‹S> H$s AmdmOo§, H$s AZw m gwZrVm Am¡a

Cfm H$m‘H$mOr Zm[a¶m± h¢& {Zén‘m godVr Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| {M{ÌV H$m‘H$mOr Zmar Ho$ ~mao ‘| S>m°. E‘

d|H$Q>oída {bIVo h¢, ""{Zén‘m godVr H$m¶©aV Zmar H$s Xþ{Z¶m Ed§ CgHo$ X²d§X²d VWm ~XbVr hþB© Z¡{VH$

YmaUmAm| Ho$ ~rM CgHo$ g§Kf© H$mo {Z{ ©H$Vm nyd©H$ Xem©Zo ‘| {gX²Y hñV h¢&''7 ‘§Owbm JV Ho$ "AZmar',

"{VaN>r ~m¡N>ma', ‘| r H$m‘H$mOr Zmar H$m {MÌU h¡& ‘mbVr Omoer Ho$ CnÝ¶mg "amJ {damJ ‘|', "‘Z Z

^¶o Xg ~rg', "{ZîH$mgZ' Am{X CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| H$m‘H$mOr Zmar H$s g‘ñ¶mE± {M{ÌV h¢&

à^m IoVmZ Ho$ "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm', "AnZo AnZo Mohao', "Ap½Zg§^dm', "AmAmo nono Ka Mb|', "ñÌr

nj' BZ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| ì¶dgm¶r Zmar VWm H$m‘H$mOr Zmar H$m {MÌU h¡& à^m Or Ho$ Á¶mXmVa CnÝ¶mgm|

‘| ì¶dgm¶ Ho$ à{V AmH¥$ï> Zmar H$m {MÌU h¡& CÝhm|Zo {dXoer Zm¡H$arnoem Zmar H$s pñW{V H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU

{H$¶m h¡& do Zm[a¶m± H$m‘ H$mo JdmZ ‘mZH$a {XZ-amV ‘ohZV H$aVr ZOa AmVr h¢& na H$m‘ H$aVo d³V

^r AnZr gohX, ahZ-ghZ Ho$ à{V gOJ {XIVr h¢& "AmAmo nono Ka Mb|' H$s gÎma gmb H$s AmB{bZ

Ho$ ì¶p³VËd go Zmar H$mo àoaUm {‘bVr h¡& CZH$s Zm[¶H$m AmBdr, {à¶m, à^m, d¥§Xm, a‘m, AmB{bZ Am{X

305

Zm[a¶m± AnZo ì¶dgm¶ ‘| ì¶ñV ahH$a J‘m| H$mo ^yb OmZo H$m à¶mg H$aVr h¢& ¶o Zm[a¶m± ‘¶m©XmAm| H$mo

na§namAm| H$mo bm§KH$a ‘hËdH$m§jr ~ZH$a nwéf na {Z^©a Z ahVo hþE AmË‘{dídmg Ho$ gmW OrVr ZOa

AmVr h¢&

Kaoby Zm¡H$amZr Ho$ {MÌU ‘| à^m Or H$s "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm' H$s XmB© ‘m± H$m {MÌU ‘‘Vm‘¶r, ñZohénr

Zmar Ho$ ê$n ‘| {XImB© XoVm h¡& EH$ Zm{¶H$m H$m XmB© go BVZm ZO{XH$s ‘m± H$m [aíVm JhamB© go {MÌU

H$aZodmbr em¶X à^m hr hmoJr&

Zmar nmÌm| ‘| Zm{¶H$m H$m à‘wI ñWmZ hmoVm h¡& g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo Zmar H$m Zm{¶H$m

Ho$ én ‘| {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& ¶o Zm{¶H$mE± H$WmZH$ H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aVr hþB© Cgo A§{V‘ CX²²>Xoí¶ VH$ bo OmVr h¢&

H$WmZH$ H$m {MÌ Zmar nmÌ Ho$ BX©-{JX© hr {Z{‘©V hmoVm h¡& à^m Or Ho$ gmao CnÝ¶mg Zmar H|${ÐV hmoZo Ho$

H$maU CZ‘| Zm{¶H$m én ‘| Zmar hr àma§^ go A§V VH$ ‘hËdnyU© h¡& à^m Or H$s Zm{¶H$m A§V ‘| ‘w³V,

ñdV§ÝÌ hmoH$a nwéf H$s àVm‹S>Um go Xÿa AnZo ‘hËdH$m§jr én ‘| ì¶dgm¶ ‘| OwQ>r AHo$br {XImB© XoVr h¡&

CZHo$ g^r CnÝ¶mg Zm{¶H$m àYmZ hr h¢ & "‘mbVr nébH$a' X²dmam {b{IV "‘w³Vm' CnÝ¶mg H$s éH$s

ghO, ~{h‘w©Ir g’$b nËZr Ho$ én ‘| {M{ÌV h¡& H$m‘Vm H$‘boe H$m "CgH$m Zm‘ {dZ¶ Wm' CnÝ¶mg

H$s Zm{¶H$m ~rZm mdwH$, gmhgr, B©‘mZXma h¢& ‘§Owbm JV X²dmam {b{IV "AZmar' Zm{¶H$m g§Kf©erb

h¡& H¥$îUm gmo~Vr H$m "{‘Ìmo {‘aOmZr' CnÝ¶mg H$s Zm{¶H$m {‘Ìmo naånamJV gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶m| H$m à{VamoY

H$aVr h¢& gmao AmXem} Ed§ naånamJV ‘yë¶m| go {MT>H$a dh {dÐmoh H$s y{‘ na Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo MwZm¡[V XoVr

hþB© MoVZm H$mo ì¶³V H$aVr h¡&

à^m IoVmZ Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| H$s g^r Zm{¶H$mE± na§ånam go OH$‹S>r ZOa Zht AmVr h¢ & ¶o Zm{¶H$mE±

g§Kf©erb VWm AXå¶ AmË‘{dídmg H$m àVrH$ h¢& dh ñdV§Ì ApñVËd H$s ImoO ‘| bJr h¡& "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm'

CnÝ¶mg H$s {à¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| àmo Jmonmbam¶ {bIVo h¢,""{N>ÝZ‘ñVm H$m H|${Ð¶ nmÌ {à¶m AnZo AVrV H$mo

g§doXZm Ho$ ñVa na OrVr r h¡ Am¡a CgH$m VQ>ñW ‹T>§J go {díbofU r H$aVr h¡&''8 {à¶m nËZr hmoH$a

^r ñd¶§ na§namJV O‹S> ‘yë¶m| go Nw>Q>H$mam nmVr h¡& Bg{bE à^m IoVmZ H$hVr h¢, "{ddmh, n{V, ~ÀMo

hr ñÌr gmW©H$Vm Ho$ à{V‘mZ Zht h¢& AnZo A{ñVËd H$mo AjwÊU aIVo hþE AJa XmånË¶ gwI {‘bo Vmo

dh ñn¥hUr¶ dm§N>Ur¶ h¡&' à^m Or H$s Zm{¶H$m g‘mO H$mo ¶h {XIbmZm MmhVr h¡ {H$ nwéf go AbJ hmoH$a

