gv-506 (weeks 16-17)
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GV-506 (weeks 16-17). Mediation. Types of peaceful management of conflict per UN charter. Direct negotiation-bargaining Mediation (3 rd party involvement) Conciliation Arbitration-adjudication (international law and courts). What are the characteristics of mediation?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
GV-506 (weeks 16-17)
Mediation
Types of peaceful management of conflict per UN charter
Direct negotiation-bargainingMediation (3rd party involvement)ConciliationArbitration-adjudication (international law and courts)
What are the characteristics of mediation?
An extension and continuation of peaceful conflict management Intervention of an outsider: individual; group; organization (NGOs)—or combinationIt is noncoercive-nonviolent-nonbinding form of intervention Mediation has as a goal to transform a conflictMediators carry their own baggage consciously or unconsciouslyMediation is a voluntary form of conflict managementMediators are often impartial and acceptable parties
Should mediators be impartial?
Boulding’s three faces of power
Threat powerDeterrenceState authority over citizens
Economic powerIntegrative power
Legitimacy, persuasion, loyalty
All three faces of power are necessary: Why?Examples: Soviet Union, Germany during WWII, British empire
All mediation situations have:
A conflictParties in conflictProcess of mediationContext of mediation
Ingredients of Conflict
1. Needs2. Perceptions—Emotions (role of culture)3. Values (role of culture)4. Power
5. Distribution of costs and benefits (distributional aspects of bargaining)
6. Salience
Why and when do actors mediate?
Conflict is long and complex—security dilemmaParties’ conflict management attempts have reached and impasseThe cost of war has become prohibitive (ripeness moment)
Willingness to cooperateMediators as individuals
Spread their own ideasPut into practice a set of ideasGain access to major channels of political communication (career moves)
Mediators as states:Mandate to intervene (IGOs regional and global)Security and national interestsEnhance their own power and position in global affairs
Mediators are actors
Methods that mediators use
Communication strategiesSupply information-making rapport-clarify the situation—transmit messages from one side to the other
Formulation strategiesChoose meeting siteControl pace and formality of meetingsStructure the agendaReduce tensions-highlight interestsSuggest concessions and help parties to save face
Manipulative strategiesChange parties expectations/incentive structureHelp parties to show commitmentPromise sources or threaten withdrawal (stick and carrot)Threaten punishments
When is mediation successful?
Subjective perceptions of satisfaction
Fairness of mediation and improved overall climate of parties’ relationship
Objective criteria:Cessation or reduction of violent behavior (for how long?)
NGOs as negotiators
Nongovernmental-- non official--independentOxfam, Human Rights Watch, Red cross/crescent, CARE, Amnesty InternationalMédecins sans frontières (Nobel Peace Prize in 1994)
Large spectrum of institutions: humanitarian and developmental goalsBridge between grassroots level and official worldGoals and practices:
HumanitarianHuman RightsConflict Resolution (e.g. Carter Center-Joan B. Kroc Center)What kind of power:
Referent power (relation between mediator and parties)Expert power (information and knowledge)Informational power (mediator as go-between)Legitimacy (based on perceptions of the parties)
Case of Mozambique:
Peace agreement of 1992Declaration of cease-fireRecognition of political parties
National elections and united armyRegional and international involvement negotiated
Outcomes:Renamo resistance movement into a political partyReturn of IDP and refugeesFree and fair elections (87% turnout)