^r CZH$m ApñVËd gmW©H$ h¡& dh n{V Ho$ ImoIbo Ah§ Ho$ AmJo ZV‘ñVH$ Z hmoH$a ñdV§Ì OrdZ¶mnZ

306

H$aVr h¡& "ñÌr nj' H$s d¥§Xm Am¡a "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm' H$s {à¶m "AnZo AnZo Mohao' H$s arVy Am¡a Am¡a a‘m,

Ap½Zg§^dm H$s AmBdr Am{X Zm{¶H$mE± ñdm{^‘mZr h¢& n{V go AbJ hmoH$a r ¶o OrdZ¶mnZ Ho$ {bE

AWH$ n[al‘ H$aVr h¢& qH$Vw {H$gr Ho$ gm‘Zo hmW Zht ’¡$bmVr& dh n{V VWm ‘m±-~mn go ghm¶Vm H$s

Anojm Zht aIVr& AnZo ~ZmE ‘mJ© na AHo$br MbZm ng§X H$aVr h¢& à^m IoVmZ H$s Zm{¶H$mE±

‘hËdH$m§jr, ñdm{^‘mZr VWm ApñVËd Ho$ à{V OmJéH$ h¢& ¶h Zm{¶H$mE± AnZo A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE g‘mO

H$s é‹T>> na§namAm| go g§Kf© H$aVr h¢& BÝhm|Zo g‘mO Ho$ à{V {dÐmohmË‘H$ ñdÀN>§X ì¶dhma Zht AnZm¶m h¡&

~pëH$ Anyd© Y¡¶© Ho$ gmW g§Kf© H$m gm‘Zm {H$¶m h¡& à^m IoVmZ AnZr Zm{¶H$mAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ¶hr H$hZm

MmhVr h¢ {H$ nwéf H$s XmgVm go {MnH$H$a Cno{jV OrdZ OrZo go ~ohVa h¡ AmË‘{Z ©a Am¡a ‘hËdH$m§jr

~ZH$a gmhgr OrdZ OrZm&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo ñÌr-nwéf Ho$ ~XbVo g§~§Ymo H$m dmñVd {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& AmO

H$B© H$maUm| go nm[adm[aH$ g§~§Ym| ‘| Xama| Am J¶r h¢& Bg AdñWm ‘| Zmar {dÐmohr ~ZH$a ñdV§Ì OrdZ OrZo

H$s A{^bmfm aIVr ZOa AmVr h¡& H$maU A~ Cg‘| MoVZm H$s OmJ¥{V hþB© h¡ & S>m°. {H$aU ~mbm AamoS>m

{bIVr h¢, ""AmYw{ZH$ Zmar àmMrZ H$mb H$s Zmar Ho$ g‘mZ A§Yo-b§J‹S>o n{V H$mo r na‘oída ‘mZH$a

CgH$s nyOm Zht H$aVr, ~pëH$ dh AnZo {bE AZwHy$b n{V MmhVr h¡& Omo OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm| ‘|, ¶hm±

VH$ H$s Kaoby H$m‘m| ‘| r CgH$m gmW Xo& bo{H$Z nwéf dJ© BgHo$ {bE V¡¶ma Zhr hmo nmVm & CgH$m Ah§

Eogr pñW{V ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVm Vmo Zmar {dÐmoh H$aVr h¡ &''9

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| XmånË¶ OrdZ ‘| ¶m XmånË¶ OrdZ Ho$ ~mha

ñÌr-nwéfm| Ho$ g§~§Ym| H$mo JhamB© Ho$ gmW naIm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ g‘ñ¶mE± CR>m¶r h¢& BZ‘| Zmar OrdZ Ho$

g§Kf©nyU© ‘Z H$s {d[^ÝZ pñW{V¶m| H$m {MÌU H$aZo ‘| CfmXodr {‘Ìm, {edmZr, H¥$îUm gmo~Vr, ‘¥Xþbm JJ©,

{XpßV I§S>obdmb, amO ~w{X²YamO Am{X ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma h¢& erdmZr H$m CnÝ¶mg "gwaJ§‘m', aOZr

n{ZH$a H$m "gmoZmbr Xr', ‘¥Xÿbm JJ© H$m "CgHo$ {hñgo H$s Ywn' Am{X ‘| ñÌr-nwéf g§~§Ym| H$s Z¶r ì¶m»¶m

àñVwV h¡ &

à^m IoVmZ Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| ñÌr-nwéf g§~§Ymo Ho$ ~XbVo énm| H$mo AË¶§V à^mdr ‹T>§J go {M{ÌV {H$¶m

h¡& AnZo AnZo Mohao H$s arVy {N>ÝZ‘ñVm H$s {à¶m, "ñÌr nj' H$s d¥§Xm Am{X Zm[a¶m± n{V X²dmam AH$maU

Ë¶mJr OmZo go g§¶‘ H$m OrdZ {~VmVr h¢& n{V H$s {Za§Va Cnojm CÝh| Z¶m amñVm MwZZo H$mo {dde H$aVr

307

h¡& "ñÌr nj' H$s d¥§Xm n{V X²dmam VbmH$ hmoZo na ~‹S>o gmhg Ho$ gmW ~ÀMm| H$s nad[ae H$aVr h¡&

"{N>ÝZ‘ñVm' H$s {à¶m EH$ em§V Am¡aV ~ZH$a n{V go ~Xbm boVr h¡& O~ nwéf Zmar H$s mdZmAm| H$mo Zht

g‘P nmVm V~ ñÌr H$m nwéf Ho$ à{V amof ~Zm ahVm h¡& ¶hr YmaUm "AnZo AnZo Mohao' H$s arVy Am¡a "nrbr

Am±Yr' H$s gmo‘m Ho$ O[aE ñnï> H$s h¡&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| "amO ~w{X²YamOm' Zo {dXoer ñÌr-nwéf g§~Ym| na {Q>ßn{U¶m± H$a

Xoe {dXoe ‘| ñÌr emofU H$s g‘mZVm H$mo à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m h¡& à^m IoVmZ Ho$ {dXoer n¥ð>r y‘r na AmYm[aV

VrZ CnÝ¶mg h¡ & "AmAmo nono Ka Mb|', "Ap½Zg§ dm' Am¡a "ES²>g' BZ‘| r Zmar {H$ pñW{V dhr h¡ Omo

^maVr¶ Zmar H$s h¡& do Zm[a¶m± r EoemoAmam‘ Ho$ ~mdOwX r nwéf go àVm{‹S>V h¢& AnZo OrdZ ‘o§ XþIr h¢&

AnZo ha EH$ J‘m| H$mo Jbo bJmE {XZamV ‘ohZV H$aVr h¢ {’$a ^r CZHo$ Mohao na XþI H$s EH$ {eH§$O

VH$ Zhr C^aVr & Bg ~mao ‘| AaqdX O¡Z ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢ [H$ ""em¶X ¶h nhbr ~ma qhXr CnÝ¶mg H$s

Zm{¶H$m n[adma n±yOr Am¡a na§nam H$s Mm¡IQ> bm±KH$a Xoe {dXoer g^r gr‘mAm| Ho$ Cg nma VH$ ñÌr Ho$

nj ‘| dH$mbV Ho$ gmW-gmW EH$ IVaZmH$ ~m¡{X²YH$ {d‘e© H$m Omo{I‘ r CR>mVr h¡&''10 {dXoer Zm[a¶m|

H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU H$aZodmbr g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| à^m Or em¶X nhbr bo{IH$m hmoJr&

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| g§¶w³V n[adma VWm {d^³V n[adma H$m

{MÌU {H$¶m h¡& BZ‘| H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| H$m CXmhaU {X¶m Om gH$Vm h¡& à^m Or Ho$ Á¶mXmVa

CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| g§¶w³V ‘madm‹S>r n[adma {XImB© XoVm h¡& {d^³V n[adma Ho$ {Ibmn ahr à^m Zo n[adma H$mo

~ZmE aIZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& Hw$N> EH$ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| Zmar Ho$ ~bmËH$ma H$m dU©Z

h¡ & Bg‘| H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Ho$ "gwaO‘wIr A±Yoao Ho$' CnÝ¶mg ‘| ~bmËH$ma H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo ‘Zmo{dkm{ZH$ AmYma

na CR>m¶m h¡& à^m IoVmZ qhXr H$s n{hbr ‘{hbm bo{IH$m h¡ {OÝhm|Zo mB© X²dmam ~bmËH$ma H$m {MÌU

H$aZodmbm "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm" CnÝ¶mg {bIm h¡& "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm' H$s {à¶m Ho$ ~mao ‘| ‘mbVr AmXdmZr H$hVr h¢,

""{à¶m ‘| ~hþV go A§V{d©amoY h¢& ~më¶ go ~bmËH$mam| H$s {d^r{fH$mAm| go AmH«§${XV ‘Z go³g VWm {ddmh

go K¥Um H$aVm h¡& R>§‹S>r Am¡aV ahH$a nwéf go ~Xbm boZo H$m {ZU©¶ boVr h¡&''11

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ ~moY H$mo AmJo ~T>m¶m h¡& BZ‘| Zmar-

‘Z H$s JmWm {M{ÌV H$aZm CZH$s à‘wI {deofVm ahr h¡& {d{^ÝZ ‘{hbm bo{IH$mAm| Zo ~XbVo ñÌr-nwéf

g§~§Y, AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ Ho$ CÀMdJu¶, {ZåZ ‘Ü¶dJu¶ XmånË¶ g§~§Ym| ‘o§ ImoIbmnZ VWm CZH$s AÝ¶

308

g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ ~ZVo {~J‹S>Vo g§~§Ym| H$m {MÌU g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Zo

àIaVm go {H$¶m h¡& Bg‘| {Zén‘m godVr Ho$ "‘oam ZaH$ AnZm h¡' ‘| {ddm{hV Zmar AnZo AHo$bonZ H$mo

Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào‘r H$m ghmam boVr h¡& H¥$îUm gmo~Vr Ho$ "{‘Ìmo ‘aOmZr' H$s {‘Ìmo n{V go g§Vw{ï> Z nmH$a

na nwéfm| Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoVr h¡& "gwaO‘wIr A±Yoao H$s' aÎmr r {‘Ìmo O¡gr h¡& BZH$m "¶mam| Ho$ ¶ma'

CnÝ¶mg ‘| r é‘mZr OrdZ OrZo dmbr AmYw{ZH$ Zmar {M{ÌV h¡& {edmZr Ho "{dfH$Ý¶m' H$s H$m{‘Zr AnZo

OrOm go g§~§Y aIVr h¡& ~mbm Xÿ~o Ho$ "~moP' H$s gw‘Z H$s ‘m± AmYw{ZH$ Zmar h¡& {edmZr Ho$ " ¡adr' H$s

‘m¶m XrXr, "Mm¡Xh ’o$ao' H$s H$br, H¥$îUm Ap½ZhmoÌr Ho$ "Hw$‘m[aH$mE±' CnÝ¶mg H$s amoO, Am{X g^r

Zm{¶H$mE± AmYw{ZH$ ~moY go ar h¢& gmW hr eerà^m emñÌr, ‘ohépÝZgm nadoP, ‘¥Umb nm§S>o Cfm {à¶§dXm

Am{X ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| AmYw{ZH$ ~moY {M{ÌV h¡&

à^m IoVmZ Zo AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ ‘| ñdV§Ì {dMmam| go ào[aV Zmar Ho$ AbJ ApñVËd H$m {MÌU {H$¶m

h¡& CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$s Zm{¶H$m àJ{Verb h¢& do n{V AË¶mMma H$mo ghZH$a ahZodmbr Zhr h¢& do n{V Ho$

AË¶mMma go Nw>Q>H$mam nmH$a AbJ ApñVËd H$m {Z‘m©U H$aVr h¢& CZH$s Zm{¶H$mE± nhbo MynMmn

AË¶mMma ghZH$a n{V H$m gmW XoVr h¡& O~ CÝh| ‘wp³V H$m ‘mJ© {‘bVm h¡ V~ IwX AmË‘{Z ©a ~Z OmVr

h¢& AV… ¶o Zm{¶H$mE± maVr¶ ñÌr H$m hr àVrH$ h¢ Omo emXr go nhbo {H$gr H$s ~oQ>r hmoVr h¡, emXr Ho$

~mX nËZr ~ZH$a CÝh| n{V Ho$ Ka ‘| Xmgr ~ZH$a ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡& n{V H$s BÀN>m Ho$ AZwgma g‘mYmZ H$aZm

n[adma Ho$ à{V gOJ ahZm, gmg-ggya H$s Akm H$m nmbZ H$aZm, ~ÀMm| H$s nad[ae H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

na§Vw ¶h Zm{¶H$mE± AnZo n{V go AbJ ahH$a AHo$bonZ H$s ¶mVZm ghVr h¢&

à^m IoVmZ Or Zo AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| Zmar OmJaZ go ào[aV Zm{¶H$mAm| Ho$ {MÌU X²dmam gm‘m{OH$

g‘Pm¡Vm Z H$a AnZo ñdV§Ì ì¶p³VËd na {dídmg hmoZo dmbr AmYw{ZH$ Zmar H$m ¶WmW© {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&

à^m Or Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY ZOa AmVm h¡& dh g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m ghf© ñdmJV H$aVr h¢,

nma§nm[aH$ é{‹T>¶m| Am¡a ‹T>H$gbm| H$mo R>moH$a ‘maH$a dh AnZo ApñVËd Ho$ {Z‘m©U ‘| à¶ËZerb h¢& à^m Or

Zo VbmH$, nwéf H$m EH$ go A{YH$ Zmar Ho$ à{V AmH¥$ï>, nwZ{d©dmh Am{X ~Xbmdm| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&

Qy>Q>Vo n[adma ‘| ‘m°± go {~N>‹S>o ~ÀMo H$s g§doXZmAm| H$mo A§{H$V H$a bo{IH$m Zo AmYw{ZH$ ~moY H$s Amoa g§Ho$V

{H$¶m h¡& ñÌr Ho$ ~XbVo AmYw{ZH$ én H$s Amoa gwú‘Vm go g§Ho$V H$aZm à^m Or Ho$ gm{hË¶ H$s XoZ h¡&

309

7.3 à^m IoVmZ H$m qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE ¶moJXmZ …g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| à^m IoVmZ Or H$m Zm‘ ‘hËdnyU© h¡& à^m Or EH$ gwà{gX²Y

bo{IH$m h¢& CZH$m ~hþAm¶m‘r gm{hË¶ qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE XoZ h¡& do ~hþ mfm{dX Am¡a gm{hË¶H$ma hr

Zht A{nVw OmZr-‘mZr ñV§^H$ma r h¢& à^m IoVmZ Or H$s {d{^ÝZ {df¶m| na A~ VH$ Mm¡{~g nwñVH|$

àH$m{eV hmo MwH$s h¢, {OZ‘| VrZ nwñVH|$ {dXoer g§ñH¥${V na AmYm[aV h¢& CZHo$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ñÌr Ho$ OrdZ

g§Kf© Am¡a Zmar {d‘f© H$s ‘m{‘©H$ A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡& CZHo$ gm{hË¶ ‘| ¶WmW© Ñ{ï> Ed§ d¡H$pënH$ g‘mO

Ho$ ì¶mdhm[aH$ qMVZ ‘| EH$ g¡X²Ym§{VH$ nj r H$m¶©aV h¡& CZH$s OrdZ Ñ{ï> AÜ¶¶Z Ed§ qMVZ go ~Zr

h¡& CZH$s ‘yb d¡Mm[aH$Vm Xe©Z go Ow‹S>r h¡&

gXr Ho$ A§{V‘ XeH$ H$s ‘hËdnyU©© bo{IH$m à^m IoVmZ Zo AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$

dmñVd pñW{V H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s Moï>m H$s h¡& CZHo$ gm‘Zo Zmar Apñ‘Vm H$m ¶WmW© ~moY h¡& Zmar H$s

Apñ‘Vm VWm CgHo$ {d{^ÝZ g‘ñ¶mAm| na JhamB© go àH$me ‹S>mbm h¡& CÝhm|Zo nwéf àYmZ H$‘©R> g‘mO ‘|

AnZr Apñ‘Vm Ho$ {bE g§Kf© H$aVr Zmar, ‘wp³V Ho$ {bE V‹S>’$Vr Zmar, ‘hËdH$m§jr Zmar, {dÐmohr Zmar

Am[X H$m {ddoMZ {H$¶m h¡& Zmar Bg gm{hË¶ H$s H|$Ðq~Xÿ h¡& à^m Or H$m gm{hË¶ Zmar H|${ÐV h¡& Zmar H$s

Apñ‘Vm, Zmar H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE V‹S>’$Vr bo{IH$m Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go g§Kf© {H$¶m h¡&

AmYw{ZH$Vm Am¡a nma§nm[aH$ é‹T>r J«ñV g‘mO Ho$ ~rM OyPZodmbr Zmar H$m {MÌU à^m Zo {H$¶m h¡& à^m Or

Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| Zmar H$m emofU, ì¶dgm¶r Zmar H$s ì¶Wm, AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ ‘| ~ZVo-{~J‹S>Vo ñÌr-nwéf

g§~§Y, nwéf H$m Ah§‘, Zmar H$s ¶mVZm, g§Kf© Am{X {df¶m| na {d{dY AmYw{ZH$ g§X^m} Ho$ gmW g‘J«

boIZ {H$¶m h¡ Omo h‘| gmoMZo Ho$ {bE {dde H$aVm h¡& à^m Or Zo Zmar Ho$ {d{dY Am¶m‘m| H$mo {bIZo Ho$

~mdOwX r CZH$s Jhar gmoM {dMma Zo AÝ¶ Am¶m‘m| H$m boIZ r AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| {H$¶m h¡& g‘H$mbrZ

n[apñW{V¶m| H$m ì¶mnH$ Ed JhZ à^md CZHo$ boIZ na n‹S>m h¢ {Og‘| amOZr{VH$, gm‘m{OH$, Am{W©H$,

Ym{‘©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adoe g‘m{dï> h¡& {OZH$m à^m Or Zo H$m’$s JhamB©¶m| Ho$ gmW ¶WmW© {MÌU {H$¶m

h¡& ¶h n[adoe hr CZHo$ boIZ H$s AmYmaerbm h¡& do n[adoe go àoaUm nmH$a ¶wJrZ gË¶ go h‘| é~é

H$admVr h¢& à^m Or Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s Pm{H$¶m± A{YH$ {‘bZo Ho$ H$maU ehar g§ñH¥${V

H$m {MÌU A{YH$ hþAm h¡& gmW hr J«m‘rU n[adoe H$s Iy~ PbH$ {XImB© XoVr h¡& à^m Or H$m gmam OrdZ

H$bH$Îmm, {Xëbr, ~§~B©, hm§J-H$m§J, A‘[aH$m, b§XZ, H$mo[a¶m Am{X ñWmZm| go Ow‹S>m ahZo Ho$ H$maU CZHo$

310

gm{hË¶ ‘| ‘hmZJar¶ n[adoe Am¡a CZH$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {MÌU A{YH$ {‘bVm h¡&

à^m Or Zo {dXoer g§ñH¥${V H$m dU©Z AnZo VrZ CnÝ¶mg "AmAmo nono Ka Mb|', "Ap½Zg§^dm'

Am¡a "ES²>g' ‘| {H$¶m h¡& {dXoer n¥ð> y‘r na {bIo BZ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| à^m Or Zo {dXoer Zmar H$s ì¶Wm, nr‹S>m,

g§Kf© CZH$m ahZ-ghZ, CZH$s g‘ñ¶m¶| VWm amoOr amoQ>r Ho$ {bE VS>’$Vr Zmar H$s ì¶Wm H$m {MÌU {H$¶m

h¡& qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE CZHo$ ¶moJXmZ H$m g~ go gwÑ‹T> nj {dXoer g§ñH¥${V H$s Pm±H$s h¡& {Ogo à^m Or

Zo maVr¶ Ñ{ï> go àñVwV {H$¶m h¡& CZH$m boIZ Xoe H$mb H$s gr‘mAm| H$mo bm±KVm gmd© m¡{‘H$ h¡& Xoe-

{dXoe ‘| AnZo ì¶dgm¶ Ho$ {dñVma ‘|o bJr à^m Or H$mo H$B© nwañH$ma àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢&

à^m IoVmZ Or Ho$ gm{hË¶ g¥OZ Ho$ {bE AZw y{V H$s JhamB© H$m AË¶{YH$ ‘hËdnyU© ñWmZ Am¡a

¶moJXmZ h¡ & JhZ AZw y{V¶m| ‘| hr j‘Vm ahVr h¡ {H$ OrdZ Ho$ ¶WmW© H$m gm{hË¶ ‘| g‘mdoe H$am gH|$&

bo{IH$mZo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| ñÌr nmÌm| H$s {Og {ddeVm KwQ>Z, Qy>Q>Z nr‹S>m H$m ¶WmW© dU©Z {H$¶m h¡ dh

CZH$s ñd¶§ H$s moJr hwB© AZw y{V H$s JhamB© H$m hr n[aUm‘ h¡& CÝhm|Zo ‘madm‹S>r g‘mO H$s X{H$¶mZygr

g§H$sU©Vm H$mo O¡gm XoIm, g‘Pm ~g Cgo hr H$b‘~X²>Y {H$¶m& à^m Or H$hVr h¢, ""‘oao OrdZ H$m ‘yb

‘§Ì h¡ "Am{W©H$ ñdV§ÌVm'& n¡gm H$‘mZo Ho$ {bE ‘¢Zo H$‹S>m n[al‘ {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a g’$bVm-Ag’$bVm H$s

X²d§X²dmË‘H$Vm go g§Mm{bV ì¶mnm[aH$ Xþ{Z¶m Ho$ gmao Vm‘Pm‘ grIZo H$m à¶ËZ {H$¶m h¡& ‘oao OrdZ H$m

¶h ~‹S>m ‘hËdnyU© nj h¡ ³¶m| {H$ Bggo ‘wPo Omo E³gnmoOa {‘bVm h¡ Cggo ‘¢ OrdZ H$mo Am¡a H$ar~ go

g‘P nmVr h±ÿ& ‘¢ Mmho ì¶mnma H$é± ¶m boIZ H$m¶©, nyar Vah Sy>~H$a, nyar VÝ‘¶Vm Ho$ gmW H$aVr h±ÿ, Omo

‘oar {OOr{dfm H$mo ~MmE aIVr h¢& em¶X Bg{bE r‹S> ‘| emoa-eam~o Ho$ ~rM ‘¢ {~bHw$b EH$mJ«Vm go

n‹T>Vr-{bIVr ahVr h±ÿ& ì¶mnma Ho$ Im±Mo go boIZ Ho$ Im±Mo ‘| Sy>~Zm A~ ‘oam ñd^md ~Z J¶m h¡& {bIZo

H$m ‘oam AnZm g§Kf© hmoVm h¡ {H$ ‘wPo ‘a-‘a Ho$ {bIZm n‹S>o... g‘¶ Zht h¡, ‘mZo ßboZ ‘|, ¶hm±-dhm±

Xm¡‹S>Vo hþE {bI ahr h±ÿ Bg{bE h‹S>~‹S>r ‘| {bIZo H$s dOh go ‘oao boIZ ‘| EH$ J¡n h‘oem {dX²¶‘mZ ahVm

h¡, {OgH$s ‘wPo nr‹S>m h¡&>''12

à^m Or ‘madm‹S>r n[adoe, ‘madm‹S>r é‹T>r na§nam H$mo nhbr ~ma gm{hË¶ ‘§o bmB©& gmW hr ì¶mnma

H$mo nhbr ~ma bmZo H$s Moï>m H$s& CÝhm|Zo ¶w{Z¶Z H$s y{‘H$m na "Vmbm~§Xr' CnÝ¶mg ‘| gdmb CR>m¶m&

Am§Vam©ï´>r¶ n[anoú¶ ‘| H$s E³gnmoQ>© Amo[a¶¢Q>oS> Am{X gmar MrO| CZHo$ CnÝ¶mg Ho$ H$WmZH$ ~Zo§ &

à^m Or Zo AnZo gm{hË¶ {Z‘m©U ‘| ñdmZw y{V H$s ì¶mnH$Vm VWm JhamB© H$mo ¶WmW© én {X¶m h¡

311

Am¡a AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| àñVwV r {H$¶m h¡& CZH$m Á¶mXmVa gm{hË¶ CZH$s ñdmZw y{V h¡& moJo hþE gM h¡&>

CZHo$ gm{hË¶ ‘| H$ënZm Am¡a ¶WmW© H$m AX² wV g‘Ýd¶ hþAm h¡& ¶WmW©dmX H$s H$bmË‘H$ A{^ì¶p³V

CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$s g’$bVm H$m ahñ¶ h¡&

ñÌr-{d‘e© H$mo AnZo gm{hË¶ H$m ‘w»¶ {df¶ ~ZmZo ‘| à^m Or H$m H$m’$s ¶moJXmZ h¡& ñÌr

{df¶H$ {H$Vm~m| Zo bo{IH$m H$mo ñÌrdmXr qMVH$ Ho$ én ‘| à{V{ð>V {H$¶m h¡& ñÌr-{d‘e© ‘| {g’©$ boIZ

hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo hr do earH$ Zht hmoVr aht, ~pëH$ ñÌr MoVZm dmbo H$m¶m} ‘| g{H«$¶ én go {hñgm r boVr

ahr& AnZr gm{hpË¶H$ H¥${V go à^m Or EH$ g‘W©, n[an³d Am¡a CËH¥$ï> H$Wm {eënr Ho$ én ‘| gm‘Zo AmB©

h¢& CZHo$ CnÝ¶mgm| H$s ñÌr AnZr Vah go AnZo OrdZ H$m {Z‘m©U H$aVr Am¡a nhMmZ Ho$ {bE OyPVr

Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¢&

à^m Or Ho$ H$B© CnÝ¶mg ~m§Jbm ‘| r AZy{XV hmoH$a N>no h¢& "AnZo-AnZo Mohao', "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm',

"Ap½Zg§ dm', "ES²>g', "Vmbm~§Xr' BZ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| à^m Or Ho$ OrdZ H$s Á¶mXmVa gÀMmB© {XImB© XoVr

h¢& "Vmbm~§Xr' CnÝ¶mg ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ ~§Jmb ‘| EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ H$b-H$maImZm| ‘| Vmbm~§Xr Ho$

¶WmW© na amoeZr S>mbr JB© h¡& "AnZo-AnZo Mohao' H$s a‘m, "{N>ÝZ‘ñVm' H$s {à¶m, "Vmbm~§Xr' Ho$

í¶m‘~m~w BZ nmÌm| H$s OJh IwX à^m Or h¡& CZH$s H${dVmAm| ‘| ào‘ H$s AdYmaUm ‘| ào‘ g‘ñ¶m, ào‘

‘| YmoIm, AHo$bmnZ, nr‹S>m, ¶mVZm, KwQ>Z, àVrjm Ho$ gmW H$B© gm‘m{OH$ Am¶m‘m| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&

à^m Or Zo AmV§H$, ~‘{dñ’$moQ> H$m IwX AZw^d {H$¶m Wm& BgH$m ¶WmW© dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& gmW hr yI,

amoQ>r, ~oH$mar, ehar OrdZ, AmYw{ZH$Vm ‘| {ngVr ñÌr, Zm¡H$arnoem Zmar H$s ì¶Wm, CÀMdJu¶,

{ZåZdJu¶ Zmar H$s ì¶WmAm| H$m ¶WmW© dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& gmW hr "Ahë¶m' g§J«h go ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$ gXr

Ho$ A§{V‘ XeH$ H$s ñÌr ^r à^m Or H$mo Ahë¶m H$s ^m±{V nËWa gr Im‘moe ahH$a g~ Hw$N> ghZ

H$aZodmbr {XIVr h¡ Am¡a ‘wp³V Ho$ {bE nwéf H$m ‘w±h OmohVr ZOa AmVr h¢ & à^m Or Bg X¶m md H$m

{VañH$ma H$aVr h¡ &

à^m Or H$m ‘yb ¶WmW© ñÌr go g§~§{YV h¡& à^m Or Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm| Ho$ nmÌ AnZr à{V^m Am¡a g§H$ën

ep³V go EH$ ZB© ep³V Am¡a MwZm¡{V Ho$ én ‘| C^aVo h¢ & CZHo$ CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| emofU Ho$ gmW-gmW ñÌr

g§Kf© H$s A{^ì¶p³V hþB© h¡& "ApñVËd Am¡a Apñ‘Vm' Bg boI ‘| à^m Or H$hVr h¢, ""g§ñH¥${V g§ñWm

Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ gw{dYmE± A{^OmV pñÌ¶m| H$mo A{YH$ {‘br h¢ qH$Vw BÝhr gw{dYmAm| Zo H$ht CZH$s MoVZm H$mo

312

Am¡a A{YH$ O‹S>r^yV ^r ~Zm {X¶m h¡& AnZr Hw$brZVm Ho$ Zeo ‘| do ~ohmog h¢ & ^maVr¶ ‘¶m©Xm H$s

Jb~{h¶m± CÝh| ~ma-~ma ì¶dñWm Ho$ g§å‘mohZ H$s Amoa YHo$bVr h¡ VWm AnZr IwX H$s nr‹S>m H$s Z½ZVm

H$mo XoIZo-g‘PZo Ho$ ~Om¶ do nwéfm| X²dmam àXÎm nr‹S>m Ho$ ag ‘| hr nJr ahVr h¡&''13 à^m Or Ho$ CnÝ¶mgm|

H$s Zmar AË¶mMma, nr‹S>m, g§Kf©, ímmofÊm go JwOaH$a r EH$ ‘hËdH$m§jr ~ZH$a OrVr ZOa AmVr h¡& nwéf

na {Z ©a ahH$a Cgo ¶mVZm hr {‘bVr h¡& dh nwéf go ‘wp³V nmH$a hr gwIH$a OrdZ OrVr hþB© ZOa AmVr

h¡&

à^m IoVmZ Or Zo AÝ¶ gm{hË¶ {dYmAm| ‘| AnZr ~hþAm¶m‘r H¥${VËd H$s nhMmZ Xr h¡& qMVZ

joÌ ‘| N>… ‘hËdnyU© J«§Wm| H$m {Z‘m©U H$a CÝhm|Zo qhXr gm{hË¶ ‘| ñÌr {df¶H$ àíZ, y‘§S>brH$aU, ~mOma

Ho$ ~rM ~mOma Ho$ {Ibm’$ Am{X ApñVËddmXr {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m AÜ¶¶Z ‘ZZ H$a Cg‘| {gX²Ym§Vm| H$s ~mVo§

H$s h¢ & BÝhm|Zo ApñVËddmXr Xme©{ZH$ Á¶m± nmb gmÌ© na Xmo nwñVHo$ {bIr h¢ {OZ‘| CZHo$ OrdZ Am¡a

{gX²Ym§Vmo H$m {dñVma go boIZ {H$¶m h¡& "Aë~o¶a H$m‘y … dh nhbm AmX‘r' Bg qMVZ H$m {Z‘m©U H$a

BÝhm|Zo {dMmam| go qhXr nmR>H$m| H$mo n[a{MV H$am¶m h¡& y‘§S>brH$aU … ~«m§S> g§ñH¥${V Am¡a amï´> Bg qMVZ

H$m {Z‘m©U H$a ^y‘§S>brH$aU H$mo CgHo$ g‘yMonZ ‘| g‘PVo hþE Z {g’©$ CgHo$ à^mdm| H$mo g‘PmZo H$s

H$mo{ee H$s JB© h¡, ~pëH$ CgHo$ ha nhby na J§ raVm go {díbofU r {H$¶m h¡& "Cn{Zdoe ‘| ñÌr ‘wp³V-

H$m‘Zm H$s Xg dmVm©E±' Am{X Bg A§Vamb H$s ñWmnZm H$s {Xem ‘| {H$¶m J¶m à¶mg h¡& ¶o dmVm©E± H$maImZo

Am¡a XßVa ‘| H$m‘ H$aVr hþB© ñÌr, {bIVr-aMVr hþB© ñÌr, ào‘ Ho$ X²d§X²d ‘| CbPr hþB© ñÌr, ‘mZdr¶ J[a‘m

H$s ImoO ‘| OwQ>r hþB© ñÌr ~m¡{X²YH$ ~ZVr hþB© ñÌr, Zmar kmZ ‘r‘m§gm H$s {Z¶m©V I‹S>r H$aVr hþB© ñÌr Am¡a

^mfm d {d‘e© Ho$ g§Omb ‘| ’±$gr hþB© ñÌr Ho$ àíZ à^m Or Zo CnpñWV {H$E h¢&

à^m Or Zo "ñÌr Cno{jVm' O¡gr O{Q>b nwñVH$ H$m AZwdmX H$a ñÌr-{d‘e© H$s AZyR>r Yamoha H$m

n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& nadrZ ‘{bH$ H$hVr h¢, ""do ñd¶§ ApñVËddmX ‘| Jhao n¡R> H$a hVmem, {Zame Am¡a

{dg§J{V¶m| Ho$ ~rM AnZo ApñVËd énr ‘moVr H$mo MwZH$a bo AmVr h¡&''14 à^m Or Zo X{jU Am’«$sH$s

H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX H$a A’«$sH$s OZ H$s X~r-KwwQ>r g§doXZmAm| H$mo CX²do{bV {H$¶m h¡& à^m Or H$s

AmË‘H$Wm ZmardmXr {d‘e© H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo dmbr h¡& à^m Or H$s AmË‘H$Wm ì¶p³VJV OrdZ JmWm Ho$

gmW Cg g‘¶ Ho$ gm‘m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am‘ AmX‘r Ho$ gwI, Xþ…I H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aVr h¡& CZH$m

AmË‘H$Wm {bIZm Mm¡amho na dñÌ CVmaZo O¡gm h¡& Bg{bE A{ZVm {‘l H$hVr h¢, ""~‹S>r gmhgr hmo Vw‘&

313

Vwåhmam gmhg Omo{I‘ Am¡a ¶ n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ & gmhgr hmoZm {ZXm}f hmoZo H$s gyaV J‹T>Vm h¡& Bg{bE BVZr

gmar pñÌ¶m| na nwñVH|$ {bIZo Ho$ ~mX r Vw‘ {H$VZr br ~ÀMr hmo ¶h "AÝ¶m go AZÝ¶m' n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX

nVm Mbm&>''15 Bg‘| ~MnZ Ho$ Cno{jV OrdZ go OrdZ H$s b§~r ÌmgXr H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& Bg‘| gmao

An‘mZ {VañH$ma Ho$ ~mdOyX S>m°³Q>a gam©H$ Ho$ gmW {~Zm emXr Ho$ JwOaZodmbr à^m H$s ¶mVZmAm| H$m dU©Z

h¡& "AÝ¶m go AZÝ¶m' AmË‘H$Wm H$s Zm{¶H$mAm| H$m X²d§X²d VWm OrdZ Ho$ à{V AmemdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU AmO

H$s ñÌr Ho$ {bE AË¶§V àoaUmXm¶r h¡&

à^m Or H$s mfm gab h¡ & ¶WmW© H$mo nH$‹S> gH$Zo ‘| gj‘ h¡ & à^m Or H$s mfm à¶moJ H$s

Hw$ebVm nmR>H$m| H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm H$mo ~m§Y nmZo ‘o§ g’$b hþB© h¡ & ^mfm-e¡br H$s CËH¥$ï>Vm Am¡a empãXH$

d¡{dX²Y dm³¶m§emo H$mo mdmË‘H$Vm XoZo H$m à¶mg bo{IH$m H$mo EH$ AbJ nhMmZ XoZo ‘| gj‘ h¡ & CZHo$

gm{hË¶ ‘| A§J«oOr mfm H$s A{YH$Vm h¡& H$hr§-H$hr§ J«m‘rU, ~§Jmbr Ed§ ~mobMmb H$s mfm H$m ghO

Am¡a g’$b à¶moJ {H$¶m J¶m h¡ & CZH$s mfm ‘| mdm| Ho$ AZwê$n A[^ì¶³V H$aZo H$s D±$MmB© VH$ CR>

I‹S>r hmoZo H$s JO~ H$s ímp³V h¡ & mfm ‘| ñdm^m{dH$Vm Am¡a ghOVm h¡& àVrH$ q~~ E§d g§Ho$V Ho$ gmW

{MÌmË‘H$ àñVw{V XoIVo hr ~ZVr h¡ &

Cna¶w³V g‘wMo {ddoMZ H$mo {ZîH$f© ñdê$n ‘| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ à^m IoVmZ EH$ AË¶§V g’$b

Am¡a ~hþAm¶m‘r gm{hË¶H$ma h¢ & CÝhm|Zo qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ joÌ ‘| ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$s na§nam H$mo AË¶§V

{dídmg Ho$ gmW AmJo ~‹T>m¶m h¡ & g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| CZH$m AnZm AbJ ñWmZ h¡ & à^m

Or H$m g‘J« gm{hË¶ Zmar Ho$§{ÐV h¡ & CZ‘| Zmar H$s g‘ñ¶mAmo§ H$mo {M{ÌV H$a Zmar ñdV§ÝÌVm, Zmar ‘wp³V

H$s Vbmím H$s XmgVm h¡ & à^m IoVmZ CZ {dab qhXr bo{IH$mAm| ‘| ahr h¡§ {OÝhm§Zo ZmardmX H$s d¡Mm[aH$Vm

H$mo g‘PZo H$s H$mo{ímím H$s h¡, Am¡a bJmVma {bIm h¡ & AmYw{ZH$ Zmar H$s ÌmgXr Am¡a CgHo$ g§H$ën H$mo

EH$ àm‘m{ÊmH$ XñVmdoO CZH$m gm{hË¶ h¡ & d¡pídH$ YamVb na ~XbVo hþE ¶wJ ~moY Ho$ gmW ‘madm‹S>r

Ed§ {dXoímr ñÌr H$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo ‘w»¶ {df¶ ~ZmVo hþE BÝhm|Zo AnZo H$Wm-gm{hË¶ H$m AZwR>m g¥OZ

{H$¶m h¡ &

à^m IoVmZ qhXr gm{hË¶ H$s nhbr bo{IH$m h¢ {OÝhm|Zo d¡pídH$ YamVb na ì¶mnma H$aVr ñÌr

Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡ & bo{IH$m Zo ì¶dgm¶ ‘| Am¶o ‘OXÿa dJ© Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$s h¡ &

EH$ ñÌr H$mo ì¶dgm¶ ‘| àmßV ÌmgXr H$m ¶WmW© dÊm©Z H$a BÝhm|Zo Zmar Ho$ {bE àoaÊmm {X h¡ & bo{IH$m Zo

314

ì¶mnma H$mo gm{hË¶ ‘| bmZo H$m nhbm à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ & ¶w{Z¶Z H$s y{‘H$m ‘| gdmb CR>mH$a EH$ Omo{I‘

nyÊm© y{‘H$m AXm H$s h¡ &

à^m Or Zo {dXoímr n¥îR>^y‘r {dXoímr Zmar H$s ì¶Wm-H$Wm H$mo AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| bmZo H$m nhbm

à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ & moJ{dbmg ‘| Sy>~r {dXoímr ñÌr rVa go {H$VZr AHo$br, Aghm¶ Am¡a nr{‹S>V h¡ BgH$m

¶WmW© A§H$Z AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| H$a maVr¶ Zmar Am¡a {dXoímr Zmar H$s doXZm, nr‹S>m ‘| H$moB© A§Va Zht

¶h ~VmZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ & à^m IoVmZ H$m {díd g§X © Zmar H$s {Z¶{V H$mo nhMmZ Zo Am¡a CX²Km{Q>V

H$aZo H$m ¶h CëboIZr¶ gO©ZmË‘H$ à¶mg h¡ &

à^m IoVmZ Or ‘madm‹S>r g‘mO H$m A§H$Z H$a na§nam Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ~rM {ngr ‘madm‹S>r

ñÌr Ho$ ‘Z Ho$ gím³V Ñí¶mboI H$mo AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| àñVwV H$a qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ CnÝ¶mg boIZ ‘| AnZr

‘hËdnyÊm© Ed§ n¥WH$ nhMmZ aIVr h¢ & à^m Or Zo AnZo CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| ~Xbr hþB© ‘madm‹S>r pñÌ¶m| H$s

Apñ‘Vm H$s nhMmZ go h‘o n[a{MV H$am¶m h¡ & ‘madm‹S>r g‘mO Ho$ g§Kf© Am¡a AmË‘{dídmg Ho$ gmW ñÌr-

nwê$f XmoZm| H$s ì¶Wm-H$Wm H$m dÊm©Z H$a à^m Or Zo qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE AZmoIm ¶moJXmZ {X¶m h¡ &

à^m Or AW© H$mo ‘hËd XoVr h¢ & à^m Or ñÌr ApñVËd H$s nhMmZ Ho$ {bE Zmar Ho$ nmg AW©

H$m hmoZm AË¶mdí¶H$ ‘mZVr h¢ & Bg{bE CZHo$ CnÝ¶mgm| H$s Zm{¶H$E± Am{W©H$ ÑpîQ> go$‘hËdH$m§jr ~ZH$a

ñdmdb§~r ~Z JB© h¢ & dh AnZr Z{¶H$mAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ¶m‘ go ha Zmar H$mo n[apñW{V Ho$ gm‘Zo hma ‘mZZo Ho$

~OmE Cggo OyPZo H$s àoaÊmm XoVr h¡ &

ñÌr-{d‘ím© H$mo AnZo gm{hË¶ H$m ‘w»¶ {df¶ ~ZmZo ‘| à^m Or H$m H$m’$s ¶moJXmZ h¡& do Ho$db

gm{hË¶ Ho$ ‘mÜ¶‘ go hr Zht ñÌr MoVZm dmbo H$m¶m} ‘| g{H«$¶ ê$n go {hñgm r boVr ahr& à^m Or Zo AÝ¶

gm{hË¶ {dYmAm| ‘oo§ AnZr ~hþAm¶m‘r H¥${VËd H$s nhMmZ Xr h¡ & qhXr gm{hË¶ Ho$ {bE CZH$m ¶h ¶moJXmZ

AZyR>r Am¡a ‘hËdnyÊm© XoZ h¡ & à^m Or Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| Omo XX© h¡ dh ~hþAm¶m‘r h¡ &

{ZîH$f© :"g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma Am¡a à^m IoVmZ' Zm‘H$ Bg AÜ¶m¶ ‘| g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm

gm{hË¶H$mam| ‘| à^m IoVmZ Ho$ ñWmZ H$mo {ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {OZ ‘wX²Xmo H$mo ¶hm± CR>m¶m h¡ CZgo Bg

{ZîH$f© na nhÿ±Mm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ à^m IoVmZ EH$ ~hþAm¶m‘r ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma h¢, CÝhm|Zo AZoH$

315

gm{hË¶{dYmAm| ‘| ‘m¡{bH$ boIZ H$a AnZo gm{hpË¶H$ H$m¡ímb H$mo {gX²Y {H$¶m h¡ &

à^m Or AnZo gm{hË¶ ‘| Zmar H$m ào‘ Ë¶mJ H$s mdZm H$mo ‘hËd XoVr h¡ & CZHo$ H$mì¶ H$s

Zm{¶H$m AnZo Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo Z N>mo‹S>H$a d ào‘ d§MZm Ho$ Xþ:I go ímp³V A{O©V H$a OrdZnW na AJ«oga

hmoVr h¡ & CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$s Zmar {dÐmohr h¡ dh ñÌr Ho$ nma§nm[aH$ ê$n H$mo Rw>H$amH$a AnZo ApñVËd H$mo

àH$Q> H$aVr h¡ & CgH$m {dÐmoh n{V VH$ gr{‘V ahVm h¡ & dh AnZo n{V H$s ¶§ÌÊmmAm| go Nw>Q>H$mam nmH$a

OrdZ H$s MwZm¡{V H$mo ñdrH$maVr h¡ & CZHo$ CnÝ¶mgm| H$s Zm[a¶m| Zo ñdÀN>ÝX ì¶dhma Zht AnZm¶m h¡& Anyd©

Y¡¶© Ho$ gmW gm‘Zm {H$¶m h¡&

à^m Or Ho$ gm{hË¶ ‘| H$m‘H$mOr Zmar ê$n H$m ¶WmW© {MÌÊm nm¶m OmVm h¡ & Bg {MÌÊm Ûmam à^m

Or Zo Zmar H$mo g§Kf©aV ahZo Am¡a ñd¶§ H$s ¶mo½¶Vm VWm {dídmg H$mo OmJ¥V aIZo H$m g§Xoím {X¶m h¡ & BZH$s

Zm{¶H$mAm| ‘| ‘moh §J Ho$ H$maÊm Q>H$md {H$ pñW{V Zht Am¶r h¡& CZH$s Zm{¶H$mE± gmhgr, g§Kf©ímrb,

AmË‘{dídmgr, ‘hËdH$m§jr ZOa AmVr h¢& CZHo$ gm{hË¶ H$s Zmar H$s Qy>Q>Z-KwQ>Z VWm CgH$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ>

H$mo dmÊmr {‘br h¡ &

à^m Or Zo {dXoímr Zmar Ho$ OrdZ H$s ÌmgXr H$mo {M{ÌV H$a {dXoímr Zmar H$s Am¡a maVr¶ Zmar

H$s pñW{V H$mo COmJa {H$¶m h¡ & Eoímmo Amam‘ ‘| ahZo Ho$ ~mdOwX r {dXoímr Zm[a¶m| H$s nr‹S>m go ‘yp³V Zht

h¡ Bg ~mV H$mo bo{IH$m Zo ¶WmW© ê$n ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡ &

^mfm H$s AX yVímp³V, ímãXm| H$m M¶Z, ímpãXH$ d¡{dÜ¶, dm³¶m§ímo H$mo mdmË‘H$ ê$n XoZo H$m

à¶mg bo{IH$m H$s EH$ AbJ nhMmZ h¡& àg§JmZwHy$b ~mobMmb ‘| A§Jo«Or, ~§Jmbr ímãXm| Ho$ ¶WmW© à¶moJ

go bo{IH$m H$s mfm na nH$‹S> ñnîQ> {XImB© XoVr h¡ &

g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$mam| H$s g¥ÑT> na§nam H$mo à^m IoVmZ Zo AË¶§V {dídmg Ho$ gmW AmJo

~‹T>m¶m; gmW hr {df¶ d¡{dYVm, {dXoímr g§ñH¥${V n[adoím, ‘m¡{bH$ Zmar {df¶H$ qMVZ gm{hË¶,

AmË‘H$Wm gm{hË¶ Ho$ H$maÊm CÝhm§oZo qhXr OJV ‘| AnZm ‘hËdnyÊm© ñWmZ ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡ &

316

g§X © g§Ho$V

1. ZaZmam¶Zamd : qhXr ZmQ>H$ EH$ ¶mÌm XeH$, n¥. 297

2. ^maV dmUr (n{ÌH$m), ‘mM© 2009, n¥. 16

3. ‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m : Zdr gXr H$s nhMmZ, loð> ‘{hbm gm{hË¶H$ma, n¥. 7

4. O¶Xod VZoOm : Z¶r a§J MoVZm Am¡a qhXr ZmQ>H$H$ma, n¥. 201

5. B§ÐZmW ‘XmZ : {H$VZm ~‹S>m PyR> H$hmZr H$s y{‘H$m go

6. {XZoe {X²ddoXr : M{M©V ‘{hbm H$WmH$mam| H$s H$hm{Z¶m±, n¥. 8

7. S>m°. E‘ ì¶§H$Q>oída : [h§Xr H$s g‘H$mbrZ ‘{hbm CnÝ¶mgH$ma, n¥. 203

8. àmo. Jmonmbam¶ : qhXr CnÝ¶mg H$m B{Vhmg, n¥. 387

9. S>m°. {H$aU~mbm Aamo‹S>m : gmR>moÎmar qhXr CnÝ¶mgm| ‘| Zmar, n¥. 257

10. aoIm H$ñVdma : ñÌr qMVZ H$s MwZm¡{V¶m±, n¥. 384

11. ‘mbVr AmXdmZr : Xgdo§ XeH$ Ho$ à{V{Z{Y CnÝ¶mg, n¥. 36

12. S>m°. Cfm H$sVu amUmdV : à^m IoVmZ H$m Am¡nÝ¶m{gH$ g§gma (gmjmËH$ma), n¥. 182,183

13. S>m°. AaqdX O¡Z : Am¡aV ApñVËd Am¡a Apñ‘Vm, n¥. 63

14. S>m°. nadrZ ‘{bH$ : à^m IoVmZ Am¡a CZH$m gm{hË¶, n¥. 282

15. h§g (n{ÌH$m), E{àb 2008, n¥. 68

gßv‘ aÜ`m` g‘h$mbrz qhxr ‘{hbm gm{hË¶h$ma am¡a...

Documents